Complex lipids (phosholipid) structure & function

introduction
phospholipids
structure and function

1. Complex lipids ( phosholipid )- Structure & function Presented by; Sumra kazbanu A. Msc . sem 2 CBO 406 Department of life sciences, HNGU Patan

2. Contents Introduction Phospholipids Structure & function

3. Introduction These important lipids are widely distributed in plants, bacteria and animals. They are the major constituents of cell membranes but are found also in circulating fluids. These are esters of fatty acids with alcohol and posses additional groups also. Phospholipids (phosphatids) :- these are the compounds containing, in addition to fatty acids and glycerol, a phosphoric acid, nitrogen bases and other substituents. lipids with a phosphate residue, one glycerol,without or with one or two fatty chains.

4. 2. Glycolipids (cerebrosides) :- These are the compounds of fatty acids with carbohydrates and contain nitrogen but no phosphoric acid. The glycolipids also include certain structurally related compounds comprising the groups, gangliosides, sulfolipids and sulfatids. Lipids containing a glycosidic moiety with a glycerol or an aminoalcohol and with fatty chain.

5. PHOSPHOLIPIDS Phospholipids are the most abundant membrane lipids. They serve primarily as structural components of membranes and are never stored in large quantities. As their name implies , phospholipids contain phosphorous in the form of phosphoric acid groups. In phospholipids, two of the OH groups in glycerol are linked to fatty acids while the third OH group is linked to phosphoric acid.

6. Floch and Sperry (1955) have classified phospholipids into phosphoglycerides, phosphoinositides and phosphophingoides.

7. A . Phosphoglycerides These are the major phospholipids found in membranes and contain two fatty acid molecule or "tails" esterified to the first and second hydroxyl groups of glycerol. The various phosphoglycerides differ in their head alcohol groups. However, all of then contai two nonpolar tails, each consisting of a long chain (usually C16 or C18) fatty acids.usually one of the fatty acids is saturated and the other unsaturated. All phosphoglycerides have a negative charge on phosphoric group at pH 7. In addition ,the head alcohol group may also have one or more electric charges at pH 7.

8. 1. Lecithins Lecithins (likithos = yolk) are widely distributed in nature.they are found in every animalband plant cell and are an essential sources from plant cell. In addition to glycerol and 2 moles of fatty acids, the lecithins also contain phosphoric acid and a nitrogen base choline at either the end or middle carbon atom of glycerol unit.

9. 2. Cephalins The cephalins ( kephalus = head) are closely associated with lecithins in animal tissues. These have also been identified from soyabean oil. These are similar in structure to the lecithins except that the choline is replaced by either ethanolaminecor serine. Serin is the biochemical precursor of ethanolamine.

10. 3. Plasmalogens Plasmalogens constitute about 10% of the phospholipids of the brain and muscle. Structurally , these resemble lecithins and cephalins but have one of the fatty acids replaced by an unsaturated ether.

11. B. Phosphoinositides (=phosphatidyl inositols) Phosphoinositides have been found to occur in phospholipids of brain tissue and of soybeans and are of considerable importance because of their role in transport process in cells. These are phospholipids where a cyclic hexahydroxy alcohol called inositol replaces base. the inositol is present as the stereoisomer, myo- inositol. On hydrolysis, the Phosphoinositides yield 1 mole of glycerol, two moles of fatty acid, 1 mole of inositol and 1,2 or 3moles of phosphoric acid.

12. C. Phosphosphingosides (=Sphingomyelins) These compounds are commonly found in nerve tissue esp.,in the mycelin sheath of the nerve and apprently lack in plants and the microorganisms. These differ from other phosholipids in their lack of glycerol and the presence of another nitrogenous base sphingosine or a closely related dihydrosphingosine, besides choline, in place of glycerol. Sphingomyelins are electrically charged molecules and contain phosphocholine as theire polar head groups.

13. On hydrolysis, the phosphosphingosides yield equimolar amounts of fatty acid, phosphoric acid, choline and sphingosine or dihydrosphingosine but no glycerol. Thus, in these compounds the atomic ration N/P is 2 , in contrast to phosphoglycerides where this ratio equals unity. Phosphoinositides, however, do not contain a nitrogen base.

14. Function of lipids Food material:- Lipids provide food , highly rich in calorific value. One gram lipid produces 9.3 kilocalories of heat. Food reserve :- Lipids provide are insoluble in aqueous solutions and hence can be stored readily in the body as a food reserve. Structural component :- Lipids are an important constituent of the cell membrance.

15. 4. Heat insulation :- the fats are characterized for their high insulating capacity. Great quantities of fat are deposited in the subcutaneous layers in aqautic mammals such as whale and in animals living in cold climates. 5. Fatty acid absorption :- phospholipids play an important role in the absorption and transportation of fatty acids. 6. Hormone synthesis :- The sex hormones ,adenocorticoids, cholic acids and also vitamin D are all synthesized from cholesterol, a steroidal lipid.

16. 7. Vitamin carries :- Lipids act as carriers of natural fat - soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, D and E. 8. Blood cholesterol lowering :- Chocolates and beef , especially the latter one , were believed to cause many heart disease as they are rich in saturated fatty acids, which boost cholesterol levels in blood and clog the arterial passage.

17. References Fundamentals of Biochemistry, By :- Dr. J.L.JAIN Dr.SUNJAY JAIN NITIN JAIN www.google.com

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