Commercial Geography PPT Unit 1 2 3 4.pptx

Commercial Geography, Sectors in economy, geographical indications, Natural Resources, Sources of energy, capital formation

1. Savitribai Phule Pune University FY BBA – IB Semester II (CBCS) Pattern 2019 Commercial Geography Course Code – 203 Credits - 3 Dr. Mangesh Bhople, Asst. Prof., MIT Arts Commerce and Science College, Alandi Pune  

2. Unit – 1 Introduction to Commercial Geography (Indian Context) Definition, Nature and Scope of Commercial Geography Concept, Features, Role and Utility of Commercial Geography in business and economics. Major aspects of study of commercial geography Commercial Sectors in the economy such as primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary. Geographical Indications – Concept, Nature and Importance

3. Definition, Nature and Scope of Commercial Geography Nature of Commercial Geography For the expansion of the empire¸ the Britishers began the study of commercial geography as a discipline. After the Industrial Revolution¸ the Britishers expanded their trade all over the world. They had to collect various kinds of information to make the trade stable. For that matter commercial geography stood as an important subject. The main purpose of the commercial geography is to study the productions of different regions¸ their use and trade. This study is beneficial to the economic development. Where are the primary occupations located? Which products are obtained from these occupations? How they are utilized in other industries? And which industrial products are obtained? The study of such questions is done in the commercial geography.

4. Nature

5. Importance of /Significance of Commercial Geography Encouragement to Increase the Production Search for Markets Motivation to Trade Development of Transport and Communication Development of Services

6. Sectors of the economy Primary sector  – extraction of raw materials – mining, fishing and agriculture. Secondary / manufacturing sector  – concerned with producing finished goods, e.g. Construction sector, manufacturing and utilities, e.g. electricity. Service / ‘tertiary’ sector  –  concerned with offering intangible goods and services to consumers. This includes retail, tourism, banking, finance , entertainment and  I.T. & ITeS services. Quaternary sector (knowledge economy, education, research and development) 64%=16-18% Contri in GDP 24% = 34% 12% = 50 to 54%

7. Nature and purpose of a geographical indication (GI) Geographical indication, a form of  intellectual property , is nothing but an indication identifying the source or appellation of origin of relevant product or service. It is an important method of indicating the origin of goods and services. In principle, geographical indication may describe the origin and peculiar characteristics of a service. Example : Champagne from France, Tobaco from Cuba,  Basmati Rice  from India and Pakistan

8. It is significant to note that, the Paris Convention did not use the term Geographical Indication. Instead, it used the terms; Appellations of origin : It indicates the name of the country or the place from where the product actually originates and the characteristic qualities of such products are exclusively due to the geographical environment including the natural or human factors or both. Quality and the characteristics of the products or services has to be exclusively attributable to the geographical environment. Example :  Aranmula Kannadi ,  Kanchipuram Saree ,  Kolhapuri Chappal, Bengal Rasgulla etc. Aranmula Kannadi https://aranmulakannadi.net/ https://issuu.com/shreyoshimitra/docs/kolhapur_cc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSyNBqVhwaA&t=468s Paithani https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahrSO9ofZfk Rasgulla https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/geographical/952/wipo_pub_952.pdf

9. G eographical Indication https://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/entrepreneurship/geographical-indications

10. Presentations on the concept, scope and importance of commercial geography. Case study on the utility and role of commercial geography. Presentations on Important aspects of commercial geography and various commercial sectors associated with. ( Indian Context)

11. Unit 2. Natural Resources and Commercial usage 1. Meaning, Nature and Importance 2. Types of forests, Characteristics, Distribution and Significance 3. Non Conventional energy resources – Solar, Wind and Tidal energy 4. Commercial usage and role of natural resources in the development of commerce.

12. Meaning, Nature and Importance These are the resources that are found in the environment and are developed without the intervention of humans. Common examples of natural resources include air, sunlight, water, soil, stone, plants, animals and fossil fuels. Natural resources are naturally occurring materials that are useful to man or could be useful under conceivable technological, economic or social circumstances or supplies drawn from the earth, supplies such as food, building and clothing materials, fertilizers, metals, water and geothermal power.  For a long time, natural resources were the domain of the natural sciences.

