Community Emergency and Community Resources.pptx

Fundamentals

1. Unit-IV Community Emergency and Community Resources:

2. Role of nurse in disaster management:

3. Introduction: Disaster occurrence is a global phenomenon. It can occur at any where at any time. Disaster occurrence in any countries affects its health and economic conditions. Most types of natural disaster are apt to reoccur in the same areas or countries. Furthermore with the changing ecosystem, deforestation, misuse of land we have every reason to believe that frequency of disasters such as floods, droughts will increase in the coming decades.

4. Disaster: “ Any occurrence that causes damage, economic disruption, loss of human life and deterioration in health and the health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extra ordinary response from outside the affected community or area”.-WHO Disaster management – “If can he defined as the effective organization direction and utilization of available counter-disaster resources”. Definition:

5. Principles of disaster management Preventive disaster-( Mitigation, storm shelter, warning system etc .) Minimize causalities. Rescue the victims. First Aid Medical care. Evacuate. Reconstruction.

6. Role of nurses in Disaster Management: To facilitate preparation with community: For facilitating preparation within the community, the nurse can help initiate updating disaster plan, provide educational programme and material regarding disasters specific to areas. To provide updated record of vulnerable population within community: The nurse should be involved in educating these populations about what impact the disaster can have on them. Nurse leads a preparedness effort: Nurse can help recruit others within the organization that will help when a response is required. It is wise to involve person in these efforts who demonstrate flexibility, decisiveness, stamina, endurance and emotional stability.

7. Cont… 4. Nurse play multi roles in community: Nurse might be involved in many roles. As a community advocate, the nurse should always seek to keep a safe environment. She must assess and report environmental hazards. 5. Nurse should have understanding of community resources: Nurse should have an understanding of what community resources will be available after a disaster strikes and how community will work together. A community wide disaster plan will guide the nurse in understanding what should occur before, during and after the response and his or her role in the plan. 6. Disaster nurse must be involved in community organization: Nurse who sects greater involvement or more in depth understanding of disaster management can be involved in any number of community organizations such as the American Red Cross, Ambulance Corps, etc.

8. In Disaster Response: Nurse must involve in community assessment, case finding and referring, prevention, health education and surveillance. Once rescue workers begin to arrive at the scene, immediate plans for triage should begin. Triage is the process of separating causalities and allocating treatment based on the victim’s potential for survival: Higher priority is always given to victim’s potential who have life threatening injuries but who have a high probability of survival once stabilized. Second priority is given to victims who have injuries with systemic complications that are not yet life threatening but who can wait up to 45-60 minutes of treatment.

9. Cont… c. Last priority in given to those victims who have local injuries without immediate complication and who can wait several hours for medical attention. 3. Nurse work as a member of assessment team: Nurse working as members of an assessment team has the responsibility of give accurate feedback to relief managers to facilitate rapid rescue and recovery. 4. To be involved in ongoing surveillance: Nurse involved in ongoing surveillance uses the following methods to gather information-interview, observation, physical examination, health and illness screening surveys, records etc.

10. In Disaster Recovery: Successful recovery preparation: Flexibility is an important component of successful recovery preparation. Community cleanup efforts can insure a host of physical and psychological problems. E.g , Physical stress of moving heavy objects can cause back injury, severe fatigue and even death from heart attack. Health teaching: The continuing threat of communicable disease will continue as long as the water supply remains threat and the relieving conditions remain crowded. Nurse must be vigilant in teaching proper hygiene and making sure immunization records are upto date. Psychological Support: Acute and chronic illness can be exacerbated by prolonged effects of disaster. The psychological stress of cleanup and moving can bring about feelings of severe hopelessness, depression and grip.

11. Cont… 4. Referrals to hospital as needed: Stress can lead to suicide and domestic abuse. Although most people recover from disasters, mental distress may persist in vulnerable populations. Referrals to mental health professionals should continue as long as the need exists. 5. Remain alert for environmental health: Nurse must also remain alert for environment health hazards during recovery phase of a disaster. Home visit may lead the nurse to uncover situations such as lack of water supply or lack of electricity.

12. Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation of vulnerable weak classes in the above disaster requires top priority beyond the condition become worse. The first-aider should have ready in hand information regarding to different rehabilitation centers for different categories for disasters.

13. The rehabilitation should include: Providing food for victims. Basic medical care. Schooling for children. Provision of clothing. Housing Financial assistance. Providing jobs to earn their livelihood. Supervision from the social service department including psychological support.

