Commercial polymers.pdf
lalikotturan
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Mar 22, 2022
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About This Presentation
LDPE is formed from ethylene at a high pressure of 1500-3000 atmosphere at a temperature range of175-250oC in presence of some oxygen, peroxide, or azocompounds as initiators.
LDPE has nearly 20–50 branches (both long and short branches) per 1000 linear carbon atoms in the chain molecules.
The lo...
Slide Content
Commercial polymers
Dr.LaliThomas Kotturan
Associate Professor in Chemistry
Little Flower College, Guruvayoor, Kerala.
Dr.LaliThomas Kotturan
Associate Professor in Chemistry
Little Flower College, Guruvayoor, Kerala.
POLY OLEFINES
HDPE,(Highdensitypolythene)
LDPE, (lowdensitypolythene)
PP (Polypropelene)
PS (Polystyrene)
HDPE,(Highdensitypolythene)
LDPE, (lowdensitypolythene)
PP (Polypropelene)
PS (Polystyrene)
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
high branching , less tightly packed , and less crystalline
Chain Length: 1000 -2000
high branching , less tightly packed , and less crystalline
Chain Length: 1000 -2000
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
LDPE is formed from ethylene at a high pressure of 1500-3000 atmosphere at
a temperature range of175-250
o
C in presence of some oxygen, peroxide, or
azocompoundsas initiators.
LDPE has nearly 20–50 branches (both long and short branches) per 1000
linear carbon atoms in the chain molecules.
The loss of molecular symmetry due to the high degree of branching results
in a lower density range (0.915–0.94 g/cm3 ) and lower softening or melting
temperature.
LDPE dissolves in toluene at or above 60°C
LDPE is formed from ethylene at a high pressure of 1500-3000 atmosphere at
a temperature range of175-250
o
C in presence of some oxygen, peroxide, or
azocompoundsas initiators.
LDPE has nearly 20–50 branches (both long and short branches) per 1000
linear carbon atoms in the chain molecules.
The loss of molecular symmetry due to the high degree of branching results
in a lower density range (0.915–0.94 g/cm3 ) and lower softening or melting
temperature.
LDPE dissolves in toluene at or above 60°C
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
less branching, tightly packed, and has high tensile strength.
Chain Length: 10,000 –100,000
less branching, tightly packed, and has high tensile strength.
Chain Length: 10,000 –100,000
High-density poly ethylene (HDPE)
The polymerization at a low temperature and pressure in presence of metal
oxide catalyst
HDPE is usually more resistant to chemicals than LDPE.
HDPE is soluble in toluene at 90
0
C.
2–5 short branches or side chains per 1000 carbon atoms in the main chain,
thus having a higher density range (0.945–0.96) and high melting temperature
(125–130°C) compared to LDPE.
The polymerization at a low temperature and pressure in presence of metal
oxide catalyst
HDPE is usually more resistant to chemicals than LDPE.
HDPE is soluble in toluene at 90
0
C.
2–5 short branches or side chains per 1000 carbon atoms in the main chain,
thus having a higher density range (0.945–0.96) and high melting temperature
(125–130°C) compared to LDPE.
USES Of POLYETHYLENE
Polyethylenesare very good insulating materials and are adequately flexible
hence used as an insulator in wires and cables.
They find extensive uses and applications as molded or formed objects, films,
sheets, bottles and containers, pipes, and tubes.
Polythene finds application in packaging, waterproofing, irrigation, and water
management including canal lining and mulching, and in coating and
lamination.
Polyethylenesare very good insulating materials and are adequately flexible
hence used as an insulator in wires and cables.
They find extensive uses and applications as molded or formed objects, films,
sheets, bottles and containers, pipes, and tubes.
Polythene finds application in packaging, waterproofing, irrigation, and water
management including canal lining and mulching, and in coating and
lamination.
PP (Polypropelene)
POLYPROPYLENE contd…….
