Common laboratory animals

quick review

1. KARNATAKA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL SCREENING METHOD prese PRESENpreTATION ON COMMON LABORATORY ANIMAL presentation on common laboratory animal PRESENTED BY : SUDARSHAN SINGH M Pharm

2. Content Description Handling & Application of different species and strain of animal

3. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Aristotle and erasistratus are the first to use living animals in experiments. Animal use in science has been developed not only in drug discovery but also in surgical procedures.

4. INTRODUCTION Physiologically and Anatomically there is a similarity between the humans and animals at organs and organ systems, which function in a similar fashion. This similarity makes animals ideal models for the study and development of products and techniques for humans. It was the use of animals in the laboratory that lead to the discovery of the diphtheria and polio vaccines, insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, heart valve replacement , antibiotic therapy, manic-depressive drugs and the list goes on and on.

5. EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY deals with effect of various pharmacological agents studied on different animal species AIMS Find out the therapeutic agent suitable for human use Study the toxicity of the drugs Study the mechanism and site of action of drug

6. Pharmacology Preclinical Clinical Two ways Intact animal study – in vivo isolated organ study – invitro Phase -1,2,3,4 Discovery of new drugs or to study the actions of existing drugs

7. Location of the animal house Animal house should be ideally be in a separate building located in a quite atmosphere undisturbed by traffic. The animal house should be kept clean and highly hygienic and protected from rodent and vermin. It should have maximum protection from rain and blazing sun. Plantation of small decorative plants surrounding animal shall help to keep atmosphere cool it should also have extra space for office , surgery , store washing and sterilization , kitchen & incinerator. In the simplest form animal house should have four departments.

8. 1 ) For normal animal 2) For experimental animal 3) Clean stores for food and feeding 4) Washing, cleaning and incinerating area

9. HOUSING Through 8 species of animal need special housing requirement depending on size. there should be general consideration that they should live in comfort and psychological acceptable habitat .at no cost ,over crowding should be permitted because it is against their general well being

10. Care and management of animal The health and well being of laboratory animals depends almost on the care , humanity and the watchfulness of the staff of the animal house to keep the lab animals healthy , a high degree of technical skill a genuine liking for animal and a full understanding of their way of life is required

11. Handling of animals The handling of the laboratory animal involves two most important responsibilities on the part of the experiment. First the animal is handle with outmost care so that it does not suffer any pain secondly , a due regard is paid toward the health and well being of animal colony even when they are killed at the end of experiment it should be done by a humane method i.e. euthanasia, which means pain less killing

12. Steps of Personal Bio-safety During Animal Handling STEP 1:- Clothing STEP 2:- Health condition STEP 3:- Approaching

13. Commonly used animal 1 Rabbit 2 Guinea 3 Rats 4 Mouse

14. Rabbit Rectal temperature:- 38.7 C-39.1 C Normal respiratory rate:- 55 per minute Pulse rate:- 135 per min Gestation period:- 28-31 days Weaning age:- 6-8 weeks Mating age:- 6-9 months Room temp:- 15.5-18.5 Humidity:- 40 -45 percent Weight – adult:- 0.9-6.75 kg

15. Handling(Rabbit) Smooth ear of the rabbit back pick up the ears and loose skin at the back of the neck with one hand in a firm grip place the other hand under the hind quarter to support the weight and lift gently. Never be lifted by ear alone Should be placed on a non-slippery surface If restraint is required during anesthesia or inoculation , should be wrapped in a roller towel or placed in a special box.

16. Common disease of rabbit Coccidioisis (hepatic and intestinal) Pseudo tuberculosis Respiratory infections( Snuffles) Pneumococci Streptococci Intestinal infections( mucoid enteritis, Diarrhoea)

17. Experimental procedure(Rabbit) Antisera Anesthesia Scarification Subcutaneous inoculation Intra-venous inoculation Intra-peritoneal inoculation Intra-cerebral inoculation Intra-testicular Ophthalmic Collection of blood

18. EXPERIMENTAL USES pyrogen testing bioassay of anti-diabetic, curare form drugs and sex hormones pharmacokinetic studies studies related to antifertility agents isolated preparations like heart, duodenum, ileum, pre’s study on local anesthetics Study on miotic and mydratics

19. 2:­ Guinea pig Rectal temp.:- 37.6-38.9 Normal respiration rate:- 80 per minute Pulse rate:- 150 per minute Gestation period:- 59-72 days( avg. 63 days) Weaning age:- 14-21 days Mating age:- 12-30 weeks Room temp:- 18.5- 21 Humidity:- 45% Weight –weaning :- 120g, adult:- 200-1000

20. Handling Place one hand across the back of the animal with thumb behind the shoulder and the other fingers well forward on the opposite side Lift the animal gently and support its weight with other hand placed palm uppermost under the hind quarters.

21. EXPERIMENTAL USES evaluation of bronchodilators anaphylactic and immunological studies study of histamine and antihistamines bioassay of digitalis evaluation of local anesthetics hearing experiments because of sensitive cochlea isolated tissues especially ileum, heart study on TB and ascorbic acid metabolism

22. 3. Rat The albino rat has a wide head, rough fur and long ears. The tail length is always less than the body length. It has long cylindrical body, long thin tail and very short legs. The head has a pointed snout with two silt like nostrils, a narrow mouth with short lower jaw, and split upper lips, two small beady eyes, set so that they can look diagonally forwards and sideways, they have numerous long whiskers. It has a

23. ADVANTAGES AND CHARACTERISTICS Study of estrus cycle, mating behavior and lactation isolated tissue pre’s chronic study small in size drug to be tested required in small quantity vomiting center is absent – oral administration can be done gall bladder and tonsils are absent Continuous flow of bile into intestine This facilitates the study of the drugs acting on bile, cholesterol reabsorbing etc . pancreas are diffused therefore difficult to produce panereactomy

24. EXPERIMENTAL USE psychopharmacological studies study of analgesics and anticonvulsants bioassay of various hormones, such as insulin, oxytocin , vasopressin Gastric acid secretion hepatotoxicity studies

25. 4. Mouse: Normal temperature:- 37.4 Pulse rate:- 120 Estrous cycle:- 4-5 days Gestation period:- 19-21 days Weaning age:- 19-21 days Mating age:- 6-8 weeks Room temp.:- 20-21 Humidity:- 50-60 % Weight- weaning : 7g ,adult:- 25-28 g

26. Common diseases(Mouse) Salmonellosis Ectromelia ( mouse pox) Streptobacillus moniliformis infection Miscellaneous virus infection Worms( Taenia - formis)

27. ADVANTAGES Smallest Easy to handle Cheap Less drug required

28. EXPERIMENTAL USES toxicological studies teratogenicity studies bioassay of insulin’ screening of analgesic and anticonvulsant Screening of chemotherapeutic agents studies related to genetics and cancer research drugs action on CNS Swiss albino mice are commonly used species