Cognitive process presentation shows cognitive ability definition

cognitive process in psychology definition of cognition

1. C o g nitive p r o c e ss D i p a l i n a w le

2. Attention • Attention is the focus of consciousness on a particular object or idea at a particular time. Attention is the concentration of consciousness upon one objective rather than upon another. Ty pes of attention • Voluntary

• Involuntary

3. 1 . Voluntary attention • Attention demand a conscious effort on your part. for example, solving an assignment problem in mathematics or answering a question in an examination needs voluntary attention. it is further subdivided into two categories A : Implicit voluntary attention- a single act of will is responsible for arousing attention. for example, a teacher assign Practice work to a child and warn of punishment, if not completed. this can make him exercise his will power, attend to the assigned task and finished it properly.

4. B : Explicit voluntary attention- attention is obtained by repeated act of will. one has to struggle hard for keeping oneself attentive, it requires a strong will power, keen attention and strong motive for accomplishment of the task. for example, the attention paid during examination days for securing good grades. 2 . Involuntary Attention • This type of attention is around without the play of will or without making a conscious effort on our part. for example, we give involuntary attention to loud sound, bright light and strong orders.

5. Enforced attention- aroused by the Instinct is called and enforced non voluntary attention. for example, giving attention out of curiosity. Spontaneous attention- aroused by sentiments is called spontaneous non voluntary attention. for example, we give an automatic or spontaneous attention to an objective, idea or a person around which our sentiments are formed

6. Determinants Of Attention External factors- • Nature of stimulus

• Intensity of stimulus

• Size of stimulus

Contrast, change and novelty

• Location of stimulus

Repetition of stimulus

• Movement of stimulus

Definite form of the object

7. Internal factors- • Interest and attention

• Motives

• Mental set up

• Past experience

• Emotion

• Habit
• Aim
• Meaning • Disposition and temperament

8. Duration and degree of attention • Span of attention- The maximum amount of material that can be attended in one period of attention is called span of attention. This can be visual attention or auditory attention. Alteration In Attention (Distraction) Distraction means any stimulus whose presence interfere with the process of attention or draws away attention from the object which we wish to attend. These alteration in attention reduce the efficiency of work

9. Source Of Distraction The source of destruction vary very much. They affect the individual according to his own mental setup and personality characteristics. The condition which causes distraction to an individual may prove helpful in sustaining attention to others.

• External factor/environmental factors • Internal factors

10. External factors -

• Noise

• Music

• Improper lighting

• Uncomfortable seats

• Unfavorable temperature • In adequate ventilation • Defective method of teaching

• Defective voice of the teacher

11. Perception • When our sense organ come in contact with the world and we are stimulated by external stimuli and receive a sensation IT results in perception sensation precedes perception sensation is the initial response of an individual to a stimulus perception is the interpretation of sensory stimuli which reaches the sense organ and the brain interpretation give meaning to sensation and we become aware of objects

12. Definition

• Perception is the experience of object events or relationship obtained by extracting information from and interpreting sensation Factor Affecting Perception

There are individual difference in perceptual abilities two people may perceive the same stimulus differently

13. Sense Organ

• Perception depends upon the sense organ or receptors on which the stimuli act and sensory neurones which transmit the nerve current from the receptors to the sensory area of the brain for example if cones are not developed in the retina colour cannot be perceived

14. PERCEPTION

Perception is defined as the process of perceving or collecting the information from the scence organs and then analysing them. PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTION :

(1) Principle of figure and ground relationship.

(2) Principle of grouping

(3) Principle of context.

(4) Principle of contrast