cole vegetables ( introduction of cabbage, origin, floral formula, floral description)

cole vegetable definitions, it's origin, cabbage, and cauliflower floral formula, a botanical description of plant, floral botany, yield, nutrients value in curd and list of cole vegetables.

1. Topic: Cole Vegetables Presenting By: Group Leader Name : Toufique Ahmed Group Members Name: Name Course Title/Code: Name =========================== Name Name Presenting Under: Name Teacher name Name (Associate Professor at) Name Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics Name Faculty of Crop Production Name Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam

2. Introduction To Cabbage/Cauliflower Botanical Name: Brassica oleracea Chromosomes Number: 18 Season: Kharif/Biennial. Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Brassicales Sub class : Glumiflorae Family : Brassicaceae Genus : Brassica Species : olearacea

3. Nutrient value / gram vitamin K 73.35 mcg vitamin C 30.15 mg dietary fiber 3.45 g manganese 0.18 mg vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) 0.17 mg folate 30.00 mcg omega 3 fatty acids 0.17 g vitamin B1 (thiamin) 0.09 mg vitamin B2 (riboflavin) 0.08 mg calcium 46.50 mg potassium 145.50 mg vitamin A 198.00 IU tryptophan 0.01 g protein 1.53 g magnesium 12.00 mg

4. The Greeks and Romans consumed cabbage, Cabbages and kale were the first of the cole crops that were domesticated approximately 2,000 years ago. Wild cabbage is a parent plant of many cultivated vegetables (e.g. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collards, kale, and kohlrabi). Heading cabbage is one of the earliest forms of cabbage and was cultivated in Germany by the 1150s and in England by the 14th century. European cauliflower Systematic and extensive cultivation of cauliflower occurred first in Italy where the ‘Originals’ or ‘Italians’ were developed. These ‘Original’ or ‘Italian’ types were taken to France, England, Germany, and The Netherlands The Indian/tropical cauliflowers grown in India are characteristically different from European types and are tolerant to high temperature and humid conditions—the earliest maturing types known—and do not require vernalization for bolting Origin of Cole Vegetables

5. Cabbage is herbaceous flowering plant with leaves forming a compact head chrematistics. Approximately 400 species of cabbage have been documented into five groups: (1) The first group includes the familiar round, smooth-leafed cabbages with the colors of white, green or red, and wrinkled-leafed varieties, such as Savoy. (2) The second group comprises the pointed cabbages like European spring and Chinese cabbages. (3) The third group contains the cabbages with abnormally large, budding stems like Brussels 2 sprouts. (4) The fourth group comprises the cabbages with green curly types, such as kale and collard greens. Cabbage species in this group are often used as animal food or decoration of dishes for presentation. (5) Finally, the last group includes flowing cabbages, like cauliflower and broccoli ( Kiple & Ornelas, 290) Most cabbages are self-incompatible, meaning that the pollen is viable, but is unable to grow in a flower on the same plant. Leaves: Leaves may be long and narrow, long and broad and short and broad. The margins are straight, broadly wavy or sinuate. The colour varies from bluish green to waxy green or glossy green. Botanical Description

6. Curd: The weight may vary from 200 g to 1 kg or more. In earliest group curd size is smaller than later group. Shape of curd may be flat with even surface or hemispherical with uneven surface. In some cases curds are slightly conical. Hemispherical and conical curds are compact and may be 35-40% of total plant weight. Curd Quality: It is primarily determined by compactness and colour . It should be compact and retentive white. The curd colour of Indian cauliflower is yellowish to creamish white while the Snowball is bright white. A major defect of curd is riceyness . Grade 1 – Perfect: Grade 2 – A few projections on each whorl but perfect when held at arms length Grade 3 – Clear patches but many elongated buds, furry all over Grade 4 – Well-formed buds over whole surface

7. Floral Description The flowers of cauliflower are typically cruciferous. Two functional nectaries are present, situated between the bases of the ovary and short stamens and the other two inactive nectaries are at the bases of pairs of long stamens. The stigma of Brassica species is receptive for 5 days before and 4 days after anthesis. The longer receptivity is due to the protogynous nature of the flowers. Situated outside the basis of the pairs of long stamens are also two nectaries, but these are not active. Flowers are borne in racemes on the main stem and its branches. The inflorescence may attain a length of 1-2 cm, but the slender pedicels are only 1.5-2 cm long. The fruits are glabrous siliques, 4-5 mm wide and sometimes over 10 cm long, with two rows of seeds lying along the edges of the replum (false septum, an outgrowth of the placentae). A silique contains from 10-30 seeds, the silique reaches its maximum length. When it is ripe, dehiscence takes place through the two valves breaking away from below upwards, leaving the seeds attached to the placentas.

8. Floral Formula There are 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens, and two carpels. The carpels form a superior ovary with false septum and two rows of campylotropous ovules. The androecium is tetradynamous, i.e. there are two short and four long stamens. The sepals are erect. The nectar is secreted by two nectaries situated between the basis of the short stamens and the ovary.

9. Breeding Objectives (1) High yield along with better crop ideotypes. (2) Uniform curding; that is, uniformity in curd size, shape, maturity, and color. (3) Compact and retentive white curds free from riceyness, leafiness, and fuzziness. (4) High commercial quality as determined by size and shape, appearance, color persistence, compactness, and bruise resistance. (5) Small curds with smaller frame size for dense transplanting. (6) High harvest index, wide adaptability, and better field standing ability. (7) Tolerant to heat/humidity; that is, curd formation in summer/rainy seasons of northern India. (8) Robust SI and CMS lines to produce hybrids with better seeding ability. (9) Cultivars tolerant to the diseases black rot, Sclerotinia rot, downy mildew, Alternaria blight, Erwinia rot; insects DBM, Spodoptera; and abiotic stresses including heat, rain, salt.

10. Breeding Methods of Cauliflower Population Improvement Methods: These methods (mass selection, family selection, etc.), are applicable to open-pollinated heterogeneous stocks having sufficient variability due to self-incompatibility. Development of Inbreeds as Cultivars: This is applicable to European types which have self-compatibility. In this approach two self-compatible lines are crossed and the hybrid progeny is subjected to simple pedigree/bulk/ backcross method of breeding. Hybrid Breeding: This is based on the principle of developing inbreds through bud stage selfing and production of F 1  seed by crossing/interplanting two self-incompatible but cross-compatible inbreeds. ( i ) Selfing of parental plants or sib-mating within the parental lines giving rise to ‘off types after planting of commercial hybrid seed. (ii) Less effective self-incompatibility in cauliflower than in other brassicas. (iii) Nonsynchronous flowering of male and female parents leading to increased proportion of sibs. (iv) The inflorescence of cauliflower tends to be cymose than racemose as in other brassicas, which results in a flush of flower production over a shorter length of time, leading to greater tendency for non-synchrony of flowering of the parents of a cauliflower hybrid. (v) Minor heterosis for curd size in contrast to substantial heterosis in other brassicas (cabbage, Chinese cabbage, Brussels sprouts, etc.), which are grown, primarily for their vegetative leafy tissues.

11. Breeding Technique of Cauliflower: Selfing: The self-compatible varieties of cauliflower can be selfed by simply bagging the flowering stalk. Selfing is also done by caging some plants with flies in cages or by isolation planting of lines having decreased level of self-incompatibility. With self-incompatible plants, bud pollination gives better results. In this system, the pollination is carried out in buds before 2-4 days of opening, with emasculation or without emasculation. Crossing: The flowers may be emasculated by removing 6 stamens using a pair of forceps. In self- compatible cauliflowers (European types), the stamens are removed before the opening of the buds as the flowers are already fertile in the bud stage, crossing can be done at the same time. In self-incompatible types, emasculation may be omitted. When pollination cages are available, crosses between self-incompatible types can be made by insects such as honey bees, bumble bees and flies.

12. Climatic and Soil Requirements Cabbage is a biennial that grows best in mild summer climates ranging from around 80-90F. American farmers in the northeast direct seed their cabbage in early May. Late cabbage is seeded directly about a week later around May 10 to 15. The plant likes full sun and average water. Cabbage thrives in deep fertile loamy soils well supplied with fertilizers lime and borax and having pH of between 5.5 and 6.5. Also, soil should be well drained and aerated for best results

13. Planting Method The planting procedure includes three steps. First, seed treatment is needed before seeding. Soak seed for 25 minutes in 70F water, Maintain this uniform temperature with an accurate measurement of using a thermometer. Second, direct seeding uses 2 lb seeds/acre; therefore reduce it to the desired area. Direct seeded crops should be sown 0.5 to 0.75 inches deep. Third, spacing depends on different seasons. Early season (mid February) cabbage rows 2.5 ft apart and plants 1 to 1.5 ft apart from each other. Late season (mid-May to early June) cabbage rows 2.5 to 3 ft apart and plants 1 to 1.5 ft apart from each other. After seeding, use floating row covers to protect against several harmful insects, such as cabbage worm, cabbage looper, aphids and flea beetle. Overwintering: To successfully grow cabbage, vernalization is also required. Vernalizaiton is a period of cold temperatures for flowering. Therefore, dig the plan in early October and store heeled into sand or sawdust in a root cellar

14. List of Cole Vegetables Botanical Name: Brassica juncea Family: Brassicaceae Chromosomes No: 36 Botanical Name: Brassica oleracea Family: Brassicaceae Chromosomes No: 18 Botanical Name: Brassica italica Family: Brassicaceae Chromosomes No: 18 Botanical Name: Brassica oleracea Family: Brassicaceae Chromosomes No: 18 Botanical Name: Brassica juncea Family: Brassicaceae Chromosomes No: 18 Botanical Name: Brassica oleracea Family: Brassicaceae Chromosomes No: 18 Botanical Name: Brassica sabellica Family: Brassicaceae Chromosomes No: 18 Botanical Name: Brassica oleracea Group: Gongylodes Family: Brassicaceae Chromosomes No: 19