COMMUNITY NEED ASSESSMENT.pptx

A community needs assessment identifies the strengths and resources available in the community to meet the needs of children, youth, and families. The assessment focuses on the capabilities of the community, including its citizens, agencies, and organizations.

1. Unit-I Community assess ment and priori ty se ttin g 3 Present By Mr. Afseel Nursing Lecturer Bashir Institute of Health Sciences (BIHS) Department of Nursing

2. Objective By the end of session, learners will be able to: Define need assessment Discuss the importance of need assessment in the communities. Identify the role of a nurse in the community assessment. Identify steps of need assessment in the community Identify relevant and appropriate sources of information, including community assets and resources. Discuss methods and tools of data collection Apply community assessment tools while conducting community assessment Define priority setting Discuss purposes of priority setting of health problems Identify steps of priority setting Prioritize health problems utilizing priority setting tool

3. Need Assessment A needs assessment is a systematic process for determining and addressing needs, or "gaps" between current conditions and desired conditions or "wants". The discrepancy between the current condition and wanted condition must be measured to appropriately identify the need

4. Steps Let's take a quick look at general steps taken in a needs assessment. Exploration and identification Data gathering and analysis Utilization Evaluation

5. Community Needs Assessment Has realistic goals with measurable results Responds to community identified needs Incorporates the abilities of those served Recognizes the importance of all participants Uses available resources effectively Builds networks for future service projects Take the time to learn about your community issues and the real community needs. Discover new opportunities for service projects and prevent the duplication of existing community assets. Make the best use of available resources so that you can adapt inexpensive options to fit communities

6. Community Needs Assessment

7. ROLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSES

8. ROLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSES The seven major roles of a community health nurse are: Care provider. "Clinician role". Educator. Advocate. Manager. Collaborator. Leader. Researcher. Promote healthy lifestyle Prevent disease and health problems Provide direct care Educate community about managing chronic conditions and making healthy choices Evaluate a community’s delivery of patient care and wellness projects Institute health and wellness programs Conduct research to improve healthcare

9. Identify relevant and appropriate sources of information

10. Data Collection Data collection is a methodical process of gathering and analyzing specific information to proffer solutions to relevant questions and evaluate the results. It focuses on finding out all there is to a particular subject matter. Data is collected to be further subjected to hypothesis testing which seeks to explain a phenomenon. Types of Data Collection Primary data collection Secondary data collection.

11. Types of Data Collection Primary Data Collection Primary data collection by definition is the gathering of raw data collected at the source. It is a process of collecting the original data collected by a researcher for a specific research purpose.

12. Qua l it a ti v e Res e a r ch Met h od The qualitative research methods of data collection do not involve the collection of data that involves numbers or a need to be deduced through a mathematical calculation, rather it is based on the non- quantifiable elements like the feeling or emotion of the researcher. An example of such a method is an open-ended questionnaire.

13. Quanti ta tive M e thod Quanti t ati v e m ethods are presented in numbers and require a mathematical calculation to deduce. An example would be the use of a questionnaire with close- ended questions to arrive at figures to be calculated Mathematically. Also, methods of correlation and regression, mean, m ode and m edi an .

14. Secondary Data Collection Secondary data collection, on the other hand, is referred to as the gathering of second-hand data collected by an individual who is not the original user. It is the process of collecting data that is already existing, be it already published books, journals, and/or online portals. In terms of ease, it is much less expensive and easier to collect.

15. IMPORTANCE OF DATA COLLECTION There are a bunch of underlying reasons for collecting data, especially for a researcher. Walking you through them, here are a few reasons; Integrity of the Research A key reason for collecting data, be it through quantitative or qualitative methods is to ensure that the integrity of the research question is indeed maintained. Reduce the likelihood of errors The correct use of appropriate data collection of methods reduces the likelihood of errors consistent with the results. Decision Making To minimize the risk of errors in decision-making, it is important that accurate data is collected so that the researcher doesn't make uninformed decisions. Save Cost and Time Data collection saves the researcher time and funds that would otherwise be misspent without a deeper understanding of the topic or subject matter. To support a need for a new idea, change, and/or innovation To prove the need for a change in the norm or the introduction of new information that will be widely accepted, it is important to collect data as evidence to support these claims.

16. Data Collection Tool Data collection tools refer to the devices/instruments used to collect data, such as a paper questionnaire or computer-assisted interviewing system. Case Studies, Checklists, Interviews, Observation sometimes, and Surveys or Questionnaires are all tools used to collect data. It is important to decide the tools for data collection because research is carried out in different ways and for different purposes. The objective behind data collection is to capture quality evidence that allows analysis to lead to the formulation of convincing and credible answers to the posed questions.