Addition polymer
Thermoplastic
Monomer propylene
USES
For making household appliances
In package industry
For making plastic parts of machinery
For making plastic furniture
For making syringes, medical vials, Petri dishes, pill containers, specimen bottles
Addition polymer
Thermoplastic
Monomer propylene
USES
For making household appliances
In package industry
For making plastic parts of machinery
For making plastic furniture
For making syringes, medical vials, Petri dishes, pill containers, specimen bottles
Polypropylene contd…….
POLY STYRENE (PS)
POLYSTYRENE
An addition polymer
Styrene is the monomer
Amorphous and transparent
synthesized by the polymerization of styrene at 335K in the presence of a benzoyl peroxide
initiator.
An addition polymer
Styrene is the monomer
Amorphous and transparent
synthesized by the polymerization of styrene at 335K in the presence of a benzoyl peroxide
initiator.
USES OF POLYSTYRENE
As electrical insulator.
Expanded polystyrene finds extensive use in packaging and shock absorbing
applications, in thermal insulation, and as acoustic improvers in halls and
auditoria.
High impact grades are suitable for use as toys, games and sports articles,
casings and cabinets for electrical/ electronic gadgets and equipment, and
inner liners of refrigerators.
Another major use of polystyrene is in the making of ion-exchange resins.
As electrical insulator.
Expanded polystyrene finds extensive use in packaging and shock absorbing
applications, in thermal insulation, and as acoustic improvers in halls and
auditoria.
High impact grades are suitable for use as toys, games and sports articles,
casings and cabinets for electrical/ electronic gadgets and equipment, and
inner liners of refrigerators.
Another major use of polystyrene is in the making of ion-exchange resins.
KEVLAR-Poly(para-phenyleneterephthalimide)
Aromatic polyamide
Five times more tensile strength than steel
polycondensationpolymer
Monomers are p-phenylenediamine [p-H
2N-(C
6H
4)-NH
2] and terephthaloylchloride. [p-ClOC-
(C
6H
4)-COCl].
Aromatic polyamide
Five times more tensile strength than steel
polycondensationpolymer
Monomers are p-phenylenediamine [p-H
2N-(C
6H
4)-NH
2] and terephthaloylchloride. [p-ClOC-
(C
6H
4)-COCl].
USES OF KEVLAR
Used in industrial applications, such as cables,ropes,
body/vehicle armor, brake linings, bulletproof body
armors.
To make high-performance structural composites in
aircraft components, boat hulls, and high-performance
cars.
For making Friction products and gaskets
For making Adhesives and sealants
For making Protective apparel in automobile and Aircraft
For making tennis strings
Used in industrial applications, such as cables,ropes,
body/vehicle armor, brake linings, bulletproof body
armors.
To make high-performance structural composites in
aircraft components, boat hulls, and high-performance
cars.
For making Friction products and gaskets
For making Adhesives and sealants
For making Protective apparel in automobile and Aircraft
For making tennis strings
Kevlar
Strong Network of Covalent Bonds
And Polar Hydrogen Bonds
Strong Network of Covalent Bonds
And Polar Hydrogen Bonds
VINYL POLYMERS
POLY VINYL CHLORIDE(P.V.C.)
Addition polymer
Monomer-vinyl chloride
Synthesis
At 293 K in presence of hydrogen peroxide.
USES
In manufacture of pipes, equipment parts
For covering wires and cables.
POLY VINYL CHLORIDE(P.V.C.)
Addition polymer
Monomer-vinyl chloride
Synthesis
At 293 K in presence of hydrogen peroxide.
USES
In manufacture of pipes, equipment parts
For covering wires and cables.
PVC –(polyvinyl chloride)
Chain Length: 4,000 –5,000
More Polar Stronger Bonding
Chain Length: 4,000 –5,000
More Polar Stronger Bonding
POLYVINYL PYROLIDONE(PVP)(POVIDONE)
Water soluble amorphous, thermoplastic
Monomer is N-vinylpyrolidone.
Azobisisobutyronitrile(AIBN) is the freeradicalinitiator for synthesis of PVP
USES
1.Because of its ability to form film, acts as emulsion stabilizer, suspending agent,
hair fixative, binder is used in mascara,eyeliner, hair conditioners, hair sprays,
shampoos, and other hair care products.it forms a thin coating over the hair
that helps to maintain it in the position you wish.
