compact domestic power generation plant using biogas

compact domestic power plant

1. Mar Baselios Christian College of Engineering &Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technical Seminar on COMPACT DOMESTIC POWER GENERATION PLANT USING BIOGAS Presented By SUDHEESH A (MBC21EE012) NANDU K S (MBC21EE007) SUBIN SAM VARGHESE (MBC21EE011) Under the guidance of Prof Dr .V I GEORGE Prof VENMA PRABHASH APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

2. INDEX

3. INTRODUCTION Imagine a world where daily waste transforms into energy, powering homes and lowering carbon footprints. Methane gas, often overlooked, is central to this transformation. Today’s focus: combining automotive technology with sustainable practices for home energy. Repurposing an SI engine (from cars) to generate electricity at home. Fuel source: methane gas from organic waste. This concept isn't just technical—it's about using existing resources in innovative ways. Goal: fostering a greener, more sustainable future. Let’s explore this unique fusion of automotive engineering and renewable energy!

4. Biogas Production from Bio and Household Waste Methane: a potent greenhouse gas that can be harnessed as renewable energy. Source: captured from decomposing organic waste in landfills and wastewater treatment plants. Focus: process of methane generation. Benefits: environmental gains and renewable energy production.

5. Composition and Characteristics of Bio and Household Waste Organic Matter Bio and household waste typically contain high levels of biodegradable organic matter, such as food scraps, yard trimmings, and paper products. Moisture Content The moisture content of the waste can significantly impact the methane production potential. Contaminants Waste may also contain inorganic materials, such as plastics, metals, and hazardous substances, that need to be managed properly.

6. Anaerobic Digestion Process for Methane Generation Hydrolysis Complex organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules by microorganisms. Acidogenesis The simpler molecules are further converted into volatile fatty acids and alcohols. Methanogenesis Methane-producing archaea convert the volatile fatty acids and alcohols into methane and carbon dioxide.

7. Factors Affecting Methane Yield from Waste Feedstock Organic Content The higher the organic matter content, the greater the potential for methane production. Temperature Maintaining optimal temperatures (35-55°C) is crucial for the anaerobic digestion process. pH and Nutrients A balanced pH (6.8-8.2) and the presence of essential nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements) support microbial growth. Retention Time Sufficient hydraulic retention time allows for complete conversion of organic matter to methane.

8. Pretreatment and Optimization Techniques Mechanical Shredding, grinding, or milling to increase surface area and biodegradability. Thermal Heating waste to enhance hydrolysis and improve methane yields. Enzymatic Using enzymes to break down complex organic matter into simpler compounds. Co-digestion Mixing different waste streams to balance nutrients and improve overall methane production.

9. Methane Capture and Utilization Technologies Capture Methane is captured from the anaerobic digestion process or landfill gas collection systems. Purification The captured methane is purified to remove impurities and increase its energy content. Utilization The purified biomethane can be used for electricity generation, heating, or as a transportation fuel.

10. Methane Supply and Storage Renewable Sources Methane can be derived from renewable sources such as biogas and landfill gas, making it a sustainable fuel option . High-Pressure Storage Methane is typically stored in high-pressure tanks to maximize energy density and driving range. Fueling Infrastructure Establishing a network of methane fueling stations is crucial for the widespread adoption of methane-powered vehicles..

11. Generating Electricity from Methane: Renewable energy focus: generating electricity from methane gas. Methane sourced from natural decomposition of organic waste. Benefits: utilizes an abundant fuel source, aids in waste management, and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. Contributes to a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.

12. The Methane-to-Electricity Process Organic Waste Collection The process begins with the collection and aggregation of organic waste materials, such as agricultural residues, municipal solid waste, and wastewater sludge, which serve as the feedstock for methane production. Anaerobic Digestion The organic waste is then subjected to anaerobic digestion, a biological process in which microorganisms break down the material in the absence of oxygen, generating methane-rich biogas as a byproduct. Methane Extraction and Purification The methane-rich biogas is then extracted and purified, removing impurities and ensuring the fuel's suitability for use in the electricity generation process.