17. INTE R VIEW An interview is a face-to-face conversation between two individuals with the sole purpose of collecting relevant information to satisfy a research purpose. Interviews are of different types namely; Structured, Semi- structured , and unstructured with each having a slight variation from the other. Use this interview consent form template to let an interviewee give you consent to use data gotten from your interviews for investigative research purpose. Structured Interviews - Simply put, it is a verbally administered questionnaire. In terms of depth, it is surface level and is usually completed within a short period. For speed and efficiency, it is highly recommendable, but it lacks depth. Semi-structured Interviews - In this method, there subsist several key questions which cover the scope of the areas to be explored. It allows a little more leeway for the researcher to explore the subject matter.

18. INTE R VIEW Unstructured Interviews - It is an in-depth interview that allows the researcher to collect a wide range of information with a purpose. An advantage of this method is the freedom it gives a researcher to combine structure with flexibility even though it is more time-consuming. Pros In-depth information Freedom of flexibility Accurate data. Cons Time-consuming Expensive to collect

19. INTE R VIEW Audio Recorder An audio recorder is used for recording sound on disc, tape, or film. Audio information can meet the needs of a wide range of people, as well as provide alternatives to print data collection tools. Digital Camera An advantage of a digital camera is that it can be used for transmitting those images to a monitor screen when the need arises. Camcorder A camcorder is used for collecting data through interviews. It provides a combination of both an audio recorder and a video camera.

20. QUESTIONNAIRES This is the process of collecting data through an instrument consisting of a series of questions and prompts to receive a response from individuals it is administered to. Questionnaires are designed to collect data from a group. Pros Can be administered in large numbers and is cost-effective. It can be used to compare and contrast previous research to measure change. Easy to visualize and analyze. Questionnaires offer actionable data. Respondent identity is protected. Questionnaires can cover all areas of a topic. Relatively inexpensive. Cons Answers may be dishonest or the respondents lose interest midway. Questionnaires can't produce qualitative data. Questions might be left unanswered. Respondents may have a hidden agenda. Not all questions can be analyzed easily.

21. Formplus Online Questionnaire Formplus lets you create powerful forms to help you collect the information you need. Formplus helps you create the online forms that you like. The Formplus online questionnaire form template to get actionable trends and measurable responses. Conduct research, optimize knowledge of your brand or just get to know an audience with this form template. The form template is fast, free and fully customizable. Paper Questionnaire A paper questionnaire is a data collection tool consisting of a series of questions and/or prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Mostly designed for statistical analysis of the responses, they can also be used as a form of data collection.

22. REPO R TING Data reporting is the process of gathering and submitting data to be further subjected to analysis. The key aspect of data reporting is reporting accurate data because of inaccurate data reporting leads to uninformed decision making. For example NGO Reports Newspapers Website Articles Hospital Care records Pros Informed decision-making. Easily accessible. Cons Self-reported answers may be exaggerated. The results may be affected by bias. Respondents may be too shy to give out all the details. Inaccurate reports will lead to uninformed decisions.

23. EXISTING DATA This is the introduction of new investigative questions in addition to/other than the ones originally used when the data was initially gathered. It involves adding measurement to a study or research. An example would be sourcing data from an archive. Pros Accuracy is very high. Easily accessible information. Cons Problems with evaluation. Difficulty in understanding. Research Journals - Unlike newspapers and magazines, research journals are intended for an academic or technical audience, not general readers. A journal is a scholarly publication containing articles written by researchers, professors, and other experts. Surveys - A survey is a data collection tool for gathering information from a sample population, with the intention of generalizing the results to a larger population. Surveys have a variety of purposes and can be carried out in many ways depending on the objectives to be achieved.

24. OBSERVATION This is a data collection method by which information on a phenomenon is gathered through observation. The nature of the observation could be accomplished either as a complete observer, an observer as a participant, a participant as an observer, or as a complete participant. This method is a key base for formulating a hypothesis. Pros Easy to administer. There subsists a greater accuracy with results. It is a universally accepted practice. It diffuses the situation of an unwillingness of respondents to administer a report. It is appropriate for certain situations. Cons Some phenomena aren’t open to observation. It cannot be relied upon. Bias may arise. It is expensive to administer. Its validity cannot be predicted accurately. Checklists - state-specific criteria, allow users to gather information and make judgments about what they should know in relation to the outcomes. They offer systematic ways of collecting data about specific behaviors, knowledge, and skills. Direct observation - This is an observational study method of collecting evaluative information. The evaluator watches the subject in his or her usual environment without altering that environment.