2.Is used as a surfactant.
3.A food additive. Good taste masker
4.used in the pharmaceutical industry as a synthetic polymer vehicle for dispersing
and suspending drugs. It alsoacts as a disintegrantand tablet binder.
Water soluble amorphous, thermoplastic
Monomer is N-vinylpyrolidone.
Azobisisobutyronitrile(AIBN) is the freeradicalinitiator for synthesis of PVP
USES
1.Because of its ability to form film, acts as emulsion stabilizer, suspending agent,
hair fixative, binder is used in mascara,eyeliner, hair conditioners, hair sprays,
shampoos, and other hair care products.it forms a thin coating over the hair
that helps to maintain it in the position you wish.
2.Is used as a surfactant.
3.A food additive. Good taste masker
4.used in the pharmaceutical industry as a synthetic polymer vehicle for dispersing
and suspending drugs. It alsoacts as a disintegrantand tablet binder.
PVP continued……
ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE (EVA)
Co polymer
Monomers are Ethylene and vinyl acetate.
An elastomer
Thermoplastic
USES
1.Used as adhesive.
2.Used as foam
3.To make rubber chappals
4.To make souls of shoes.
5.To make antislipperyfoams.
Co polymer
Monomers are Ethylene and vinyl acetate.
An elastomer
Thermoplastic
USES
1.Used as adhesive.
2.Used as foam
3.To make rubber chappals
4.To make souls of shoes.
5.To make antislipperyfoams.
ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE (EVA)
ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE (EVA)………
SARAN
Copolymerof 87% vinylidenechloride and 13% vinyl chloride.
An addition polymer.
Commercially available as saran wrap for wrapingfood materials.
First manufactured by Dow chemical company.
excellent chemical resistance to many chemicals including acids, alkalis, bleaches, oils, and
most organic solvents.
Copolymerof 87% vinylidenechloride and 13% vinyl chloride.
An addition polymer.
Commercially available as saran wrap for wrapingfood materials.
First manufactured by Dow chemical company.
excellent chemical resistance to many chemicals including acids, alkalis, bleaches, oils, and
most organic solvents.
TEFLON (polytetrafluoroethylene) –A
fluoropolymer
Addition polymer
Monomer is tetrafluoroethylene.
TEFLON is the trade name.
Catalysedby oxygen or peroxide.
Strong ,tough, waxy, inflammable resin. Highly slippery. Resistentto ozone, chlorine
and acids. Reacts with molten alkali metalsandfluorinating agents.
USES
Coatings of surgical blades.
Non stick pan coatings
In paints
For coating on metal surfaces and optical devices.
fluoropolymer
Addition polymer
Monomer is tetrafluoroethylene.
TEFLON is the trade name.
Catalysedby oxygen or peroxide.
Strong ,tough, waxy, inflammable resin. Highly slippery. Resistentto ozone, chlorine
and acids. Reacts with molten alkali metalsandfluorinating agents.
USES
Coatings of surgical blades.
Non stick pan coatings
In paints
For coating on metal surfaces and optical devices.
POLYACRYLONITRILE (PAN)
An addition polymer
A fiber-also called as acrylic fibre
Monomer is acrylonitrile
polymerization of acrylonitrile using redox catalysts at or near room temperature.
Starch and ceric ion, hydrogen peroxide etc. are good redox catalysts.
An addition polymer
A fiber-also called as acrylic fibre
Monomer is acrylonitrile
polymerization of acrylonitrile using redox catalysts at or near room temperature.
Starch and ceric ion, hydrogen peroxide etc. are good redox catalysts.
USES OF PAN
A good fiber
Wool can be replaced by PAN as In bulkiness, feel and warmth, the acrylic
fibers are very much similar to wool.
They are widely blended with other fibers, particularly wool, to form various
textile items.
A good fiber
Wool can be replaced by PAN as In bulkiness, feel and warmth, the acrylic
fibers are very much similar to wool.
They are widely blended with other fibers, particularly wool, to form various
textile items.
Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)
An addition acrylic polymer
Monomer is methyl methacrylate.
using peroxide or azonitrileinitiators
at about 100°C, preferably in the absence of air.