13. Powering the SI Engine with Methane Spark Ignition (SI) Engine Purified methane fuels a spark ignition (SI) engine. SI engine operates on a mixture of air and fuel. Combustion is triggered by an electric spark, igniting the air-fuel mix. This process drives the engine’s rotation, generating power. Air-Fuel Ratio Optimization Proper air-fuel ratio is essential for efficient, clean SI engine operation. Methane fuel mix must be carefully calibrated for optimal balance. Goal: maximize power output, reduce emissions, and maintain engine performance. Electricity Generation SI engine’s rotational motion drives an electrical generator. Mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Electricity can be fed into the grid or used for various applications. Methane fuel is transformed into a reliable, renewable electricity source.

14. Methane-Powered SI Engines Methane, a clean-burning hydrocarbon, serves as fuel for SI engines. This technology taps into methane’s renewable potential for power. Enables eco-friendly vehicle operation, offering an alternative to gasoline and diesel. Operation of the Spark Ignition (SI) Engine Intake Stroke Methane and air are drawn into the engine's cylinders during the intake stroke. Compression Stroke The air-fuel mixture is compressed, increasing temperature and pressure in preparation for ignition. Power Stroke The compressed mixture is ignited by a spark, driving the piston down and generating mechanical power.

15. Mechanical Power Generation Power Output from the SI Engine: Engine Power: The power output of the SI engine is a crucial factor. For example, a small 200cc engine might produce around 5-6 horsepower (HP), which is roughly 3.7-4.5 kW of mechanical power. Mechanical Power to Electrical Power Conversion: The alternator converts the mechanical energy from the engine's shaft into electrical energy. Assuming an alternator efficiency of about 70-80%, the electrical output would be: Electrical Power Output = Mechanical Power * Alternator Efficiency For a 4 kW engine, the electrical power would be approximately 2.8-3.2 kW.

16. Using a Car Alternator for Electricity Generation Alternator Rating: The alternator should be chosen based on the engine's power output. For instance, a 12V, 100A alternator can produce around 1.2 kW of power. RPM Requirement: Most alternators require a specific RPM range to operate efficiently, typically between 1,500 and 6,000 RPM. The engine's output shaft speed must match the alternator's RPM requirements.

17. Increasing Electrical Output: Gear or Belt Drives: We can use a pulley or gear system to increase the shaft speed if the engine's RPM is lower than the alternator's optimal operating range. For example, if the engine operates at 3,000 RPM but the alternator is more efficient at 6,000 RPM, a 2:1 pulley ratio could be used. Parallel Alternators: Adding multiple alternators connected to the engine shaft can increase the total electrical output. Each alternator would contribute its capacity, allowing for more electricity generation. Engine Speed Control: Implementing an electronic throttle control to maintain a constant engine RPM at the alternator's peak efficiency can stabilize and maximize electrical output.

18. DC to AC Conversion Using an Inverter Input : Direct Current (DC) from the vehicle's electrical system Conversion : The inverter converts the DC to AlternatingCurrent (AC) Output : AC power that can be used to operate household appliances or feed into the electrical grid Integration with SI Engine and Alternator : Direct Connection: Connect the alternator's output directly to the inverter's DC input. Battery Buffering: Optionally, include a battery bank between the alternator and inverter to store energy and smooth out power fluctuations. Output Distribution: The AC output from the inverter can be connected to a distribution panel to power household appliances or other AC loads

19. Inverter Specifications: Power Rating: Match with Alternator Output: The inverter should be rated slightly higher than the maximum electrical output of the alternator to ensure it can handle peak loads without being overloaded. Input Voltage: Voltage Compatibility: The inverter's input voltage must match the output voltage of the alternator. Output Voltage and Frequency: Standard AC Output: The inverter should provide a standard 230V AC output at 50Hz (or 120V AC at 60Hz, depending on your region). Pure Sine Wave Output: A pure sine wave inverter is recommended for sensitive electronics and appliances, as it provides a cleaner and more stable AC output compared to modified sine wave inverters.