13. Natural resources can be defined as the resources that exist (on the planet) independent of human actions.

14. What are the Different Types of Natural Resources? Based on the availability are two  types of natural resources : Renewable:  resources that are available in infinite quantity and can be used repeatedly are called renewable resources. Example: Forest, wind, water, etc. Non-Renewable:  resources that are limited in abundance due to their non-renewable nature and whose availability may run out in the future are called non-renewable resources. Examples include fossil fuels, minerals, etc.

15. What are the Different Types of Natural Resources? Biotic: these resources come from living and organic material, such as forests and animals, and include the materials that can be obtained them. Biotic natural resources also include fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum which are formed from organic matter that has decayed. Abiotic: these resources come from non-living and non-organic material. Examples of these resources include land, fresh water, air, and heavy metals (gold, iron, copper, silver, etc.).

16. Renewable resource Non-renewable resource It can be renewed as it is available in infinite quantity Once completely consumed, it cannot be renewed due to limited stock Sustainable in nature Exhaustible in nature Low cost and environment-friendly High cost and less environment-friendly Replenish quickly Replenish slowly or do not replenish naturally at all Difference between Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources

17. Most Important Natural Resources are: Air:  Clean air is important for all the plants, animals, humans to survive on this planet. So, it is necessary to take measures to reduce air pollution. Water:  70% of the Earth is covered in water and only 2 % of that is freshwater. Initiative to educate and regulate the use of water should be taken. Soil:  Soil is composed of various particles and nutrients. It helps plants grow. Iron:  It is made from silica and is used to build strong weapons, transportation and buildings Forests:  As the population increases, the demand for housing and construction projects also increases. Forests provide clean air and preserve the ecology of the world. Minerals: Minerals  are solid substances that are present in nature and can be made of one element or more elements combined together (chemical compounds). Gold, Silver and carbon are elements that form  minerals  on their own. They are called native elements.

18. Natural Resource Product/Service Trees Paper, furniture, fuel, Fruits Cotton Clothing Oil/petroleum Plastic, fuel Natural gas Fuel Coal Fuel Iron ore Steel products (cans, bridges) Bauxite ore Aluminium products (cans, car parts) Gold Jewellery, dental material Copper Wire, coins, electrical equipment Manganese Steel, cast iron Cobalt Steel, jet engine parts, cutting tools Platinum Air pollution control and telecommunications equipment, jewellery Chromium Stainless steel, green glass, leather treatment Diamonds Jewellery, mechanical equipment Soil, Water, Air, Sunlight, Forests, Animals ?????

19. Some important AVs on Natural resources https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylkZtjc8jK4 10 countries https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YoN06_j4EJE India https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aB3PbWUpqY Soils https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=999ngrj_BHM Rivers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jg1g9kdfutI Forests https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lpsjhkwYXM Fruits https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXM3IIl-0og types of forests

20. What are the different types of forests in India? Coniferous Forests, Broadleaved Forests, Evergreen Forests, Wet Evergreen, Deciduous Forests, Mangrove Forests Total Forest and Tree Cover rises to 24.56% of the total geographical area of India. https://www.classmate4u.com/types-of-forest-in-inida/

21. a)   Coniferous Forests  grow in the Himalayan mountain region, where the temperatures are low. These forests have tall stately trees with needlelike leaves and downward sloping branches so that the snow can slip off the branches. They have cones instead of seeds and are called  Gymnosperms . b)   Broadleaved Forests  have several types, such as evergreen forests, deciduous forests, thorn forests, and mangrove forests. Broadleaved forests have large leaves of various shapes. c)   Evergreen Forests  grow in the high rainfall areas of the Western Ghats, North-Eastern India, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These forests grow in areas where the monsoon lasts for several months. d) Wet Evergreen Wet evergreen forests are found in the south along the Western Ghats and the Nicobar and Andaman Islands and all along the north-eastern region. It is characterized by tall, straight evergreen trees that have a buttressed trunk or root on three sides like a tripod that helps to keep a tree upright during a storm. These trees often rise to a great height before they open out like a cauliflower. The more common trees that are found here are the jackfruit, betel nut palm, Jamun, Mango, and Hollock . The trees in this forest form a tiered pattern: shrubs cover the layer closer to the ground, followed by the short structured trees and then the tall variety. Beautiful ferns of various colours and different varieties of orchids grow on the trunks of the trees.

22. e)   Semi-Evergreen Semi-evergreen forests are found in the Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the Eastern Himalayas. Such forests have a mixture of the wet evergreen trees and the moist deciduous trees. The forest is dense and is filled with a large variety of trees of both types. f)    Deciduous Forests  are found in regions with a moderate amount of seasonal rainfall that lasts for only a few months. Most of the forests in which Teak trees grow are of this type.  The deciduous trees shed their leaves during the winter and hot summer months. In March or April, they regain their fresh leaves just before the monsoon when they grow vigorously in response to the rains. Thus there are periods of leaf fall and canopy re-growth. The forest frequently has thick undergrowth as light can penetrate easily onto the forest floor. g)   Thorn Forests  are found in the semi-arid regions of India. The trees, which are sparsely distributed, are surrounded by open grassy areas. Thorny plants are called Xerophytic species and are able to conserve water. Some of these trees have small leaves, while other species have thick, waxy leaves to reduce water losses during transpiration. Thorn forest trees have long or fibrous roots to reach water at great depths. Many of these plants have thorns, which reduce water loss and protect them from herbivores. h)   Mangrove Forests  grow along the  coast, especially in the river deltas.  These plants are able to grow in a mix of saline and freshwater. They grow luxuriantly in muddy areas covered with silt that the rivers have brought down. The mangrove trees have breathing roots that emerge from the mud banks.

23. Non Conventional energy resources – Solar, Wind and Tidal energy Energy  generated by using  wind ,  solar , small hydro,  tides , geothermal heat and biomass is known a  non - conventional energy . All these  sources  are  renewable  process of  energy  generation and do  not  cause environmental pollution.

24. Different non-conventional energy sources Solar energy : Solar energy is the most readily available and free source of energy since prehistoric times. It is estimated that solar energy equivalent to over 15,000 times the world's annual commercial energy consumption reaches the earth every year. Solar energy can be utilized through two different routes, as solar thermal route and solar electric (solar photovoltaic) routes. Solar thermal route uses the sun's heat to produce hot water or air, cook food, drying materials etc. Solar photovoltaic uses sun's heat to produce electricity for lighting home and building, running motors, pumps, electric appliances, and lighting. In solar thermal route, solar energy can be converted into thermal energy with the help of solar collectors and receivers known as solar thermal devices. Wind energy: Wind energy is basically harnessing of wind power to produce electricity. The kinetic energy of the wind is converted to electrical energy. When solar radiation enters the earth's atmosphere, different regions of the atmosphere are heated to different degrees because of earth curvature. This heating is higher at the equator and lowest at the poles. Since air tends to flow from warmer to cooler regions, this causes what we call winds, and it is these airflows that are harnessed in windmills and wind turbines to produce power. Now wind power is harnessed to generate electricity in a larger scale with better technology. Bio energy: Bio-energy, in the form of biogas, which is derived from biomass, is expected to become one of the key energy resources for global sustainable development. Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of various human and natural activities. Biomass does not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amount of carbon in growing as it releases when consumed as a fuel. Its advantage is that it can be used to generate electricity with the same equipment that is now being used for burning fossil fuels. Bio energy is being used for cooking, mechanical applications, pumping, power generation etc. Hydro energy : The potential energy of falling water, captured and converted to mechanical energy by waterwheels, powered the start of the industrial revolution. Wherever sufficient head, or change in elevation, could be found, rivers and streams were dammed and mills were built. Water under pressure flows through a turbine and causes it to spin. The Turbine is connected to a generator, which produces electricity. Ocean energy: The ocean contains two types of energy: thermal energy from the sun's heat, and mechanical energy from the tides and waves. Ocean thermal energy is used for many applications, including electricity generation. There are three types of electricity conversion systems: closed-cycle, open cycle, and hybrid. Closed cycle systems use the ocean's warm surface water to vaporize a working fluid, which has a low boiling point, such as ammonia. The vapour expands and turns a turbine. The turbine then activates a generator to produce electricity. Open-cycle systems actually boil the seawater by operating at low pressures. This produces steam that passes through a turbine / generator. The hybrid systems combine both closed-cycle and open-cycle systems. Ocean mechanical energy is quite different from ocean thermal energy. Even though the sun affects all ocean activity, tides are driven primarily by the gravitational pull of the moon, and waves are driven primarily by the winds. A barrage (dam) is typically used to convert tidal energy into electricity by forcing the water through turbines, activating a generator. Energy from Wastes: A n estimated 50 million tons of solid waste and approximately 6,000 million cubic meters of liquid waste are generated annually in the urban areas of India. In India, there is a great potentiality of generating approximately 2,600 MW of power from urban and municipal wastes and approximately, 1,300 MW from industrial wastes, respectively. A total of 48 projects with aggregate capacity of about 69.62 MW ex. have been installed in the country thereby utilizing only 1.8% of the potential that exists.

