Comparative study of vertebral column of camel, ox and horse

Comparative study of vertebral column of camel, ox and horse

1. By: Asad Hannan Vertebral Column of Camel

2. Vertebral Column The vertebral column consists of a series of unpaired, median irregular bones, the vertebrae, extending from the skull to the tail. Some vertebrae may become fused (e.g. in the sacral region). The Name of vertebrae in body region Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Caudal

3. Vertebral Column A typical vertebra consists of: (1) BODY - cylindrical mass articulating cranially (convex) and caudally (concave) with other vertebrae. (2) ARCH - Two lateral halves which, together with the body, form the vertebral foramen containing the spinal cord and its vessels. The base of the arch (pedicel) has vertebral notches for the passage of spinal nerves and vessels. (3) PROCESSES -- Articular processes, two anterior and two posterior articulate with adjacent vertebrae. Spinous Process projects from the middle of the arch for the attachment of muscles and ligaments Transverse Process , two project laterally from the arch. Mammillary Process , in most mammals on the posterior thoracic and anterior lumbar vertebrae, between the transverse and anterior articular process .

4. Vertebral Column Vertebrae from different regions are distinguished by characteristic features: Cervical : Transverse foramina (except C7), atlas and axis unique Throacic : Long, caudally pointing spinous processes until T11; Costal fovae for ribs Lumbar: Long cranially pointing transverse processes Sacral: Fusion, processes become crests, notches for nerves become foramina

5. Vertebral Column Type Of Animal Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Caudal Camel 7 12 7 5 15-20 Horse 7 18 6 5 15-21 Cow 7 13 6 5 18-20

6. Camel skeleton

7. 07 Cervical Vertebras 12 Thoracic Vertebras 07 Lumbar Vertebras 05 Sacral Vertebars 15-20 Coccygial vertebras CAMEL SKELETON

8. HORSE SKELETON

9. 07 Cervical Vertebras 13 Thoracic Vertebras 06 Lumbar Vertebras 05 Sacral Vertebars 18-20 Coccygial vertebras

10. Cervical Vertebrae Horses, cow and camel have seven cervical vertebrae. The first cervical vertebra, Known as the atlas , has large wings and a thick ventral arch instead of a true vertebral body. The axis is the longest vertebra in most species. Its cranioventral aspect has a bony projection called the dens, which represents an embryonic fusion of the centrum of the proatlas and centrum of the axis The dens of the ox is wider than that of the horse. The third through the seventh cervical vertebrae are relatively similar in architecture in all species .

11. Cervical Vertebrae Region total Length 1 m Atlas: 1 st cervical vertebra: dorsally trapezoidal shape Tuberculum dorsale : is not prominent Wings slope progessively lateral ward from craniul to caudal Alar foramen: penetrate the wing Accessory alar foramen : caudolateral to alar foramen Not present in other domestic animals

12. Atlas

13. Axis 2 nd cervical vertebra Largest Spinous process slopes caudally Transverse process slopes caudally in a longitudinal plane Ending in a tuberous form (caudal extremity)

14. axis

15. 3-7 Cervical vertebrae Spinous process: low in c3 progressively higher & more tuberous in c4 &c5 The ventral surface of vertebral body become increasingly concave in each successive vertebra Cranial extremity is convex C6 shorten C7 spinous process higher, slender & has rounded extremity Transverse process small concave ventral border Cranial extremity convex Caudal concave Contains on each side articular facet (fovea articularis caudalis ) for 1 st rib

16. cervical vertebrae

17. Cervical vertebrae

18. Thoracic vertebrae The horse has 18 thoracic vertebrae, whereas ox have 13 and camel has 12 vertebrae. In all species the thoracic vertebraeare short bodied with small arches; they decrease in length and width caudal to T1.The transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae are small, and the spinous processes are caudally inclined between T1.

19. Thoracic vertebrae (Camel) 12 in numbers 1 st & 2 nd longest but progressively length shortens T12 100mm less than T1 T1 rounded & wide other becoming narrow Spinous process high, flatend from side & end in a tuberous fashion Hight increases in T1 to T5 then slope down Width increases, T1 to T6 then become narrow All vertebrae’s Cranial edge sharper than caudal

20. Thoracic vertebrae

21. Lumber vertebrae The horse has six lumbar vertebrae, but some breeds especially Arabians may have five. While Ox and Camel have six and seven lumbar vertebrae respectively. The articular processes of lumbar vertebrae have large facets oriented in the sagittal plane. The transverse processes are plate-like and flattened dorsoventrally .

22. Lumber vertebrae 7 in numbers Vertebral body is almost equal in length except last 100mm shorter Transverse process L1 shortest then start Increases Spinous process slight increase in hight from L1 to L7 L7 wedge shaped

23. Lumber vertebrae

24. Sacrum The sacrum of the ox is longer than that of the horse and also comprises five fused vertebrae while horse has 4 to 6. Fusion of the spinous processes creates a median crest. The articular processes are also fused, forming lateral crests.

25. Sacrum It is formed by the 5 fussed sacral vertebrae 5 th segment often not fused with 4 th one, so for some researches sacrum consist of only first 4 sacral vertebrae Sacrum Charecteristics Powerful cranial articular processes Dorsal spine not fussed Longitudinal Axis, more curved in Female than Male

26. Sacrum

27. Sacrum

28. Caudal vertebrae The horse has 15 to 21 caudal vertebrae, of which only the most cranial have transverse processes.There are no articular processes. The ventral surfaces of these vertebrae are grooved for the median caudal artery. The ox has18 to 20 caudal vertebrae.These are longer and better developed than those of the horse. Camel has 15 to 20 Caudal or coccygial vertebrae

29. Caudal vertebrae 15-20in numbers. Avg. 15-17 Vertebral body progressively constricted Transverse processes present up to Cd1-Cd5 Becoming rod shape ,slender spinous process directed dorso caudaly Cranial extremity larger than caudal ones

30. Caudal vertebrae

31. QUESTIONS Write Different Name of regions of vertebral column of Camel. Write The Vertebral Formula of Ox and Horse. Name of the bones forming “Yes” and “No” joints? Enlist Special Features of the Caudal vertebra? Name of the largest vertebrae in the animal body? Differentiate Thoracic and Lumber Vertebra at least 3 points? Composition of Sacral vertebrae in Horse , ox and camel? Name of foramen present in camel Atlas while absent in other animals? Enlist the Parts of Atypical vertebrae? Identification point of the cranial and caudal sides of vertebrae?