Collective Behavior and Social Movement (2).pptx

Collective Behavior and Social Movement

1. Collective Behavior and Social Movement Instructor: Amber Panhwar.

2. Broom and Selznick: “ Collective Behavior is unstructured and is not according to some planning. It is produced out of unstructured social situations”. Collective Behavior is found in the forms of crowd, mob, riots, publics, public opinion and propaganda. What is Collective Behavior ?

3. In sociology, Collective Behavior refers to the spontaneous and unstructured actions of a group of people responding to a situation .

4. Crowd Behavior Mass Behavior Public and Public opinion. Forms of Collective Behavior

5. Horton and Hunt : “ A crowd is a temporary collection of people reacting together to stimuli”. Crowds are a number of people in the same space at the same time. Crowd Behavior

6. The Contagion theory: Gustav Le Bon was a French Social Psychologist who studied crowd in his work, Crowd Psychology or “The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind,” published in 1895. Le Bon’s claimed that in a crowd people caught up in the “ collective mind” of the crowd and evade personal responsibility for their actions. Theories of Crowd Behavior

7. Le Bon’s says, that collective belief is formed from the contagious growth of a belief that is suggested and spread throughout the crowd. Examples : Any political leader’s speech Religious gatherings.

8. Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian’s, Emergent Norm theory- claims that as “crowds form and people interact, new norms develop in the crowd and facilitate certain actions”. Example: Ceremonies. Concerts Social gatherings. The “Emergent Norms” theory

9. Four types of Crowd: Casual Crowd: The crowd found generally in streets of the community is called casual. Example: Market, Play ground, halls . Conventional Crowd: A crowd that gathers for a typical event that is routine in nature or people who come together for s schedule event. Example : Cricket match Types of Crowd

10. Expressive Crowd : People in this crowd express their feelings and emotions by physical actions like dancing, singing, speech, slogans and other activities. Example: Religious Festivities, cultural rituals. Acting Crowd: People who are emotionally focused erupting into violent behavior. Example: Protestant march, Violence, Rallies and political campaigns . Types of Crowd

11. Audience is a gathering of people: At one place, Being influenced by the same stimulus, and At the same time. Kimbal Young, defined three types of audiences. Information Seeking Audience: Those who assemble in a lecture hall to listen to a scholarly lecture. Recreation Seeking Audience, Those who go to the playground to watch a match, or to a theatre to witness a drama, and so on ……. Conversional Audience, A conversational audience means the people you are talking to or communicating with in a conversation, to share their ideas or beliefs regarding something specific. Audience

12. Mass Behavior is a behavior that occurs when people ( may not be in the same area) act in the same way. They share some common sources of information / interest that provoke their collective behavior. Example: Excitement of cricket match. Any viral video on internet. MASS BEHAVIOR….

13. Types of Mass Behavior

14. The Public It is an aggregate ( collection) of people rather than a group. The people working on roads, working in farms, gathering in mosque for prayers are its example.. A Public has three elements in which their ideas, ideologies and beliefs crash .. Existence of a problem, Discussion on the problem by the people, and Attempting to form collective opinion on its solution. Public and Public Opinion

15. Public Opinion: Public opinion refers to the collective attitudes, beliefs, and preferences held by the people within a society on various issues, events, and policies. Ian Robertson: Public opinion is the sum of the decisions of the members of a public on a particular issue.

16. A social movement is formally defined as “a collective acting with some continuity to promote or resist change in the society or group of which it is apart”. Turner Killian. Social movements are more organized and goal driven than crowd behavior. SOCIAL MOVEMENT

17. Blumer divided social movement in three kinds: General social movements: No need of leader, based on vague and unclear wishes, like freedom of women, students share in political affairs of the government. Specific movements : In this movement, the people have a clear leadership , organization and objective . The member give their responsibilities being member of its organization. Reform movements and revolutions belong to this type. Types of social movement

18. Expressive Movements: The members do not require a new social life but they act to express and ease their tensions. People express their tension through fads and fashions. Fashion is not about clothes but about manners, crime, architecture and science. Fashions are the protest against conventions of life. Fade is about bringing novelty through activities .

19. According to M.S.A. Rao there are three main theories concerning the emergence of social movements. The Relative Deprivation Theory. The Strain Theory Revitalization Theory. Theories of Social Movements

20. Relative Deprivation is a concept developed by Stouffer ( 1949) . It holds that, “ one feels deprived according to the gap between expectations and realizations. The person who wants little and has little, feels deprived than the one who has much but expects still more ” The Relative Deprivation Theory

21. Relative deprivation is the lack of resources (e.g. money, rights, social equality) necessary to maintain the quality of life considered typical within a given socioeconomic group. Relative deprivation often contributes to the rise of social change movements, such as the U.S. Civil Rights Movement Lack of resources and social injustices. Reasons for this theory

22. Smelser wrote that social movements and other collective behavior occur when several conditions are present. One of these conditions is structural strain, which refers to problems in society that cause people to be angry and frustrated. Without such structural strain, people would not have any reason to protest, and social movements do not arise. The Strain Theory

23. According to Smelser , ‘people join radical movements because they experience social dislocation in the form of social strain, especially when such strain springs from rapid social change’. Another condition is generalized beliefs , which are people’s reasons for why conditions are so bad and their solutions to improve them.

24. Revitalization means to restore strength. Wallac ( 1956) has asserted, “ That social movements develop out of a deliberate, organized and conscious effort on the part of members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture for themselves”. This theory is opposed of Relative Deprivation and Strain Theory, this theory emphasizes on the positive side of change in society. The Revitalization theory

25. Period of cultural stability, Period of increased individual stress, Period of cultural distortion and consequent disillusionment and Period of revitalization. Four phases of this theory