Competition power point

power point on competition in Animal kingdom.

1. 1 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY UMARU MUSA YAR’ADUA UNIVERSITY, KATSINA By UMAR KANKARA MUSA MSC/15/BIO/0142 SANI MUHAMMAD SANI MSC/15/BIO/0123 SAMA’ILA SAMA’ILA YAR’ADUA MSC/15/BIO/0016 IBRAHIM ABUBAKAR MSC/15/BIO/0139 FADILA ABUBAKAR MSC/15/BIO/0150 NOVEMBER, 2016 GROUP PRESENTATION ON ANIMAL COMPETITION

2. What is Competition ? 2 Competition is a negative interaction that occurs among organisms whenever two or more organisms require the same limited resource. Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both the species are harmed. Limited supply of at least one resource (such as food , water , and territory ) used by both can be a factor( Begon et al., 1996). INTRODUCTION

3. WHAT DO ORGANISM COMPETE FOR ? 3 Organisms compete for the resources they need to survive Air Water food, and space. Animals and plants that have specific life history requirements, like cavity-nesting birds, or animals with obligate feeding behaviors, have a more difficult time competing. These resources can be limiting factors for where organisms are distributed, and competition for them can be fierce. COMPETITION

4. 4 . Competition Con’t Most competition between organisms of the same species surround scarce resources, like water or food

5. 5 G. F. Gause proposed the competitive exclusion principle in 1934 “species cannot coexist if they have the same niche ” The Competitive Exclusion Principle What Is A Niche? The word "niche" refers to a species' requirements for survival and reproduction. These requirements include both resources (like food) and proper habitat conditions (like temperature, pH ).

6. 6 . The Competitive Exclusion Principle 1: a smaller (yellow) species of bird forages across whole tree. 2: a larger (red) species competes for resources. 3: red dominates in middle for the more abundant resources. Yellow adapts to new niche, avoiding competition

7. 7 Gause reasoned that if two species had identical niches (required identical resources and habitats) they would attempt to live in the exact same area and would compete for the exact same resources. If this happened, the species that was the best competitor would always exclude its competitors from that area. Therefore, species must at least have slightly different niches in order to coexist. Competitive Exclusion Principle Con’t

8. 8 Forces of Competition   Defensive Behavior When an animal has found a space that contains all the resources it needs to survive, it wants to hold on to it. This is why many animals are territorial; they defend their territory which contains those resources. Aggressive Behavior Animals exhibit aggressive behavior when one of their resources is compromised(Benton, 2012) Males may compete over an existing territory, available females, nesting sites, or breeding rights in a social hierarchy. Defensive behaviors often lead to aggression if problems can’t be sorted out through threatening displays or intimidation

9. 9 By mechanism Types of competition Biologists typically recognize two types of competition: interference and exploitative competition. During interference competition, organisms interact directly by fighting for scarce resources. This occur directly between individuals via aggression etc. For example, large aphids defend feeding sites on cottonwood leaves by kicking and shoving smaller aphids from better sites. An elephant might be able to prevent other animals from using a water hole, but would be unlikely to be able to chase them away from a river with its long banks. Another example of this can be seen between the ant Novomessor cockerelli and red harvester ants , where the former interferes with the ability of the latter to forage by plugging the entrances to their colonies with small rocks.

10. 10 TYPES OF COMPETITION CONT . Male-male competition in red deer during rut is an example of interference competition

11. 11 TYPES OF COMPETITION CONT   Exploitation competition Exploitation competition Occurs indirectly through a common limiting resource which acts as an intermediate. For example, use of resources depletes the amount available to others, or they compete for space. Also known as exploitative competition.

12. 12 BY SPECIES TYPES OF COMPETITION CONT Intraspecific competition occurs when members of the same species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem The organism that obtains less resources, will usually perform less well than if it lives alone Interspecific competition may occur when individuals of two separate species share a limiting resource in the same area. . Interspecific competition has the potential to alter populations , communities and the evolution of interacting species. INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION

13. 13 TYPES OF COMPETITION CONT   An example among animals could be the case of cheetahs and lions ; since both species feed on similar prey, they are negatively impacted by the presence of the other because they will have less food ( Fedriani et al., 2000)

14. 14 How to Avoid Competition   Geographic Isolation One method of isolation is geographic isolation- not being in the same place at the same time. This isolation can occur through animals having different geographic distributions or by participating in seasonal migrations For Example Salmon fish ,Wild beasts and horses Geographic separators might be an expanse of land, a mountain range, a body of water, or an elevation gradient

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16. 16 Mechanical Isolation Behavioral Isolation This occurs when animals have contradictory behaviors that prevent them from competing with each other For example, by day, birds rule the air . By night, however, bats rule the roost. Come dusk there is a taxonomic tango when the diurnal (active by day) organisms retire for the evening and the nocturnal (active by night) organisms commence their daily follies. By the cover of night nocturnal organisms avoid competitive interactions with their diurnal counterparts. Today there are many animals that have morphological differences that directly allow them to avoid competition with other organisms.. Like giraffes who’s browse line is way above that of the other browsers it resides with, and Hyenas whose jaw structure and musculature is strong enough to consume the hides and bones of carcasses left behind by other predators.

17. 17 Foraging habits are another way that organisms can avert competing with each other. A generalist predator; e.g red-tailed hawk, they eat anything from rodents to reptiles to other birds. Specialist predators, however, like the osprey, which eats strictly fish, are limited in their prey selection as well as their geographic range because they have to live in areas where their prey resides. Herbivorous rhinos deal with this conundrum by consuming different parts of plants. White rhinos have flat, wide lips for grazing grasses while black rhinos have pointed, dexterous lips for browsing shrubs. FORAGING

18. 18 The Purple Sea Star ( Pisaster ochraeus ), below, several of these sea stars (which range in color from purple  to orange) are feeding.  Once again, the mussels are black and the barnacles a lighter color.

19. 19 T he barnacles, the mussels attach themselves to a rock and filter food from the water

20. 20 The American Alligator (below left) and the American Crocodile (below right) are similar species but they avoid competition by occupying different habitats

21. 21 Competition as a Regulator

22. 22   Begon , M.; Harper, J. L.; Townsend, C. R. (1996) Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities Blackwell Science.   Sahney , S.; Benton, M.J.; Ferry, P.A . (2010). "Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land" (PDF). Biology Letters. 6 (4): 544–547.   Jardine , P.E.; Janis, C.M.; Sahney , S.; Benton, M.J. (2012), "Grit not grass: Concordant patterns of early origin of hypsodonty in Great Plains ungulates Glires ", Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology , 365-366: 1–10   Holt, Robert D. (1977-10-01). "Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities" . Theoretical Population Biology. 12 (2): 197–229. Van Nouhuys , S.; Hanski , I. (2000). "Apparent competition between parasitoids mediated by a shared hyperparasitoid ". Ecology Letters. 3 (2): 82–84.   Fedriani , J. M., T. K. Fuller, R. M. Sauvajot and E. C. York. (2000). Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores. Oecologia , 125:258-270.   Gause , G.F. (1934). The struggle for existence . Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.   MacArthur, R. and Wilson, E. O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography , Princeton University Press (2001 reprint)   REFERENCES

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