An addition acrylic polymer
Monomer is methyl methacrylate.
using peroxide or azonitrileinitiators
at about 100°C, preferably in the absence of air.
USES OF POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE
PMMA is used for making an automotive tail lamp, signal light lenses, jewelry,
lenses of optical equipment, and contact lenses.
Used in display and advertisement applications;
Application in the building industry is also notable. Perspex, Plexiglass, Lucite
and Acryliteare common trade names.
Used in paints and enamel applications.
In dentistry for making denture bases.
PMMA is used for making an automotive tail lamp, signal light lenses, jewelry,
lenses of optical equipment, and contact lenses.
Used in display and advertisement applications;
Application in the building industry is also notable. Perspex, Plexiglass, Lucite
and Acryliteare common trade names.
Used in paints and enamel applications.
In dentistry for making denture bases.
USES OF POLYMETHYL
METHACRYLATE…………..
METHACRYLATE…………..
Poly(HexamethyleneAdipamide): Nylon 66
A condensation or Chain growth polymer
Monomers are hexamethylenediamine and adpicacid.
The first 6 in 66 denotes number of carbon atoms in
diamine and second 6 denotes the number of carbon
atoms in diacid.
Reaction occurs at 523K
An aliphatic polyamide
A condensation or Chain growth polymer
Monomers are hexamethylenediamine and adpicacid.
The first 6 in 66 denotes number of carbon atoms in
diamine and second 6 denotes the number of carbon
atoms in diacid.
Reaction occurs at 523K
An aliphatic polyamide
USES OF NYLON 66
Used for making stockings,
socks, and tights.
Used for making fishing nets,
brush bristles, ropes, etc.
Used for making stockings,
socks, and tights.
Used for making fishing nets,
brush bristles, ropes, etc.
Nylon 6
An aliphatic polyamide (All polyamides are called as Nylon)
Monomer is caprolactum
6indicates number of carbon atoms in caprolactum.
Caprolactamis heated with traces of water (acting as the catalyst) and traces of acetic acid
(chain length regulator) are charged into a reactor and heated at 250°C under a blanket of
nitrogen for 10–12 h.
An aliphatic polyamide (All polyamides are called as Nylon)
Monomer is caprolactum
6indicates number of carbon atoms in caprolactum.
Caprolactamis heated with traces of water (acting as the catalyst) and traces of acetic acid
(chain length regulator) are charged into a reactor and heated at 250°C under a blanket of
nitrogen for 10–12 h.
Nylon
USES OF NYLON 6
1. Widespread applications for the manufacture of gears, bearings, bushes, etc.
2. Nylon films feature low odor transmission and are useful in packaging for foodstuffs,
drugs, and pharmaceuticals.
3. Nylon 6 and nylon 66 are melt-spun into fibers or filaments and the fibers and cords
made from them are extensively used as reinforcing agents for plastics and rubbers (in the
construction of composites including hoses and beltings and as tyrecords).
1. Widespread applications for the manufacture of gears, bearings, bushes, etc.
2. Nylon films feature low odor transmission and are useful in packaging for foodstuffs,
drugs, and pharmaceuticals.
3. Nylon 6 and nylon 66 are melt-spun into fibers or filaments and the fibers and cords
made from them are extensively used as reinforcing agents for plastics and rubbers (in the
construction of composites including hoses and beltings and as tyrecords).
KEVLAR-Poly(para-phenyleneterephthalimide)
Aromatic polyamide
Five times more tensile strength than steel
polycondensationpolymer
Monomers are p-phenylenediamine [p-H
2N-(C
6H
4)-NH
2] and terephthaloylchloride. [p-ClOC-
(C
6H
4)-COCl].
Aromatic polyamide
Five times more tensile strength than steel
polycondensationpolymer
Monomers are p-phenylenediamine [p-H
2N-(C
6H
4)-NH
2] and terephthaloylchloride. [p-ClOC-
(C
6H
4)-COCl].
USES OF KEVLAR
Used in industrial applications, such as cables,ropes,
body/vehicle armor, brake linings, bulletproof body
armors.