14. Community resources: 1. Police Assistance: In almost all the disasters, the police assistance may be of much importance to protect the life and property of people in addition to maintain the law and order situation. The first aider should contact the local police force for any kind of help and suggestion, either in controlling the mob, direct or individual to proper area or in providing the basic needs of the victims. The first aider and the Police force should work as a team in cases of disaster to avert any untold incident occurring following the disasters. The police force itself is trained and equipped with the personnel to meet any challenge at this time of crises. Therefore the police assistance is of great help to the first aider.

15. Cont… 2. Ambulance service: Transport is the prompt and safe moving of the patient from the emergency scene to a medical facility, providing emergency care and gathering information while enroot. Nowadays ambulances are fitted with the radio communications to meet any eventuality during the transport of the patient. This include: Stretchers. Oxygen administration apparatus. B.P. apparatus. I.V. infusion stand. Emergency drugs. Airway. Pillows. Towels. Stethoscope.

16. Cont… The first aider should accompany the victim to the hospital preferably with a trained nurse who can handle the equipment and monitor the patient effectively. The ambulance should have the necessary logo and bell system to have easy access to the hospital on the way. The victim and one of his relative may be permitted in the ambulance. The first aider if accompany the victim should check the patients vital signs and other condition very often till the victim is reached to the hospital. In case of death while transporting the victim to the hospital, the first aider should go with ambulance to the hospital to get the “certificate of death” from the doctor. The first aider should give a detailed report of the victim regarding condition at the time of disaster and till he reaches to the hospital.

17. Voluntary Agencies: It is an organization that is administered by an autonomous board which holds meetings, collects funds for their support chiefly from private sources and expands money, whether with or without paid workers, in conducting a programme directed primarily to furthering the public health by providing health services or health education for health or by a combination of these activities.

18. Voluntary Health Agencies in India

19. 1. Indian Red Cross Society (IRCS): The Indian Red Cross is a voluntary humanitarian organization having a network of over 700 branches throughout the country, providing relief in times of disasters, emergencies and promotes health and care of the vulnerable people and communities. It is a leading member of the largest humanitarian organization in the World, the International Red Cross and Red Cross Crescent movement

20. Activities: Relief work: when disaster strikes any part of the country in the shape of earthquakes, floods, epidemic etc. the red cross society immediately mobilizes all its resources and goes to the rescue of the affected people. Milk and medical supplies: A number of hospital, dispensaries, maternity and child welfare centers, schools and orphanages, receive assistance from the society every year. The assistance given consist of milk powder, medicines, vitamins and other supplies. Armed force: The care of the sick and wounded among the member of the force is one of the primary obligations of the red cross. Maternal and child welfare services: There are a large number of maternity and child welfare centers all over India, either directly administered by or are affiliated to the red cross.

21. Cont… Family planning: Several states in India are running family planning clinic under the auspices to the I ndian red cross. Blood bank and first aid: The St.John ambulance associated in India which is part of the red cross has trained several lakh men and women in the first aid, home nursing and allied subjects.

22. 2. Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh (Indian Leprosy Association) There are about 40 lakh leprosy patients in India. The scourge and agony of the disease is very well known and it is for this reason that the Mass Scale Treatment and Rehabilitation programme of leprosy affected persons was launched with the establishment of Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh, on all India level in the year 1949 . Goal is prevention and treatment of leprosy and rehabilitation of the cured person.

23. Main Objectives a ) To control leprosy and provide relief and assistance to the afflicted person and their family. b ) To collaborate and co-ordinate with other organization already working for the control and elimination of leprosy and also with the organizations working for orthopaedically handicapped. c ) To promote social research into the cause and treatment of Leprosy. d ) To devise means whereby the result of such risearch may be communicated effectively to the social workers, medical professionals and the public. e ) To establish and maintain institutions for the treatment of patients by up-to-date scientific methods, extension of existing institutions or establishing new ones.

24. Cont… f) To educate the public opinion with regards to the disease of leprosy and its control through latest medicines g) To establish children homes for healthy and non-affected children of the leprosy affected parents. h) To establish residential institution for cured people on subsidized bases i) To establish training centers for leprosy and paramedical workers. j) To establish centers for occupational therapy, physio -therapy and medicinal therapy.

25. 3.Indian Council for Child Welfare (ICCW) Indian Council for child welfare is a voluntary organization working for the development of disadvantaged children in child rights issues like child labor, female infanticide, child abuse, early child hood care and education through direct intervention programmed with children training, advocacy and action-oriented research. The council was established in 1952. It is affiliated with the international Union for Child Welfare. The services are devoted to secure for Indian Children those opportunities and facilities, by law and other means which is necessary , to enable them to develop physically, mentally, morally, spiritually and socially in a healthy and normal manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity.