25. FOCUS GROUPS The opposite of quantitative research which involves numerical-based data, this data collection method focuses more on qualitative research. It falls under the primary category for data based on the feelings and opinions of the respondents. This research involves asking open-ended questions to a group of individuals usually ranging from 6-10 people, to provide feedback. Pros Information obtained is usually very detailed. Cost-effective when compared to one-on-one interviews. It reflects speed and efficiency in the supply of results. Cons Lacking depth in covering the nitty-gritty of a subject matter. Bias might still be evident. Requires interviewer training The researcher has very little control over the outcome. A few vocal voices can drown out the rest. Difficulty in assembling an all-inclusive group. Two-Way - One group watches another group answer the questions posed by the moderator. After listening to what the other group has to offer, the group that listens are able to facilitate more discussion and could potentially draw different conclusions . Dueling-Moderator - There are two moderators who play the devil’s advocate. The main positive of the dueling-moderator focus group is to facilitate new ideas by introducing new ways of thinking and varying viewpoints.

26. COMBINATION RESEARCH This method of data collection encompasses the use of innovative methods to enhance participation to both individuals and groups. Also under the primary category, it is a combination of Interviews and Focus Groups while collecting qualitative data . This method is key when addressing sensitive subjects. Pros Encourage participants to give responses. It stimulates a deeper connection between participants. The relative anonymity of respondents increases participation. It improves the richness of the data collected. Cons It costs the most out of all the top 7. It's the most time-consuming. Online Survey - The two tools combined here are online interviews and the use of questionnaires. This is a questionnaire that the target audience can complete over the Internet. It is timely, effective and efficient. Especially since the data to be collected is quantitative in nature. Dual-Moderator - The two tools combined here are focus groups and structured questionnaires. The structured questioners give a direction as to where the research is headed while two moderators take charge of proceedings. Whilst one ensures the focus group session progresses smoothly, the other makes sure that the topics in question are all covered. Dual-moderator focus groups typically result in a more productive session and essentially leads to an optimum collection of data.

27. The Best Surveys For Data Collections Define the goal of your survey - Once the goal of your survey is outlined, it will aid in deciding which questions are the top priority. A clear attainable goal would, for example, mirror a clear reason as to why something is happening. e.g. "The goal of this survey is to understand why Employees are leaving an establishment." Use close-ended clearly defined questions - Avoid open-ended questions and ensure you're not suggesting your preferred answer to the respondent. If possible offer a range of answers with choice options and ratings. Survey outlook should be attractive and Inviting - An attractive-looking survey encourages a higher number of recipients to respond to the survey. Check out Formplus builder for colorful options to integrate into your survey design. You could use images and videos to keep participants glued to their screens. Assure Respondents about the safety of their data - You want your respondents to be assured whilst disclosing details of their personal information to you. It's your duty to inform the respondents that the data they provide is confidential and only collected for the purpose of research.

28. CONTI… Ensure your survey can be completed in record time - Ideally, in a typical survey, users should be able to respond in 100 seconds. It is pertinent to note that they, the respondents, are doing you a favor. Don't stress them. Be brief and get straight to the point. Do a trial survey - Preview your survey before sending out your surveys to the intended respondents. Make a trial version which you'll send to a few individuals. Based on their responses, you can draw inferences and decide whether or not your survey is ready for the big time. Attach a reward upon completion for users - Give your respondents something to look forward to at the end of the survey. Think of it as a penny for their troubles. It could well be the encouragement they need to not abandon the survey midway.

29. Top Survey Templates For Data Collection Customer Satisfaction Survey Template Demographic Survey Template Feedback Form Template

30. Co m munity A body of persons having a common history, ethnicity, culture, geography, or interests. Communities of Place: Defined by distinct boundaries and bound by a common political, economic and social system. Communities of Interest: A group of individuals that share common interests, goals, or knowledge about something. Community Needs Assessment A way of gauging opinions, assumptions, needs, key issues, and/or assets within a defined community. Needs Assessment: Why do it? Identify community needs, concerns and issues Target outreach programs Empower grass-roots Action around needs Determine if needs have changed? Collect communities’ hopes/dreams/desires

31. Community Assessment Tools Focus Group Interview Public Issues Forum Secondary Data Analysis Community Survey Questionnaire Interviews Asset Mapping

32. Priority Setting Priority setting is the process of making decisions about how best to allocate limited resources to improve population health . ... Priority setting may occur at all levels of the health system. Any process designed to set priorities Any process designed to set priorities ... should not lose sight of the fundamental questions:whose voices are heard,whose views prevail and, thus,whose health interests are advanced? (RESEARCH INTO ACTION 1997)