To make high-performance structural composites in
aircraft components, boat hulls, and high-performance
cars.
For making Friction products and gaskets
For making Adhesives and sealants
For making Protective apparel in automobile and Aircraft
For making tennis strings
Used in industrial applications, such as cables,ropes,
body/vehicle armor, brake linings, bulletproof body
armors.
To make high-performance structural composites in
aircraft components, boat hulls, and high-performance
cars.
For making Friction products and gaskets
For making Adhesives and sealants
For making Protective apparel in automobile and Aircraft
For making tennis strings
Terylene
A polycondensationpolymer
Polyester
Other name is dacron
Monomers are terephthalicacid and ethylene glycol
The reaction occurs at 423-473 k under vacuum.
A polycondensationpolymer
Polyester
Other name is dacron
Monomers are terephthalicacid and ethylene glycol
The reaction occurs at 423-473 k under vacuum.
USES OF TERYLENE
Teryleneis extensively used in the textile
industry to make hard-wear clothes like
sarees, and dress material.
It is mixed with a natural fiber like cotton
and wool to make more variety of clothes.
Used for making plastic bottles.
Teryleneis extensively used in the textile
industry to make hard-wear clothes like
sarees, and dress material.
It is mixed with a natural fiber like cotton
and wool to make more variety of clothes.
Used for making plastic bottles.
GLYPTAL
Thermosetting polyester , copolymer, step growth polymerisation
Monomers-ethylene glycol and phthalic acid.
USES
For making paints and laquars
For making enamel.
Thermosetting polyester , copolymer, step growth polymerisation
Monomers-ethylene glycol and phthalic acid.
USES
For making paints and laquars
For making enamel.
Polycarbonate (lexan)
Polycarbonate resin. Thermoplastic.
Copolymer-Trade name Lexan (given by SABIC company)
Monomers-BisphenolA and Phosgene
Heat resistant and flame retardant property, transparent to visible light
USES
A good electrical insulator
For making electrical and telecommunication hardware
Used in capacitors
Coated in eyewear lenses to protect eye from UV light.
Used in sunglass lenses, swimming goggles and scuba masks.
For making domelights, vehicle headlamp lenses.
Used in electronic display sreensof mobile and portable devices.
For making light weight luggage, CD,DVD and blue ray discs.
For making roofing sheet
Polycarbonate resin. Thermoplastic.
Copolymer-Trade name Lexan (given by SABIC company)
Monomers-BisphenolA and Phosgene
Heat resistant and flame retardant property, transparent to visible light
USES
A good electrical insulator
For making electrical and telecommunication hardware
Used in capacitors
Coated in eyewear lenses to protect eye from UV light.
Used in sunglass lenses, swimming goggles and scuba masks.
For making domelights, vehicle headlamp lenses.
Used in electronic display sreensof mobile and portable devices.
For making light weight luggage, CD,DVD and blue ray discs.
For making roofing sheet
Polycarbonate (lexan)……..
POLYURETHANES
Elastomer, Thermoset polymer, linked by carbamate or urethane linkages (HNCOO).
Copolymer made from di or tri cyanates with polyols
USES
For home furnishings such asfurniture, bedding and carpet underlay.
As a cushioning material for upholstered furniture
insulation of refrigerators and freezers.
building insulation.
Elastomer, Thermoset polymer, linked by carbamate or urethane linkages (HNCOO).
Copolymer made from di or tri cyanates with polyols
USES
For home furnishings such asfurniture, bedding and carpet underlay.
As a cushioning material for upholstered furniture
insulation of refrigerators and freezers.
building insulation.
FORMALDEHYDE RESINS
oThese are Thermosetting plastics which can withstand high temperatures.
oThe nature of the product depend on catalyst used and the molar ratio of the
reactants.
oCondensation polymer under suitable temperature pressure and catalyst.
EXAMPLES
UF( Urea –Formaldehyde)
MF (Melamine-formaldehyde)
PF (Phenol-Formaldehyde)
oThese are Thermosetting plastics which can withstand high temperatures.
oThe nature of the product depend on catalyst used and the molar ratio of the
reactants.
oCondensation polymer under suitable temperature pressure and catalyst.