26. 4. Tuberculosis Association of India The Tuberculosis Association of India was formed in 1939. It has branches in all states in India. The activities of this association comprise organizing a TB Seal Campaign every year to raise funds, training of doctors, health visitors and social workers in anti-tuberculosis work , promotion of health, education and promotion of consultations and conferences. The following institutions are under the management of the Association. The New Delhi Tuberculosis center, The Lady Linlithgow Sanatorium in Kasauli , The King Edward VII Sanitation at Dharampur, and Tuberculosis Hospital at Mehrauli.

27. 5. Bharat Sevak Samaj (BSS) The Barat Sevak Samaj is a non-political and non-official organization established in 1952,. One of the prime objectives of the Bharat Sevak Samaj is to help people to achieve health by their own actions and efforts. The BSS. has branches in all the states and in nearly all the districts. Improvement of sanitation in villages is one of the important activities of the B.S.S. Self help group's self development initiatives of BSS have made a significant difference to the lives of poorest community.

28. 6. Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB) Central social welfare Board is an apex organization for the welfare of women, children and the disadvantaged groups. The CSWB was set up in 1953 with the objectives of promoting social welfare activities and implementing welfare programs for women and children through voluntary organizations . The function of the board are: Surveying the needs and requirements of voluntary welfare organizations in the country. Promoting and setting up of the social welfare organization on voluntary basis. Rendering of financial aid to deserving existing organizations and institutions.

29. 7. The Kasturba Memorial Fund The Kasturba Memorial Fund Created in Commemoration of Kasturba Gandhi, after her death in 1944, the fund was raised with the main object of improving the lot of women, especially in the villages, through gram sevika’s . The trust has nearly a crore of rupees and is actively engaged in various welfare projects in the country.

30. 8. All India Women's Conference (AIWC) It is India's Pioneer Women's Voluntary organization, and one of the oldest Organization for women in the country founded in 1927 by Margaret cousins, an Irish lady, who had made India her home. Its original concern was women's education but gradually it took up various social and economic issues concerning women such as purdah, child marriage, trafficking, women's property rights etc. Today , AIWC has over 100000 members in 500 branches all over the country. It is recognized as a premier organization working for women's development and empowerment.

31. 9. All India Blind Relief Society The All India Blind relief society was established in 1946 with a view to coordinate different institutions working for the blind. It organizes eye relief camps and other measures for the relief of the blind.

32. 10. Professional Bodies: The Indian Medical Association, All India Licentiates Association, All India Dental Association, the Trained Nurses Association of India are all voluntary agencies of men and women who are qualified in their respective specialties and posses register able qualifications. These Professional bodies conduct annual conferences, publish journals, arrange scientific sessions and exhibitions, foster research, set up standards of professional education and organize relief camps during period of natural calamities and d isasters .

33. International Agencies:

34. 1. The World Health Oganization (WHO) The World Health Organization is the united Nations specialized agency for health. It was established on 7th April 1948 . Objectives: WHO'S objectives as set out in its constitution, is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health. Main objective of world health organization is “ Health for all” Through primary health care.

35. Functions of WHO: Directing and co- ordinating health programme throughout the world. Prevention and control of communicable and other specific diseases. Helping programmes related to the improvement in the standard of family health. Promoting environmental health. Encouraging research and help in strengthening the training institutes. Collection and publication of health literature and information, keeping the WHO Library updated community information services. Collection of data for health statistics, communication and publication of information.

36. Activities of WHO in India: Malaria eradication. Control of tuberculosis and communicable diseases. Health statistics. Manufacture of vaccines. Reproductive and child health. Public health and administration. Dental health. Medical rehabilitation. Help in medical and nursing education. Quality control of drugs.

37. 2) The World Bank The World Bank Voluntary and International Health Agencies The World Balk. It is the other major Intergovernmental agency related to the UN heavily involved in international health. The World Bank loans money to poor countries on advantageous terms not available in commercial markets. The amount of money loaned to developing countries for human resources development i.e. Health, - education , nutrition and population activities

38. 3) United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) UNICEF is one of the specialized agencies of united nations and was set up in 1946 by the UN General Assembly as a temporary agency. It deals with rehabilitation of children affected by war . Its objective is improvement in health of mothers and infants. The Government of India and UNICEF worked out a master of operations 2003- 2007; for women & children in order to further their mutual agreement and co-operation for realizing the goals specified in India's 10th five year plan (2003-2007) and fulfilling the right of children to survival, protection, participation and development. The major areas of operations are:

39. Cont… Reproductive and Child Health Child Development and Nutrition Child environment HIV/AIDS E lementary education Child protection Planning , Monitoring and Evaluation of Children's programme

40. UNICEF strategy GOBI to encourage child health: G- Growth chart: To monitor the development in children( height and weight). O- Oral rehydration. B- breastfeeding. I- Immunization against six killer disease.

41. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) FA0 is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations formally founded in 1945 with headquarter in Rome. The main functions of FA0 are given below: - To help nations to raise their living standards. – To improve nutrition level of people of all countries. To secure improvement of production and dist4bution of all food and Agricultural products. To improve conditions of rural population. To increase the efficiency of farming, fisheries and forestry.

42. 5) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) UNDP was established in 1965 with the objectives to help poorer nations develop their own human and natural resources to the fullest extent. WHO is the executing agency of the UNDP in Public Health promotions . The role of UNDP is to act as catalyser of new Ideas to develop countries to solve their problems. UNDP is financed by voluntary contributions from various Governments.

43. The main aims of UNDP are as follows: Increased production and processing of food, timber and other agricultural commodities. Expansion and modernization of industry, power generation, transport and communication. Improvement of basic essential facilities for education, health care, housing, employment and administrative and social services. The growth of more suitable trade and other advances towards the goals of establishing a new International economic order. Progress in integrated rural development, comprehensive urban renewal, equal participation of women in development and other pioneering fields.

44. International Red Cross Red Cross is a non political, non official, international humanitarian voluntary organization devoted to the service of mankind in peace and war. It was founded by Swiss businessman Henry Dunant when traveling through North Italy in 1859 and saw the neglect of thousands of wounded and dying soldiers in the Battle of Solferino . The role of Red Cross is to ' provide humanitarian services to victims of wars, natural disasters i.e. flood, earthquake, service to armed forces, first aid, home nursing, health education, maternal and child welfare services.

45. Activities of International Red Cross: Relief work. Milk and medical supplies: milk powder, medicines, vitamins and other supplies are given to hospitals, schools, maternal and child welfare centers. Armed force. Maternal and child welfare services. Family planning services. Blood Bank and First Aid: St. John Ambulance Association of India is body of Red Cross giving training to men and women in First Aid and Nursing.

46. Colombo Plan Colombo plan was drawn when common wealth foreign minister of six common wealth nations met in January, 1950 at Colombo. The Colombo plan assists in industrial and agricultural development with some support to health promotions giving fellowships. The aim of Colombo plan is to seek improvement in living standards of the people by reviewing development plans and co- ordinating development assistance

47. United States Agency for International Development (USAID) USAID is technical Co-operative Mission. India has received assistance in: Malaria Control and eradication programme, control of Filaria , Medical education, national water supply and sanitation. Presently USAID is also helping in agriculture support and family planning programmes .

48. Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE) CARE is nonsectarian, non-governmental organization established in 1946 for the immediate purpose of sending food from American donors to people in war devastated Europe. When post-war emergency programmes completed, CARE extended programmes to other countries. In India operation began in 1950. It has been helping lndia in Midday School Meal Programme, in primary school children since 1961. It has given help in the field of Medicine, literacy vocational training and agriculture. It also helps schools by providing garden tools, pumps and improved seeds to grow more food. CARE has provided mobile medical X-ray machines, diagnostic equipment's, eye glasses "and frames, medical books, medicines and vitamins.

49. Rockfeller Foundation (RF) The Rockefeller foundation (RF) is founded by Mr. John D. Rockefeller in 19 13. Its aim is to promote the wellbeing of mankind throughout the World. In its early days the foundation was very active in public health and medical education and later on induced in advancement of life sciences, the social sciences, the humanities and agricultural sciences. In 1920, Rockefeller Foundation started a scheme for the Control of hookworm infestation in Madras Presidency. All India Research Institute at Pune is financed by Rockefeller Foundation. RF has trained many persons in teaching and research work by giving them financial help.

50. International Labour Organization (ILO) ILO was established in 1919 as an affiliate of the league of Nations to improve the working and Living Conditions of the working population all over the world. The main objectives of ILO are: To contribute to the establishment of lasting peace by promoting Social Justice. To improve through International action, Labour conditions and living standards. To promote economic and social stability.

51. Immediate Role of Nurse: Safety assessment of accidents scene. Arranging immediate medical aid. Assessing who at the scene may be able to assist you. Use of personal barriers for protection from communicable diseases. CPR for adults, children and infants. Airway management for adults and children’s including obstructions. Managing both a conscious and unconscious casualty. Management of suspected head and spinal injury. Shock management.

52. Late role of nurse: Injury and illness assessment. Obtaining the history of casualty condition. Monitoring the casualty condition and reassuring them. Effective bandaging. Splint making for stabilizing dislocations and fracture. Immobilization of casualty. Treating bleeding, burns and breaks.

53. Questions: Explain about fire explosion, flood and earthquakes. Write disaster management. Write short notes on rehabilitation. Explain about community resources (police assistance and ambulance devices). Enlist voluntary health agencies and their functions.