33. What is priority setting? Prioritisation is a process whereby all potential options (interventions), that address the problems identified in the situation analysis, are reviewed according to an agreed set of criteria. Prioritisation cannot be resolved by purely technical and scientific methods Adequate attention has to be given to other dimensions of priority setting such as: the political context the decision-making process the institutional and management implications, and the role of community values in the allocation of health resources Priority setting requires more than just drawing up a list of statistics of poor MCH with a statement of determination to address these.It entails making hard decisions about priorities, examining the underlying health system, and ensuring that implementation, monitoring, and accountability processes are in place. •

34. Essential characte r ist i cs o f a good prior i t y setti n g p r o c ess Be adequately informed (by the situational analysis) Achieve b a lanced p a rt i cip a t i on b e t w een di f ferent s takeh o lders - particularly between communities and professionals Encourage a multi-sectoral perspective Encourage integration of activities where feasible Clearly identify the individuals responsible for taking the decisions

35. Co n ti… Be transparent Use clear and consistent criteria Be timely Be as simple as is consistent with the above points Result in decisions that are consistent with services’ budgetary and implementation abilities Result in aims and objectives that are clear and feasible

36. KEY CONSIDERATIONS IN PRIORITY SETTING Major c a us e s o f maternal and chi l d mortal i ty and morbidity Coverage targets Existing efforts and delivery channels The quality of services and care provided

37. Summary of steps in a priority setting process Step 1: Determine the aim and scope of the priority setting exercise Step 2: Review the situation analysis and compile a programme budget Step 3: Convene an advisory panel Step 4: Determine locally relevant decision-making criteria Step 5: Identify possible strategy areas (interventions) Step 6 : Pr i o r i t ise s tr a t e gi e s and m ake recommendations Step 7: Consult stakeholders Step 8: Final decision

38. Co n ti… Step 9: Determine the aim and scope of the priority setting exercise Step 10: Review the situation analysis and compile a programme budget Step 11: Convene an advisory panel Step 12: Determine locally relevant decision-making criteria Step 13: Identify possible strategy areas (interventions) Step 14: Priorities strategies and make recommendations Step 15: Consult stakeholders Step 16: Final decision

39. CRITERIA USED TO PRIORITISE INTERVENTIONS Equity considerations Feasibility Acceptability to community Appropriateness (effectiveness) Cost effectiveness

40. WEIGHTING CRITERIA The assignment of equal or differential weights to the criteria should be carefully deliberated upon by the participants until a consensus is reached on the selected criteria and the weights. For this exercise: weigh each criteria as follows: High (5 points) or +++ Medium (3 points) or ++ Low (1 point) or +

41. Purpose of priority setting of health problems Hospitals and community stakeholders go through a process to distinguish the most pressing community health needs based on the data collected. The identified priority health needs will be addressed through the implementation strategies. Key Components Identify criteria for prioritization Hospitals are at their discretion to develop prioritization criteria and processes. A set of criteria should be determined to guide the prioritization process. Typically, three to six priorities are selected, based on: Magnitude of the problem Severity of the problem Need among vulnerable populations Community’s capacity and willingness to act on the issue Ability to have a measurable impact on the issue Availability of hospital and community resources Existing interventions focused on the issue Whether the issue is a root cause of other problems Trending health concerns in the community

42. Additional prioritization criteria can include: The importance of each problem to community members Evidence that an intervention can change the problem Alignment with an organization’s existing priorities Hospital’s ability to contribute finances and resources to address the health concern Potential challenges or barriers to addressing the need The opportunity to intervene at the prevention level Select community health priorities Select a prioritization committee – Members can be from hospitals, community stakeholder organizations and other organizations/institutions with specialized knowledge or constituents. Discuss the data – Present the qualitative and quantitative data to the prioritization committee. Make sure that the data are presented in a format that is accessible for the individuals on the committee. Foster an environment for open dialogue to discuss the identified health needs thoroughly. Review community assets – Reflect back on your asset map to identify what resources exist in your community to address the need. Take stock of what resources (staffing, in-kind, financial, etc.) in your hospital could potentially be leveraged to address that need. Select priorities – Decide which approach you want to use to determine priority needs

43. CONCLUSIONS The prioritization process is a key step in health planning, enabling the identification of priority problems to intervene in a given community at a given time. There are no default formulas for selecting priority issues. It is up to each community intervention team to define its own process with different methods/techniques that allow the identification of and intervention in needs classified as priority by the community.

44. References 1. ODPHP. Determinants of Health . Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2014). Available from: https:/ /ww w .healthypeople.gov/2020/about/foundation-health- measures/Determinants-of-Health 2. Sibbald SL, Singer PA, Upshur R, Martin DK. Priority setting: what constitutes success? A conceptual framework for successful priority setting. BMC Health Services Research 2009; 9: 43. McKenna et al. 1998. Current Issues and Challenges in Chronic Disease Control. In: Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Control. Washington: American Public Health Association