EXAMPLES
UF( Urea –Formaldehyde)
MF (Melamine-formaldehyde)
PF (Phenol-Formaldehyde)
PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESIN(PF).-
Bakelite
A condensation polymer.
Monomers are phenol and formaldehyde.
by the condensation polymerization of phenol with a 75% stoichiometric
quantity of formaldehyde catalyzed by acids or bases. The product formed is
called novlakresins
If formaldehyde is taken in excess three-dimensional polymer bakeliteresins
are formed.
Bakelite
A condensation polymer.
Monomers are phenol and formaldehyde.
by the condensation polymerization of phenol with a 75% stoichiometric
quantity of formaldehyde catalyzed by acids or bases. The product formed is
called novlakresins
If formaldehyde is taken in excess three-dimensional polymer bakeliteresins
are formed.
Bakelite continued
MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE RESIN(MELMAC)(MF)
As plywood and particleboard adhesives,
To make laminated countertops and tabletops, dishwasher-safe tableware, and automotive surface
coatings.
Mixed with cellulose, wood flour or mineral filters to make unbreakable crockery, dinnerware and
bowls.
Used as insulating and soundproofing materials.
As plywood and particleboard adhesives,
To make laminated countertops and tabletops, dishwasher-safe tableware, and automotive surface
coatings.
Mixed with cellulose, wood flour or mineral filters to make unbreakable crockery, dinnerware and
bowls.
Used as insulating and soundproofing materials.
Urea Formaldehyde resin (UF)
As binders for wood boards
For textile finishing
Used in mouldedplastic industries
As binders for wood boards
For textile finishing
Used in mouldedplastic industries
RUBBERS
NATURAL RUBBER
polymer of isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene)
cis polyisoprene.
All isoprene units are attached head to tail fashion.
GuttaPerchais a natural rubber like elastomer obtained from the tree
Palaquiumin the family Sapotaceae
NATURAL RUBBER
polymer of isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene)
cis polyisoprene.
All isoprene units are attached head to tail fashion.
GuttaPerchais a natural rubber like elastomer obtained from the tree
Palaquiumin the family Sapotaceae
VULCANISATION
Vulcanization is heating of natural rubber with Sulphur.
Short chains of Sulphur atoms are introduced between polymer chains of natural
rubber.
The stiffness depends on the amount of Sulphur added. Increase in Sulphur
decreases the elasticity of rubber.
3-5% S-used for making tyresand belts
30% Sulphur –for making battery cases.
32% Sulphur-ebonite or hard rubber-noelasticity, tough, Abrasion resistant, good
electrical insulation property.
Advantages
1. Rubber becomes stiff
2. Improves strength and resilience
3. Greater tensile strength, extendability, resistance to wear and tear, greater
mouldability.
Vulcanization is heating of natural rubber with Sulphur.
Short chains of Sulphur atoms are introduced between polymer chains of natural
rubber.
The stiffness depends on the amount of Sulphur added. Increase in Sulphur
decreases the elasticity of rubber.
3-5% S-used for making tyresand belts
30% Sulphur –for making battery cases.
32% Sulphur-ebonite or hard rubber-noelasticity, tough, Abrasion resistant, good
electrical insulation property.
Advantages
1. Rubber becomes stiff
2. Improves strength and resilience
3. Greater tensile strength, extendability, resistance to wear and tear, greater
mouldability.
SYNTHETIC RUBBER
The polymers which has the properties of natural rubber
are called synthetic rubbers.
Monomers are butadiene or their derivatives
Formed either by homo polymerisationor
copolymerization.
Buna Rubbers are examples for synthetic rubber
BU-Butadiene
Na-catalyzed by sodium.
The polymers which has the properties of natural rubber
are called synthetic rubbers.
Monomers are butadiene or their derivatives
Formed either by homo polymerisationor
copolymerization.
Buna Rubbers are examples for synthetic rubber
BU-Butadiene
Na-catalyzed by sodium.
Butadiene rubber(BR), polybutadiene
Monomer is butadiene.
