Components of Human Renal-System explained pptx

Renal system

1. B2.20 The components of the Renal system Kidney - Ureter - Urethra - - Bladder - Nephron

2. The kidneys X 2

3. Inside the Kidney The average nephron number is approximately 900,000 to 1 million per kidney, but some individuals have as much as 2.5 million per kidney

4. The ureter runs down from the kidney into the bladder and then the urethra from bladder to outside the body, through which we urinate Which is which ? Ureter - Urethra

5. The Bladder 3D bladder location > https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/urinary/urine-storage-and-elimination EXTERIOR BLADDER MUSCLES CONTRACT TO ASSIST GRAVITY TO EMPTY THE BLADDER DETRUSOR MUSCLE

6. Many muscles control the bladder but sometimes weaken muscles, damaged muscles or muscle messages means there is leakage. Incontinence. Emptying Bladder Sometimes exercises improve incontinence but not always so pads maybe necessary or a catheter.

7. -Blood Flow -

8. Blood travels in through the kidney. Waste products are filtered out and nutrients absorbed. The balance of water in the body is regulated. The efferent arterioles and renal vein takes filtered blood away. Further information and test yourself - https://www.getbodysmart.com/urinary-system/kidney-external-anatomy/

9. Kidney Damage Diseases and conditions that may slow blood flow to the kidneys and lead to kidney injury include: Blood or fluid loss eg. spleen internal bleed Blood pressure medications. Heart attack. Heart disease, gradual deterioration Infection. Liver failure. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) eg. aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen

10. Finer structures

11. Nephron = the filtering unit of the kidney which performs the job of filtering and fluid balance jobs - each kidney is made up of many nephrons. The Nephron

12. Label the diagram and describe the function of each structure in the table as we go through the presentation

13. At the beginning of the nephron is the glomerulus a network (tuft) of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering blood using diffusion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctGkLYuUCvU The Glomerulus

14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6HJfr00CIqM Filtrate

15. Bowman’s Capsule Bowman!

16. Glomerulus Bowman’s capsule Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Distal tubule Collecting duct https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LTRL2f5Njck Labelling the nephron

17. The filtrate is passed through the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule, where water and nutrients undergo reabsorbed (selective reabsorption) a balance depending on the bodies current needs Confused ?? Watch a you tube clip… How kidneys work How kidneys work in more detail How a nephron works Proximal Tubule PROXIMAL tubule is a closer PROX IMITY to the glomerulus

18. Proximal Tubule PROXIMAL tubule is a closer PROX IMITY to the glomerulus

19. Loop of Henle Introducing Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle

20. Loop of Henle

21. The filtrate continues on through the distal tubule which connects to the collecting duct system that fine-tunes salt and water reabsorption and plays a major role in acid–base balance. Distal Tubule DISTAL tubule is a further DISTANCE to the glomerulus We eat foods that are high in acid such as oranges and then foods that are more alkaline-generating foods. The nephron plays a part in ensuring a PH of 7.35-7.45.

22. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule (the glomerular filtrate) and further processed along the nephron to form urine. This process is known as ultrafiltration The Glomerulus

23. Ultrafiltration Urine filtrate Blood entering from the afferent arteriole Endothelium single cell capillary wall Basement membrane Bowman’s capsule Bowman’s capsule Glomerular capillary blood vessels have pores which means blood can freely exit the glomerulus through the basement membrane, captured in the Bowman’s capsule. Ultrafiltration involves blood being forced at  high pressure  against the basement membrane, optimising filtration.

24. The high pressure forces small molecules such as water, glucose, amino acids, sodium chloride and urea through the filter, from the blood in the glomerular capsule across the basement membrane. (imagine a hosepipe squirt!) Ultrafiltration if the receiving of the filtrate in the Bowman's capsule from the capillaries . In the nephron the process of diffusion happens taking substances from the glomerulus and balancing these moving from tubules to capillaries, reabsorbing. Diffusion & Ultrafiltration

25. A blood test can detect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) which measures how well your kidneys are working to filter and clean your blood Kidney Failure

26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9qZwRooBXc

27. Urine from the nephrons flow into a collecting duct, leading to the renal pelvis, which is drained by the ureter. It is recommended we have 2 litres of fluid a day The End

28. Can you label all the structures of a nephron and say the function of each?

29. Every hour your blood supply circulates through the kidneys about 12 times. