Communicable diseases and non communicab

Communicable disease epidemiology

1. WHAT IS DISEASE? Epidemiologic triad HOST AGENT ENVIRONMENT DEMOGRAPHIC BIOLOGICAL SOCIOECONOMIC BIOLOGICAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL NUTRIENT PHYSICAL BIOLOGICAL SOCIAL

2. WHAT ARE COMMUNICABLE AND NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES? Communicable disease : a disease that can be spread to a person from another person, an animal or object. Ex: common cold, influenza, tuberculosis, etc. Non-communicable disease : a disease that can NOT be spread from person to person. Ex: cancer, heart disease, cirrhosis, etc. COMMON PATHOGENS:- VIRUS- smallest simple life form BACTERIA- simple one-celled organisms FUNGI- more complex than bacteria,but cannot make their own food PROTOZOA- one- celled,animal like organisms VIRUS BACTERIA FUNGI PROTOZOA

3. TYPES OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- TUBERCULOSIS AGENT- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis(MTB) TREATMENT- Use of multiple antibiotics SYMPTOMS- •Chronic cough with blood containing sputum •Fever •Night sweats •Weight loss PREVENTION- •Screening those at high risk •Vaccination with the bacillus Calmette -Guerin vaccine •

4. MALARIA AGENT- Infected female Anopheles mosquito SYMPTOMS- PREVENTION- • Use of mosquito nets and insect repellents • Mosquito control measures such as spraying insecticides and draining standard water TREATMENT- • Occassional doses of the medication sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine • Combination of antimalarial medications

5. CHICKENPOX AGENT- Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) SYMPTOMS- •Skin rash that forms small,itchy blisters •Fever •Feeling tired •Headaches PREVENTION- •Notifications •Isolation of cases for about 6 days after onset of rash •Disinfection of articles soiled by nose and throat discharges TREATMENT- • Varicella Zoster Immunoglobulin(VZIG) given within 72 hrs of exposure •Combination vaccines

6. TYPES OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Class of diseases that involve the HEART or BLOOD VESSELS It includes--- • Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD) such as Angina and Myocardial Infarction(Heart Attack) •Stroke •Hypertensive heart disease CAUSES OF HEART DISEASE- PREVENTION AND TREATMENT- • Reduce sugar consumptions • Decrease mental stress • Improve diet • Increase physical activities

7. DIABETES Diabetes is a defect in the body’s ability to convert glucose (sugar) to energy. There are mainly two main types of diabetes- •Type 1 diabetes- The insulin produced is defective and cannot move glucose into the cells • Type 2 diabetes- Either insulin is not produced in sufficient quantities or the insulin produced is defective and cannot move the glucose into the cells. SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES- PREVENTION OF DIABETES-

8. CANCER Cancer may be regarded as a group of diseases characterized by an- • Abnormal growth of cells • Ability to invade adjacent tissues and even distant organs HOW CANCER SPREADS? PREVENTION-

9. CONCEPTS OF PREVENTION- LEVELS OF PREVENTION- PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION— Efforts are directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles PRIMARY PREVENTION— Action taken prior to the onset of disease,which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur SECONDARY PREVENTION— Action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications

10. CONCLUSION • Understanding disease pathology is the first step towards formulating preventive measures • Prevention can be achieved in any stage of disease • Primordial or primary prevention is most effective and economical • Disease control is also a part of prevention

11. 12 THANK YOU GROUP PRESENTATION BY— AAYUSHI SAHA UTTARA DEY MOUSUMI DAS RITU KUMARI SARADA ROY (BHM-HYGIEA)