Community medicine C15 P04 CONCEPTS IN SOCIOLOGY 2.ppt

Community medicine

2. SOCIOLOGYSOCIOLOGY

SOCIETYSOCIETY

Definition:Definition:
Defined in simple terms as an Defined in simple terms as an
organization of member agents.organization of member agents.

Society is a vast network of relationship and Society is a vast network of relationship and
compulsions that propel, direct, and constrain compulsions that propel, direct, and constrain
mans individual efforts.mans individual efforts.

Character of society is dynamic, it changes over Character of society is dynamic, it changes over
time and place.time and place.

3. 
Example: Public health is an integral part of the Example: Public health is an integral part of the
Society.Society.

Durkheim acknowledged that there were many Durkheim acknowledged that there were many
different reasons for committing suicide. He different reasons for committing suicide. He
pointed out, however, that suicide rates differ pointed out, however, that suicide rates differ
among social groups and that such difference among social groups and that such difference
persists over time and cultural setting, even persists over time and cultural setting, even
though individual problems may vary within though individual problems may vary within
groups ( 691, Maxey ).groups ( 691, Maxey ).

4. COMMUINITYCOMMUINITY

Definition by WHO: A community is a social Definition by WHO: A community is a social
group determined by geographical boundaries group determined by geographical boundaries
and for common values and interests its and for common values and interests its
members know and Interact with each other. It members know and Interact with each other. It
functions within a particular social structure and functions within a particular social structure and
exhibits and creates certain norms values and exhibits and creates certain norms values and
social institutions. The individual belongs to the social institutions. The individual belongs to the
broader society through his family and broader society through his family and
community. community.

5. 
It functions within a particular social structure It functions within a particular social structure
and exhibits and creates certain norms values and exhibits and creates certain norms values
and social institutions. and social institutions.

The individual belongs to the broader society The individual belongs to the broader society
through his family and community. through his family and community.

6. SOCIAL STRUCTURE SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Social structure refers to the pattern of the inter Social structure refers to the pattern of the inter
relations between persons.relations between persons.

Less coronary atherosclerosis was seen among Less coronary atherosclerosis was seen among
the people who could count on specific people the people who could count on specific people
to help them when they needed specific kinds of to help them when they needed specific kinds of
help. Ex: To borrow money, help with house help. Ex: To borrow money, help with house
hold repairs, advice of problems. ( 695,Maxey)hold repairs, advice of problems. ( 695,Maxey)

7. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

A social Institution is an organized complex A social Institution is an organized complex
pattern of behavior in which a number of pattern of behavior in which a number of
persons participate in order to further group persons participate in order to further group
interest. interest.

Within each Institution the rights and duties of Within each Institution the rights and duties of
the members are defined.the members are defined.

8. 
Example:Example:

the family, the family,

the school,the school,

the club,the club,

the hospital, the hospital,

political parties,political parties,

professional associations,professional associations,

panchayats- are all social institutions.panchayats- are all social institutions.

9. ROLE ROLE

In a society individuals are allocated roles as In a society individuals are allocated roles as
people in a drama. Sociologists have classified people in a drama. Sociologists have classified
the roles into the (1) ascribed and achieved, the roles into the (1) ascribed and achieved,
according to particular role is given by virtue of according to particular role is given by virtue of
age, Sex, and birth status or (2) acquired by age, Sex, and birth status or (2) acquired by
which you of education or otherwise. which you of education or otherwise.

In a single day a man plays many roles. In a single day a man plays many roles.

10. 
The playing of these roles enables him into The playing of these roles enables him into
cooperate with others in many situations cooperate with others in many situations
according to well defined roles. (Burton, according to well defined roles. (Burton,
Benedict(1966), Eugenics review)Benedict(1966), Eugenics review)

When a person falls ill, he assumes a sick role.When a person falls ill, he assumes a sick role.

Healthy people focus on health behaviour , an Healthy people focus on health behaviour , an
ETIOLOGICAL ONE ,a focus on causal ETIOLOGICAL ONE ,a focus on causal
linkages to health outcome. (linkages to health outcome. (MaxeyMaxey))

11. SOCIALISM SOCIALISM

The General terms any economic doctrine that The General terms any economic doctrine that
favors the use of property and resources of the favors the use of property and resources of the
country for the public welfare.country for the public welfare.


It is a system of production and distribution It is a system of production and distribution
based on social ownership for raising the living based on social ownership for raising the living
standards of the working class. standards of the working class.