Polymerisationcan take place in three ways. Cis -1,4 ;trans1-4 or vinyl-1,4.
Applications
1.For making tyre
2.As toughening agents in plastics
3.For making golf balls.
4.As a coating in electronic assemblies.
Monomer is butadiene.
Polymerisationcan take place in three ways. Cis -1,4 ;trans1-4 or vinyl-1,4.
Applications
1.For making tyre
2.As toughening agents in plastics
3.For making golf balls.
4.As a coating in electronic assemblies.
Buna-S (styrene butadiene rubber),SBR.
Copolymer of Buta1,3-diene And Styrene in presence of sodium or redox initiators
like hydrogen peroxide or ferrous sulphate.
USES
For making tyre.
For making shoes.
insulating wires and cables.
as adhesive,
for making lining of vessels
Advantage
Can be vulcanized with Sulphur.
Blends verywellwith natural rubber.
Superior to natural rubber in mechanical strength and abrasion resistance.
Copolymer of Buta1,3-diene And Styrene in presence of sodium or redox initiators
like hydrogen peroxide or ferrous sulphate.
USES
For making tyre.
For making shoes.
insulating wires and cables.
as adhesive,
for making lining of vessels
Advantage
Can be vulcanized with Sulphur.
Blends verywellwith natural rubber.
Superior to natural rubber in mechanical strength and abrasion resistance.
BUNA-N (nitrile rubber)
Copolymer of 1,3 butadiene and vinylcyanide(acrylonitrile)
Presence of sodium or redox initiators such as hydrogen peroxide and ferrous
sulphate.
USES
can be vulcanized with Sulphur
good resistant to oils , hence used as oil resistant applications.
to manufacture automobile and aircraft parts, conveyer belts and
adhesives.
Copolymer of 1,3 butadiene and vinylcyanide(acrylonitrile)
Presence of sodium or redox initiators such as hydrogen peroxide and ferrous
sulphate.
USES
can be vulcanized with Sulphur
good resistant to oils , hence used as oil resistant applications.
to manufacture automobile and aircraft parts, conveyer belts and
adhesives.
EPDM (ethylene, propylene, diene monomer)
Monomers ethylene, propylene and diene cross linked with Sulphur .
Heat, ozone and weather resistant.
USES
Automotive.This is EPDM’s most common application. weather stripping, seals,
sealant, wire and cable harnesses, and brake systems.
Industry.-hoses, and gaskets, as well as in electrical insulators and connectors
for wire and cable.
Construction –roofing, pool and tank liners, and waterproof coating.
Monomers ethylene, propylene and diene cross linked with Sulphur .
Heat, ozone and weather resistant.
USES
Automotive.This is EPDM’s most common application. weather stripping, seals,
sealant, wire and cable harnesses, and brake systems.
Industry.-hoses, and gaskets, as well as in electrical insulators and connectors
for wire and cable.
Construction –roofing, pool and tank liners, and waterproof coating.
Neoprene (polychloroprene)
Monomer is chloroprene
Vulcanisedin the presence magnesium oxide.
Very resistant to chemicals and oils , heat, light and oxygen.
USES
To make hoses, shoe-heels, containers for hydrocarbons and corrosive
chemicals.
for making conveyer belts, adhesives, gaskets, pipes
for making pipes for carrying gases and oils.
Monomer is chloroprene
Vulcanisedin the presence magnesium oxide.
Very resistant to chemicals and oils , heat, light and oxygen.
USES
To make hoses, shoe-heels, containers for hydrocarbons and corrosive
chemicals.
for making conveyer belts, adhesives, gaskets, pipes
for making pipes for carrying gases and oils.
silicone rubber
Synthetic organosilicon polymer
R2SiO repeating units.
Si-O-Si linkage.
USES
For making gaskets and seals, wire and cable insulation, heat resistant
containers, for making surgical devices.
Synthetic organosilicon polymer
R2SiO repeating units.
Si-O-Si linkage.
USES
For making gaskets and seals, wire and cable insulation, heat resistant
containers, for making surgical devices.
