Comparison FirePropagationA & Cone calorimeter .pptx

Comparison of FPA and CC

1. Fire Testing Instruments Dr. Madiha Rashid P2CF Research Group – INSA Centre Val de Loire

2. # Instrument Test Parameters Industry Sector Heat Release Smoke production Ignitibility Flame spread Toxicity/Corrosivity Mass Loss Fire Resistance EU Construction Products Electric Cables Railways & Transportation Aviation Plastics 1 Oxygen Index (ISO 4589-2, ASTM D2863) × × × 2 Elevated Temperature Oxygen Index (ISO 4589-3) × × × 3 UL 94 Horizontal/Vertical Flame Chamber × × 4 UL 1581 Vertical Wire Flame Test × × × 5 ISO 5657 Ignitability Apparatus × 6 EN ISO 11925 Single Flame Source Test × × 7 FMVSS 302/ISO 3795 × × 8 LIFT, IMO, Spread of Flame Apparatus × × × 9 ASTM E162 Radiant Panel Flame Spread Apparatus × × × 10 Flooring Radiant Panel (EN ISO 9239-1, ASTM E648) × × × × 11 Cone Calorimeter (ISO 5660, ASTM E1354) × × × × × × List Of Instruments By Test Parameters And Industry Sector

3. List Of Instruments By Test Parameters And Industry Sector # Instrument Test Parameters Industry Sector Heat Release Smoke production Ignitibility Flame spread Toxicity/Corrosivity Mass Loss Fire Resistance EU Construction Products Electric Cables Railways & Transportation Aviation Plastics 12 Cone Corrosimeter (ASTM D5485, ISO DIS 11907-4) × 13 Mass Loss Calorimeter (ISO 13927, ISO 17554) × × × 14 ASTM D2843 Exit Sign Test × × 15 Large Scale Mattress Fire Test (CA TB 603, CPSC 1633) × × × × 16 NBS Smoke Density Chamber (BS 6401, ASTM E662, ISO 5659, NES 711) × × × × × 17 3M Cube Smoke Apparatus (EN 61034, BS 6853) × × × 18 NES 713 Toxicity Test Apparatus × × 19 Corrosion Test Apparatus (IEC 60754 Part 1 & 2, EN 50267-2-3) × × × 20 ASTM E1678 Toxicity (or Corrosivity) Test Apparatus × × 21 Fire Propagation Apparatus (FM 4910, ASTM E2058) × × × × × × × 22 Thermal/Acoustic Insulation FPA (FAR 25.856) × ×

4. List Of Instruments By Test Parameters And Industry Sector # Instrument Test Parameters Industry Sector Heat Release Smoke production Ignitibility Flame spread Toxicity/Corrosive Mass Loss Fire Resistance EU Construction Products Electric Cables Railways & Transportation Aviation Plastics 23 EN 13823 Single Burning Item × × × × 24 ISO 9705 Room Corner Test/Furniture Calorimeter × × × × 25 Fire Resistance Test Furnaces × 26 ENV 1187 Roofing Test × × × 27 EN ISO 1182 Non-combustibility Test × × 28 EN ISO 1716 Bomb Calorimeter × × 29 BS 6387, IEC 60331-11 Circuit Integrity Under Fire Conditions × × × 30 EN 50399, IEC 60332-3 Burning Behaviour of Bunched Cables × × × × × × × 31 FAA Micro Calorimeter × × × 32 FAR Bunsen Burner Test × × 33 OSU Calorimeter (ASTM E 906) × × 34 FTIR Toxicity Test × × 35 Glow Wire Test IEC 60695-2-10, UL 746A × ×

5. Comparison between Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA) & Cone Calorimeter (CC) FPA CC

6. Parameters Used To Quantify Materials reaction to Fire The Critical Heat Flux (CHF) The minimum heat flux at or below which no ignition occurs, kW·m -2 The Fire Propagation Index (FPI) The propensity of a material to support fire propagation beyond the ignition zone The Effective Heat of Combustion (EHC) T he energy generated by chemical reactions per unit mass of fuel vaporized, kJ·kg . The Thermal Response Parameter (TRP) A material property giving the resistance to ignition upon exposure to a prescribed heat flux, kW·s 1/2 ·m 2