25. ADVANTAGES OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Non-conventional/renewable energy is an indigenous source available in considerable quantities to all developing nations and capable, in principle of having a significant local, regional or national economic impact. There is a great scope of research and development in non-conventional/renewable energy sectors regarding its future development and scientific utilization. The power plants based on renewable do not have any fuel cost and hence negligible running cost. Renewable have low energy density and more or less there is no pollution or ecological balance problem. Provide energy in environmentally benign manner. The use of non-conventional/renewable energy could help to conserve foreign exchange and generate local employment if conservation technologies are designed, manufactured, assembled and installed locally. Short gestation period and low investment. https://www.ibef.org/industry/renewable-energy/showcase

26. Commercial usage and role of natural resources in the development of commerce. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQLDcwNmw3A

27. Unit 3 - Role of Industries and Geographical significance (Indian Context)

28. Role of Industries in the economic development F actors affecting Industrial location P ower supply. Communications - including transport, telecommunications. L abour supply - including workers with the right skills. Access to market - where the goods are sold. Grants and financial incentives - usually from governments. R aw materials

29. Capital Formation Stock Exchanges – NSE and BSE, NCDEX Shares -

30. Business locations and its geographical implications https://www.tatasteel.com/corporate/our-global-footprint/ https://stock-financials.valuestocks.in/en/hul-company-location https://www.hul.co.in/news/news-and-features/2013/six-hul-factories-recognised-at-the-india-manufacturing-excellence-awards.html

31. Location – Need and Importance

32. Rural and Handicraft Industries – Economic and Commercial importance Handicrafts can be defined as products which are produced either completely by hand or with the help of tools. Mechanical tools may be used as long as the direct manual contribution of the artisan remains the most substantial component of the finished product. Handicrafts are made from raw materials and can be produced in unlimited numbers. Such products can be utilitarian, aesthetic, artistic, creative, culturally attached, decorative, functional, traditional, religiously and socially symbolic and significant. Images

33. Rural industries 1) Cotton weaving, 2) Silk weaving, 3) Carpet making, 4) Leather industry 5) Metal handicrafts 6) Pottery 7) Domestic Food Items 8) Bara Bulutedars etc.

34. Economic and Commercial importance of Rural Industries In  rural areas , the business operates towards different industries, which are  agriculture, forest, and handloom industries. The people lived in different areas of rural India master in unique skills. Such as the rural people living in Kerala, they have professional skill in carving wood, the other rural people proficient in weaving carpet live in Kashmir, there are various skills from place to place is because of the factors of resources and traditions. Besides, in India, the agricultural is vital for the economy because it accounts for 44.5% of GDP from 1970 to 1971 and offers 68% of rural employment. However, the agriculture sector shrunk to 16.1% of GDP in 2009 while the proportion of non-agricultural industry achieved 86% of the GDP.