Pollution due to plastics
1. Plastics may remain in soil without degradation and prevent seepage of water into
soil, adverslyeffecting ground water levels.
2. The poisonous substances like ethylene oxide, benzene, xylene etc. may affect
blood, kidneys, may cause birth defects to cancer.
3. Recycling of plastics is uneconomical as recycling may lower the quality of product
which necessitates the production of more plastic to make the original product.
4. Plasicwhen burnt produce the poison dioxins into the air.
5. Landfills using plastic is dangerous as it causes seepage of toxic substance to soil
contaminating soil and water. The poisonous substances released include heavy metals
like cadmium and lead.
6. Animals may mistakenly eat plastic waste which may clog their intenstineand leads
to slow starvation.
7. Plastic waste causes clogging of water which may become breeding ground for
mosquitoes. May lead to flood too.
1. Plastics may remain in soil without degradation and prevent seepage of water into
soil, adverslyeffecting ground water levels.
2. The poisonous substances like ethylene oxide, benzene, xylene etc. may affect
blood, kidneys, may cause birth defects to cancer.
3. Recycling of plastics is uneconomical as recycling may lower the quality of product
which necessitates the production of more plastic to make the original product.
4. Plasicwhen burnt produce the poison dioxins into the air.
5. Landfills using plastic is dangerous as it causes seepage of toxic substance to soil
contaminating soil and water. The poisonous substances released include heavy metals
like cadmium and lead.
6. Animals may mistakenly eat plastic waste which may clog their intenstineand leads
to slow starvation.
7. Plastic waste causes clogging of water which may become breeding ground for
mosquitoes. May lead to flood too.
Recycling of plastics
STEPS OF RECYCLING
1.The waste plastic is cleaned by washing
2.Fabricating-Cutting, bending and fixing.
3.Remelting
4.Mouldingor extrusion-either converted into useful objects or pellets are made for future reuse.
Advantages
1. Reduces the accumulation of plastic waste atdisposalsites.
2. Recycling reduces water, air and soil pollution.
3. Reduces global warming as there is reduction in burning of plastic.
4. Reduces the use of fossil fuels like petroleum as the raw materials for plastics are petroleum products.
5. Recycling generates job opportunities as recycling plants require workers.
Limitations
1.Recycling is not cost effective as the building up of recycling plant requires lots of capital and the recycling
equipmentsare costly.
2.The quality of recycled products are inferior.
3.Poor management of recycling units leads to unhygienic conditions that may effect the health condition of
workers adversely.Pathogens accumulated in these cites may spread to locality. The poisonous gas may be
released to air from these waste plastics.
STEPS OF RECYCLING
1.The waste plastic is cleaned by washing
2.Fabricating-Cutting, bending and fixing.
3.Remelting
4.Mouldingor extrusion-either converted into useful objects or pellets are made for future reuse.
Advantages
1. Reduces the accumulation of plastic waste atdisposalsites.
2. Recycling reduces water, air and soil pollution.
3. Reduces global warming as there is reduction in burning of plastic.
4. Reduces the use of fossil fuels like petroleum as the raw materials for plastics are petroleum products.
5. Recycling generates job opportunities as recycling plants require workers.
Limitations
1.Recycling is not cost effective as the building up of recycling plant requires lots of capital and the recycling
equipmentsare costly.
2.The quality of recycled products are inferior.
3.Poor management of recycling units leads to unhygienic conditions that may effect the health condition of
workers adversely.Pathogens accumulated in these cites may spread to locality. The poisonous gas may be
released to air from these waste plastics.
Tags
polyvinyl pyrolidone(pvp)(povidone)
ethylene vinyl acetate (eva)
saran
teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) – a fluoro polyme
polyacrylonitrile (pan)
poly(methyl methacrylate) (pmma)
poly(hexamethylene adipamide): nylon 66
nylon 6
kevlar
terylene
glyptal
lexan
polyurethanes
uf( urea –formaldehyde) mf (melamine- formaldehyd
melamine formaldehyde resin(melmac)(mf)
natural rubber
vulcanisation
synthetic rubber
butadiene rubber(br)
polybutadiene
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