20. Example Inverter Setup: Power Rating : 4 kW continuous, 8 kW surge. Input Voltage : 12V DC (or 24V/48V, depending on alternator configuration). Output Voltage: 230V AC at 50Hz. Waveform : Pure sine wave. Efficiency : 90% efficiency. Cooling : Dual fans with heat sinks. Additional Features: LCD display for monitoring temperature shutdown, battery charging capability.

21. Case Studies and Successful Implementations Landfill Gas Capture Numerous landfill sites around the world have implemented methane capture and electricity generation systems, leveraging the natural decomposition of waste materials to produce a reliable and renewable source of power. Wastewater Treatment Plants Wastewater treatment facilities have also emerged as key players in the methane-to- electricity arena, utilizing the biogas generated during the anaerobic digestion of sludge to fuel on-site electricity production. Agricultural Waste Valorization In rural and agricultural settings, the conversion of organic waste, such as crop residues and animal manure, into methane- powered electricity has proven to be an effective and sustainable energy solution.

22. Challenges and Considerations Biogas Purification Methane-rich biogas from anaerobic digestion contains impurities like hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Purification is needed to remove these impurities. Ensures fuel compatibility with SI engines and efficient electricity generation. Scalability and Infrastructure Widespread methane-to-electricity adoption needs scalable infrastructure. Key components: collection, transportation, and processing facilities. Integration with existing power grids and distribution networks is essential. Regulatory Frameworks Successful methane-to-electricity projects need supportive regulatory frameworks. Policies and incentives can encourage deployment of this renewable solution. Aim: address barriers and promote widespread adoption.

23. Importance of Methane Gas as a Renewable Energy Source Clean Energy Methane is a clean-burning fuel that can be used for heating, electricity generation, and transportation, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Climate Impact Capturing and utilizing methane prevents its release into the atmosphere, reducing the greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Economic Benefits Methane recovery projects can create jobs and generate revenue for municipalities, while reducing waste management costs.

24. Applications and Benefits Transportation Methane-powered SI engines can be used in a variety of vehicles, from light-duty cars to heavy-duty trucks, providing clean and efficient transportation Distributed Power The ability to generate on-site electricity from the engine's mechanical power can enable distributed power generation and grid support Environmental Impact Methane-powered engines have significantly lower emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants compared to traditional fossil fuel engines.

25. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we've explored how methane, often seen as waste, can fuel engines and power homes. This approach utilizes existing automotive technology and supports a circular economy. Vast potential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Paves the way for a sustainable and resilient energy future. This project exemplifies innovation, repurposing familiar technologies to address modern challenges. Encouragement to consider the possibilities in merging old and new technologies. Together, we can transform today’s challenges into tomorrow’s sustainable solutions.

26. REFERENCE Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production : Zhang, L., Loh , K.-C., & Dai, Y. (2023). Enhanced anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste for methane production: Optimization, inhibitors, and applications . Renewable Energy , 206, 1350-1364. Harb , M., & Wei, J. (2022). Biogas upgrading and utilization technologies: Advances and challenges in a circular economy approach . Journal of Cleaner Production , 363, 132455. Methane-Powered SI Engines : Xu, W., et al. (2023). Performance and emission characteristics of spark-ignition engines fueled with methane-rich biogas under different air-fuel ratios . Energy Conversion and Management , 297, 117447. Wang, C., Zhang, Y., & Liu, J. (2023). Methane biogas as a renewable fuel for internal combustion engines: A comprehensive review . Applied Energy , 335, 120766.

27. Biogas Power Generation and Inverters : Liu, H., et al. (2023). Biogas power generation with DC-AC conversion technologies: A sustainable solution for distributed energy systems . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 171, 113046. Case Studies on Methane-to-Electricity Implementations : Martinez, E., et al. (2022). Successful applications of biogas-fueled power plants in agriculture and municipal waste management sectors . Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy , 41(6), e13904.