COHESION sss on THE EFFECT OF QUESTIONING TECHNIQUE IN PRE-WRITING STAGE TOWARD STUDENTS’ WRITING ABILITY.ppt

THE EFFECT OF QUESTIONING TECHNIQUE IN PRE-WRITING STAGE TOWARD STUDENTS’ WRITING ABILITY

1. COHESION
Discourse Analysis
Setyo Prasiyanto C., S.S., M.Pd.

2. COHESION
Cohesionreferstothe
resourceswithinlanguage
providedbyclausestructure
andclausecomplexes.
Hence,cohesiverelationare
nonstructuralrelations
whichworkto'helpatext
hangtogether.(Halliday,
1994:4).Theconceptof
cohesionissemanticone,it
referstorelationofmeaning
thatexistswithinthetext
anddefineitasatext.
Cohesionoccurswherethe
interpretationofsome
elementinthediscourseis
dependentonthatof
another.
Therearetwokindsof
cohesion. First is
grammaticalcohesionand
secondislexicalcohesion.

3. GRAMMATICAL
COHESION
GrammaticalCohesivedevices
helptexthangtogetherorbe
cohesive,thatmeans they
contributetowhatHasantermsof
atext’sunityoftexture.The
schematicsstructureoftext,in
turnprovidesatextwithunityof
texture.Textureresultfromthe
combination of semantics
configurationoftwokinds:thoseof
registerandthoseofcohesion.
According to Halliday and Hasan
(1976) there are four types of
grammatical cohesive devices.
Those are reference, ellipsis,
substitution, conjunction,

4. REFERENCE
Referencecreatescohesion
bycreatinglinksbetween
elements.Referencerefersto
systemwhichintroducesand
tracktheidentityofparticipant
throughtext(GerotandWignell
1994:170).Asageneralrule,
therefore,referenceitemsmay
beanaphoricandcataphoric,
1.Anaphoric
2.Cataphoric

5. ANAPHORIC
Anaphoric referencesignifies a
word or a phrase that refers to
another word or phrase used
earlier in the text.
For example:
A: Can I have an egg and bacon
burger?
B: Would you like cheese with that?
A: yes, …and…..a large fries please.
B: Would you like any drinks or a
dessert with that?
A: No, thanks.
or
Stephen Downes denigrates
restaurants and, in fact the very food
which heis, sadly, in the position of
judging. Hehas a happy knack of
putting the reader completely off by
hisdisgusting description.

6. CATAPHORIC
Cataphoricreferencedescribes
theuseofawordorphrasethat
referstoanotherwordorphrase
whichisusedlaterinthetext.
Cataphoricreferenceisless
commoninspeechbutcanbe
usedfordramaticeffectin
writing.Itoccurswhenthereader
isintroducedtosomeoneasan
abstract,beforelaterlearninghis
orhername.
Forexample:
WhenItoldhim,Billdidn’treally
believeme.

7. ELLIPSIS
Ellipsisis another cohesive
device which can be improving
the readers understanding of a
piece of writing. It happens
when, after a more specific
mention words are missed out
when the phrase need to be
repeated. Ellipsis can be
divided into:
a. Nominal ellipsis
Example:
My kids play an awful lot of
sport
Both (my kids) are
incredibly energetic.
In the example above the
personal pronoun my kids is
omitted.

8. ELLIPSIS
b. Verbal ellipsis
Example:
A: have you been working?
B; yes I have (been working)
In the dialogue above the
verb been working is
omitted.
c. Clausal ellipsis
Example:
A; Paul’s staying for dinner,
isn’t he?
B: is he? He didn’t tell me (he
was staying for dinner)
In the example above the
clause he was staying for
dinner is omitted.