35. Animal Feed Industry  Appliances Industry  Automotive Industry  Bakery Industry  Bauxite Mining   Beverage Industry  Biofuel Industry  Biomass Energy  Building Materials Mining  Cable Manufacturing Industry Cement Industry Ceramic Industry Chemical Intermediates Industry  Chocolate Industry  Coal Mining  Coffee and Infusion Industry  Computing Software Concrete Industry Copper Mining  Dairy Industry (63) Desalination Industry (3) Diamond Mining (3) Electronics Industry (27) Fabrics Industry (59) Fertilizer Industry (49) Fishing Industry (14) Fluorspar Mining (3) Footwear Industry (8) Fossil Fuels Energy (444) Frozen and Ready Meals (29) Fruit and Vegetable Industry (34) Garment and Accessories Industry (71) Gemstone Mining (1) Glass Industry (35) Gold Mining (7) Grain Industry (77) Household Chemical Industry (57) Hydro Energy (993) Inorganic Chemical Industry (42) Iron and Steel Industry (250) Insulation Industry (2) Land Based Weapons Industry (28) Iron Mining (59) Logistics (115) Machinery Industry (378) Meat Industry (11) Naval Military Industry (3) Nuclear Energy (19) Oil Refining (22) Oil and Gas (9) Other Metals and Alloys (22) Other Metal Mining (33) Other Petrochemical Industry (302) Paint and Coating Industry (28) Paper Industry (97) Pesticide Industry (32) Pharmaceutical Industry (323) Phosphate Mining (1) Plastics Industry (95) Ports (109) Solar Energy (342) Sugar Industry (641) Synthetic Fiber Industry (39) Rubber and Adhesives Industry (25) Salt Industry (3) Shipbuilding (24) Research and Development (24) Tanning Industry (3) Vegetable Oil Industry (84) Waste to Energy (3) Wind Energy (14) Uranium Mining (7) Wood Industry (17) Zinc Mining (10) Tobacco Industry (15) Telecommunications (20) Textile Fiber Industry (124)

36. Unit 4 - Trade and Transportations (Global Context)

37. Importance of trade 1. Make use of abundant raw materials Some countries are naturally abundant in raw materials – oil (Qatar), metals, fish (Iceland), Congo (diamonds) Butter (New Zealand). Without trade, these countries would not benefit from the natural endowments of raw materials. A theoretical model for this was developed by Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin. Known as the Heckscher–Ohlin model (H–O model) it states countries will specialise in producing and exports goods which use abundant local factor endowments . Countries will import those goods, where resources are scarce. 2. Comparative advantage The theory of  comparative advantage  states that countries should specialise in those goods where they have a relatively lower opportunity cost. Even if one country can produce two goods at a lower absolute cost – doesn’t mean they should produce everything. India, with lower labour costs, may have a comparative advantage in labour-intensive production (e.g. call centres , clothing manufacture). Therefore, it would be efficient for India to export these services and goods. While an economy like the UK may have a comparative advantage in education and video game production. Trade allows countries to specialise . More details on how comparative advantage can increase economic welfare. The theory of comparative advantage has limitations, but it explains at least some aspects of international trade. 3. Greater choice for consumers New trade theory  places less emphasis on comparative advantage and relative input costs. New trade theory states that in the real world, a driving factor behind the trade is giving consumers greater choice of differentiated products. We import BMW cars from Germany, not because they are the cheapest but because of the quality and brand image. Regarding music and film, trade enables the widest choice of music and film to appeal to different tastes. When the Beatles went on tour to the US in the 1960s, it was exporting British music – relative labour costs were unimportant. Perhaps the best example is with goods like clothing. Some clothing (e.g. value clothes from Primark – price is very important and they are likely to be imported from low- labour cost countries like Bangladesh. However, we also import fashion labels Gucci (Italy) Chanel (France). Here consumers are benefitting from choice, rather than the lowest price. Economists argue that international trade often fits the model of monopolistic competition. In this model, the important aspect is brand differentiation. For many goods, we want to buy goods with strong brands and reputations. e.g. popularity of Coca-Cola, Nike, Addidas , McDonalds e.t.c .

38. 4. Specialization and economies of scale – greater efficiency Another aspect of new trade theory is that it doesn’t really matter what countries specialise in, the important thing is to pursue specialisation and this enables companies to benefit from  economies of scale  which outweigh most other factors. Sometimes, countries may specialise in particular industries for no over-riding reason – it may just be a historical accident. But, that specialisation enables improved efficiency. For high value-added products, multinationals often split the production process into a global production system. For example, Apple designs their computers in the US but contract the production to Asian factories. Trade enables a product to have multiple country sources. With car production, the productive process is often even more global with engines, tyres , design and marketing all potentially coming from different countries. 5. Service sector trade Trade tends to conjure images of physical goods import bananas, export cars. But, increasingly the service sector economy means more trade is of invisibles – services, such as insurance, IT services and banking. Even in making this website, I sometimes outsource IT services to developers in other countries. It may be for jobs as small as $50. Furthermore, I may export a revision guide for £7.49 to countries all around the world. A global economy with modern communications enables many micro trades, which wouldn’t have been as possible in a pre-internet age. 6. Global growth and economic development