12. 
Louis Blanc set forth the socialist principle from Louis Blanc set forth the socialist principle from
each according to his abilities, to his according each according to his abilities, to his according
to his needs. to his needs.

13. SOCIALISATION SOCIALISATION

The process by which an individual gradually The process by which an individual gradually
acquires culture and becomes a member of a acquires culture and becomes a member of a
social group.social group.

Ex: Children going to school.Ex: Children going to school.

14. SOCIAL CONTROL SOCIAL CONTROL
MECHANISMS MECHANISMS

In every society there are rules, formal and In every society there are rules, formal and
informal for the maintenance of relationships of informal for the maintenance of relationships of
authority and subordination. authority and subordination.

15. 
The laws and enactment of parliament are social The laws and enactment of parliament are social
control mechanisms.control mechanisms.

The Social control mechanisms vary from group The Social control mechanisms vary from group
to group.to group.

A study of these mechanisms may be helpful to A study of these mechanisms may be helpful to
the community health worker in carrying out the the community health worker in carrying out the
health programmes.health programmes.

16. CUSTOMS CUSTOMS

The mere existence of a society a mere plurality The mere existence of a society a mere plurality
of individuals given rise to customs.of individuals given rise to customs.

From which no single member of the From which no single member of the
community can escape. community can escape.


Customs are technically divided into folk ways Customs are technically divided into folk ways
and mores. and mores.

17. 
Laws are generally custom inspired. Laws are generally custom inspired.

The starting point of all customs is convention.The starting point of all customs is convention.

Convention is a practice promoted by Convention is a practice promoted by
convenience of the society or the initial.convenience of the society or the initial.

18. CULTURE CULTURE

““Learned behavior which has been socially Learned behavior which has been socially
acquired ”.acquired ”.

Culture is transmitted from one generation to Culture is transmitted from one generation to
another through learning processes,another through learning processes,
(1) formal and(1) formal and
(2) informal.(2) informal.

19. 
It lays down norms of behavior and provides It lays down norms of behavior and provides
mechanisms which secure for an individual his mechanisms which secure for an individual his
personal and social survival.personal and social survival.

Cultural factors are deeply involved in matters of Cultural factors are deeply involved in matters of
personal hygiene, nutrition , immunization, personal hygiene, nutrition , immunization,
seeking early medical care, family planning, child seeking early medical care, family planning, child
rearing, disposal of refuse and excreta, outlook rearing, disposal of refuse and excreta, outlook
on health and disease in short the whole way of on health and disease in short the whole way of
life.life.

20. Pg:84,oxford text book of public health,4
th
edition volume 1
Global and ecological perspective
Gender
perspective
Social ,
Cultural and
Environmental
determinants
Public health perspective
genes
Disease
experience
Life course
Health system
influences
Health and wellbeing of
population

21. Pg:94,oxford text book of public health,4
th
edition volume 1
The interactive processes of human health;
Society, psyche, emotion, and somatic experience
Social experience
Emotional
experience
Psychic
experience
Somatic
experience

22. Pg:95,oxford text book of public health,4
th
edition volume 1
Spheres of the social environment influencing in individual biography
Individual biography
House hold
Neighborhood /networks
Region :rural/urban
National state
Geopolitical location and legacy

23. Pg:98,oxford text book of public health,4
th
edition volume 1
Culture, Economy, and Polity as factors in human health.
MATERIAL CULTURE
Food and diet,
Techniques of mechanical existence,
Daily body practices
NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Religion, morality,
Secular ideologies,
Norms and values
ECONOMY
Market situations,
Class structure,
Occupational organizations
P0LITY
Citizenship rights, Social wage,
Welfare state regime, Education,
Health, social security
HOUSE HOLD SITUATION AND RESOURCES
Parental, Marriage, and Kinship affiliation
And support, Neighborhood and residential factors
INDIVIDUAL
Physiological, emotional, psychic biography, Educational and occupational
life chances

24. Some interrelations in the complex system of life style, environment, and health status
Pg:123,oxford text book of public health,4
th
edition volume 1
Social network
Culture
Family history
Education Occupation Income
Personal characteristics
Patterns of behaviour Living conditions
LIFESTYLE PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT
Health care
behaviors
Disease
risk factors
Personal characteristics
(eg: age, race, gender)
HEALTH STATUS
Mortality, morbidity, wellness
HEALTH
CARE
ENVIRONMENT