9. SUBSTITUTION
Substitutionisverysimilartoellipsis
intheeffect;ithasonthetext,and
occurswheninsteadofleavingaword
orphraseout,asinellipsis,itis
substitutedforanother,moregeneral
word.Thedistinctionbetween
substitutionandreferenceisthat
substitutionisarelationinthewording
ratherthaninmeaning.Itisarelation
betweenlinguisticsitems,suchas
wordsorphrases;whereasreference
isarelationbetweenmeanings.
Substitutioncanbedividedinto:
a.Nominalsubstitution
Example:
A:Therearesomenewtennisballs
Theseoneshavelosttheirbounce.
Inthetextabovethenountennisballs
issubstitutedwithones
A:I’llhavetwopoachedeggson
toast,please
B:I’llhavethesame
Inthetextabovethepoachedeggs
ontoastissubstitutedbysame

10. SUBSTITUTION
b. Verbal substitution
Example:
A: have the children gone to
sleep?
B: they must havedone.
In the example above the verb
gone to sleep is substituted by
done.
Does she sing?-yes she does
In the text above the verb sing is
substituted by does
c. Clausal substitution
Example;
A: Is it going to rain?
B: I don’t think so.
In the dialogue above, the clause
going to rain is substituted by so.

11. CONJUNCTION
Conjunctioncreatescohesionbyrelating
sentencesandparagraphtoeachotherbyusing
wordsfromtheclassofconjunctionornumerals.
Conjunctiverelationstypicallyinvolvecontiguous
elementsuptothesizeofparagraphs-and
possiblybeyond,ortheirequivalentinspoken
language,conjunctionisawayofsettingupthe
logicalrelationsthatcharacterizeclause
complexesintheabsencesofthestructural
relationshipbywhichsuchcomplexesare
defined.Conjunctioncanbedividedinto:
1. Temporal conjunction: after, while, when,
meanwhile, before, then, after that, an
hour later, finally, at last, at once.
For example:
Mr. Hiram B. Otis bought Canterville Chase.
Thenhis family came to England from
America.

12. CONJUNCTION
2. Causal conjunction: because,
so, then, therefore,
nevertheless, thus, hence,
consequently, for this reason, it
follows that.
For example:
Rain started to fall, so the family
went inside the house quickly.
3.Additive conjunction: and,
and also, in addition, moreover,
or, or else, further, further more,
additionally, for instance,
alternatively, by the way, in
other words, in same way,
similarly.
For example:
No one has put s ghost in
museum. Andyou haven’t seen
this ghost either.

13. CONJUNCTION
4.Adversative conjunction: but,
however, in any case only,
instead, yet, on the other
hand, despite this, on the
contrary, in fact, anyhow,
though, nevertheless.
For example:
“Yes, I will’ sad Lord Canterville.
‘But, please remember, I told
you about the ghost before you
bought the house”.

14. LEXICAL
COHESION
AccordingtoPaltridge(2000:134),lexical
cohesionreferstorelationshipamong
lexicalitemsin–atextand,inparticular,
amongcontentwords.Themainkindsof
lexicalcohesionarerepetition,synonymy,
antonymy,hyponymy,meronymy,and
collocation.
1. Repetitionrefers to words that are
repeated in the text, as well as
words that have changed to reflect
tense or number such as feel and
felt, feeling and feelings.
2. Synonymyrefers to the relationship
between words that are similar to
meaning such as customers and
patrons.
3. Antonymyrefers to opposite meaning
such as good and bad, happy and
sad.

15. LEXICAL
COHESION
4.Hyponymyreferstoclassesof
lexicalitemswherethe
relationshipisoneof'general-
specific'or'atypeof',suchas
entreeandmaincourse.
5.Meronymyreferstolexicalitems
whichareinawhole-part
relation,suchastherelationship
between main course,
potatoesandbroccoli;and
fish,bones,andscales.
6.Collocationdescribeassociations
betweenwordsthattendtoco-
occur,suchas,combinationsof
adjectivesandnouns,asin
'qualityproduct','snide
remarks'and'discerning
customers'.Italsoincludesthe
relationshipbetweenverbsand
nounssuchaseatandfood,
andpairsofnounssuchas
friendsandneighbors.