39. Problems arising from free trade Given the importance of free trade to an economy, it is unsurprising that people are concerned about the potential negative impacts. Infant industry argument . The fear is that ‘free trade’ can cause countries to specialise in primary products – goods which have volatile prices and low-income elasticity of demand. To develop, economies may need to restrict imports and diversify the economy. This isn’t an argument against trade per se, but an awareness trade may need to be ‘managed’ rather than just rely on free markets. Trade can lead to cultural homogenization . Some fear trade gives an advantage to multinational brands and this can negatively impact local produce and traditions. Supporters argue that if local products are good, they should be able to create a niche than global brands cannot. Displacement effects . Free trade can cause uncompetitive domestic industries to close down, leading to structural unemployment. The problem with free trade is that there are many winners, but the losers do not gain any compensation. However, free-market economists may counter that some degree of  creative destruction  is inevitable in an economy and we can’t turn back to a static closed economy. On the upside, if the uncompetitive firms close down, ultimately new jobs will be created in different industries.

40. Importance of transportation in commercial development Transport System and Economic Development in India A good transport system can broaden the  market  for goods. It can also make the movement of raw materials, fuel, equipment, etc. to the places of production easy. Further, it opens up remote regions as well as resources for production. Also, as transport facilities increase, the demand for motor vehicles, locomotives, ships, etc. increases too. This leads to the start of industries which specialize in these goods. let’s take a quick look at the transport system and understand how it contributes to the economic development in India.

41. Types of modes of transportation – Roadways, Railways, Airways, Seaways https://www.goship.com/blog/modes-of-transportation-in-logistics/ https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter5/transportation-modes-modal-competition-modal-shift/ https://www.ihmnotes.in/assets/Docs/Ignou/TS-01/Unit8%20Mode%20of%20Transport.pdf

42. types of trade routes – Silk route, CPEC etc The Silk Route was a historic trade route that dated from the second century B.C. until the 14th century A.D. It stretched from Asia to the Mediterranean, traversing  China , India, Persia, Arabia, Greece, and Italy. It was called the Silk Route because of the heavy silk trading that took place during that period. This valuable fabric originated in China, which initially had a monopoly on silk production until the secrets of its creation spread. In addition to silk, the route facilitated the trade of other fabrics, spices, grains, fruits and vegetables, animal hides, wood and metal work, precious stones, and other items of value.

43. Silk Route The Silk Route was a series of ancient trade networks that connected China and the Far East with countries in Europe and the Middle East. The route included a group of trading posts and markets that were used to help in the storage, transport, and exchange of goods. It was also known as the Silk Road. Travelers used camel or horse caravans and stayed in guest houses or inns typically spaced one day’s travel apart. Travelers along the Silk Route’s maritime routes could stop at ports for fresh drinking water and trade opportunities. Archaeologists and geographers pursuing research of ancient sites have been the Silk Route’s most modern travelers. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient-medieval/silk-road/v/early-silk-road

44. CPEC- China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) , massive bilateral project to improve  infrastructure within Pakistan for better trade with China and to further integrate the countries of the region. The project was launched on April 20, 2015 when Chinese President Xi Jinping and Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif signed 51 agreements and Memorandums of Understanding valued at $46 billion. The goal of CPEC is both to transform Pakistan’s economy—by modernizing its road, rail, air, and energy transportation systems—and to connect the deep-sea Pakistani ports of Gwadar and Karachi to China’s Xinjiang province and beyond by overland routes. (Xinjiang borders the countries of Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, and the ancient Silk Road ran through its territory.) This would reduce the time and cost of transporting goods and energy such as natural gas to China by circumventing the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea. The announcement of joint space and satellite initiatives between Pakistan and China, spurred by CPEC, followed in 2016. CPEC is part of the larger Belt and Road Initiative—to improve connectivity, trade, communication, and cooperation between the countries of Eurasia—announced by China in 2013. CPEC has been compared to the Marshall Plan for the rebuilding of post-World War II Europe in its potential impact on the region, and numerous countries have shown interest in participating in the initiative. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LU58TnhldX0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zddW1oUhOjs

45. Thank You!