Cognitive theories

The term "cognitive psychology" was first used in 1967 by American psychologist Ulric Neisser in his book Cognitive Psychology. According to Neisser, cognition involves "all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.
It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations. Given such a sweeping definition, it is apparent that cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do; that every psychological phenomenon is a cognitive phenomenon."

1. Cognitive theories Personality Theories

2. Prepared By Manu Melwin Joy Research Scholar School of Management Studies CUSAT, Kerala, India. Phone – 9744551114 Mail – [email protected] Kindly restrict the use of slides for personal purpose. Please seek permission to reproduce the same in public forms and presentations.

3. She is weak Other boys getting away with aggression Perception Memory Thinking

4. The term "cognitive psychology" was first used in 1967 by American psychologist Ulric Neisser in his book Cognitive Psychology. According to Neisser, cognition involves " all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used . It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations. Given such a sweeping definition, it is apparent that cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do; that every psychological phenomenon is a cognitive phenomenon." Cognitive theories

5. Unlike behaviorism, which focuses only on observable behaviors, cognitive psychology is concerned with internal mental states. Unlike psychoanalysis, which relies heavily on subjective perceptions, cognitive psychology uses scientific research methods to study mental processes. How is Cognitive Psychology Different?

6. Stages of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget was born in Switzerland in 1896. After receiving his doctoral degree at age 22, Piaget formally began a career that would have a profound impact on both psychology and education. After working with Alfred Binet, Piaget developed an interest in the intellectual development of children. Based upon his observations, he concluded that children were not less intelligent than adults, they simply think differently.

7. Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Stage - The first stage of Piaget's theory lasts from birth to approximately age two and is centered on the infant trying to make sense of the world. During the sensorimotor stage, an infant's knowledge of the world is limited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities Preoperational Stage - The preoperational stage occurs roughly between the ages two and seven. Language development is one of the hallmarks of this period. During the preoperational stage, children also become increasingly adept at using symbols, as evidenced by the increase in playing and pretending. Concrete Operational Stage - The concrete operational stage begins around age seven and continues until approximately age eleven. During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. Formal Operational Stage - The formal operational stage begins at approximately age twelve to and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also emerge during this stage.

8. Schemas - Schemas are categories of knowledge that help us to interpret and understand the world. Assimilation - The process of taking in new information into our previously existing schema's, Accommodation - Another part of adaptation involves changing or altering our existing schemas in light of new information. Equilibration – Mechanism by which children try to strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation. Key Concepts

9. Problems With Research Methods - A major source of inspiration for the theory was Piaget's observations of his own three children. In addition to this, the other children in Piaget's small research sample were all from well-educated professionals of high socioeconomic status. Because of this unrepresentative sample, it is difficult to generalize his findings to a larger population. Problems With Formal Operations - Research has disputed Piaget's argument that all children will automatically move to the next stage of development as they mature. Some data suggests that environmental factors may play a role in the development of formal operations. Underestimates Children's Abilities - Most researchers agree that children possess many of the abilities at an earlier age than Piaget suspected. Recent theory of mind research has found that 4- and 5-year-old children have a rather sophisticated understanding of their own mental processes as well as those of other people. For example, children of this age have some ability to take the perspective of another person, meaning they are far less egocentric than Piaget believed. Criticisms

10. General Intelligence British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863-1945) described a concept he referred to as general intelligence, or the g factor. After using a technique known as factor analysis to examine a number of mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar. People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on others. He concluded that intelligence is general cognitive ability that could be measured and numerically expressed.

11. Primary Mental Abilities Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone (1887-1955) offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on seven different "primary mental abilities

12. Primary Mental Abilities Thurstone's theory focused on seven different "primary mental abilities." The abilities that he described were: Verbal comprehension Reasoning Perceptual speed Numerical ability Word fluency Associative memory Spatial visualization

13. Multiple Intelligences One of the more recent ideas to emerge is Howard Gardner 's theory of multiple intelligences. Instead of focusing on the analysis of test scores, Gardner proposed that numerical expressions of human intelligence are not a full and accurate depiction of people's abilities. His theory describes eight distinct intelligences that are based on skills and abilities that are valued within different cultures

14. Multiple Intelligences The eight intelligences Gardner described are: Visual-spatial Intelligence Verbal-linguistic Intelligence Bodily- kinesthetic Intelligence Logical-mathematical Intelligence Interpersonal Intelligence Musical Intelligence Intra personal Intelligence Naturalistic Intelligence

15. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as "mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant to one’s life." While he agreed with Gardner that intelligence is much broader than a single, general ability, he instead suggested some of Gardner's intelligences are better viewed as individual talents.

16. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Sternberg proposed what he refers to as 'successful intelligence,' which is comprised of three different factors: Analytical intelligence : This component refers to problem-solving abilities. Creative intelligence : This aspect of intelligence involves the ability to deal with new situations using past experiences and current skills. Practical intelligence : This element refers to the ability to adapt to a changing environment.

17. Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization Gestalt psychology was founded by German thinkers Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka and focused on how people interpret the world. The Gestalt perspective formed partially as a response to the structuralism of Wilhelm Wundt, who focused on breaking down mental events and experiences to the smallest elements. Max Wertheimer noted that rapid sequences of perceptual events, such as rows of flashing lights, create the illusion of motion even when there is none. This is known as the phi phenomenon

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23. Other TA topics available on slideshare Strokes - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/strokes-24081607 . Games People Play - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/psychological-games-people-play . Structural Analysis - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/the-ego-state-model . What is TA? - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/what-ta-is Cycles of Development - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/cycles-of-developement-pamela-levin-transactional-analysis . Stages of Cure - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/stages-of-cure . Transactions - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/transactions-33677298 . Time Structuring - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/time-structuring . Life Position - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/life-position . Autonomy - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/autonomy-33690557 . Structural Pathology - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/structural-pathology . Game Analysis - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/game-analysis-33725636 . Integrated Adult - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/integrated-adult . Stroke Economy - http://www.slideshare.net/manumjoy/stroke-economy-33826702 .