7. The CC and the FPA are often used to carry out flammability studies of materials. There are various differences in the set-up of these two devices that could lead to different fire behaviour for the same material. The design of the CC and the FPA were defined more than 30 years ago. While the exhaust and gas collection systems are relatively similar, the heating system and the geometry of the combustion chamber contain significant differences. Under similar experimental conditions, there is an expectation that similar results will be obtained since both apparatuses were designed to be able to extract material properties. However, experimental measurements have shown otherwise. Fire Propagation Apparatus and Cone Calorimeter

8. FPA is a heat release calorimeter, which can be used to quantify: It can also be instrumented to measure: Average Corrosion Index Smoke yield Fire Propagation Apparatus Critical heat flux (CHF) Thermal Response Parameter (TRP) Chemical and convective heat release rates (CHRR) Fire Propagation Index (FPI) Effective heat of combustion (EHC )

9. The ignition test is performed to determine the time required from the application of an externally applied heat flux, in the presence of a pilot flame, to a horizontal test specimen until ignition of that specimen. The combustion test is conducted to measure the chemical and convective heat release rates, and the mass loss rate, and use them to determine the effective heat of combustion of a horizontal specimen. The fire propagation test is performed to determine the fire propagation index of a material through measurement of the chemical heat release rate of a vertical test specimen during and after upward fire propagation.

10. A Schematic Diagram Of FPA

11. The CC is a fire testing device based on the principle of oxygen consumption during combustion. It can be used to quantify : Cone Calorimeter Heat Release rate (HRR) Time to ignition Mass loss rate (MLR) Amount of smoke Gas analysis Heat release rate is defined as the mass loss rate of the material times its heat of combustion.

12. A Schematic Diagram Of Cone Calorimeter

13. Differences Between FPA & Cone calorimeter Characteristics FPA CC Sample Holder Square/circular (Aluminium) Square (stainless steel) Pilot for ignition Air/ethylene flame Spark Heating source Infrared tungsten lamps Electrical heater wire Heating g source position On side of sample Directly above sample Experimental protocols Presence of air supply blowing under sample None Design of combustion chamber Different Different

14. Design and test conditions Fire Propagation Apparatus (a) Cone Calorimeter (b) Inlet gas flow Co-flow/Natural Natural Oxygen Concentration (%) 0-40 21 Co-flow gas velocity (m/s) 0-0.146 NA External heaters Tungsten-quartz Electrical coils External Heat Flux (kW/m 2 ) 0-110 0-100 Exhaust product flow (m 3 /s) 0.035-0.364 0.012-0.035 Horizontal sample dimension(mm) 100*100 100*100 Vertical sample dimension (mm) 100*600 100*100 Ignition source Pilot flame Spark plug Heat release rate capacity (kW) 50 8 As specified in ASTM E2058 and ISO 12136 As specified in ASTM E1354 Differences Between FPA & Cone calorimeter

15. Principal and Additional measurements by FPA & CC FPA  CC Principal measurements Principal measurements Critical heat flux (CHF) Thermal response parameter (TRP) Effective heat of combustion (EHC) Chemical and convective heat release rates kW The Fire Propagation Index (FPI) Rate of heat release Time to ignition Mass loss rates Smoke release rates Effective heat of combustion Additional measurements Additional measurements Average Corrosion Index (ACI) Smoke yield (γs) Rates of release of toxic gas (e.g. carbon oxides)

16. FPA CC Infrared heater Conical Heater Mass loss measurement Temperature Controller Air Distribution and supply pipes Motorised Heat Shield Water cooled shield Specimen Holders Ignition pilot tube Load Cell Exhaust system Spark Ignition Gas sampling Large Glass Protective Screen O 2 , CO & CO 2 Analysis Exhaust System Heat Flux Meter Gas Sampling Instrument Frame Smoke Obscuration Interface Heat Flux Meter Software 7in Touch and PLC control system Case 1 W: 708 kg D:282 cm x 101cm x 232cm Case 2 W:134kg D: 122cm x 71cm 143cm Analysis Rack Cone Calc software Case 1 W: 714kg D: 205cm x 104cm x 228cm Case 2 W: 124kg D: 102cm x 78cm x 115cm FPA & CC: Default configurations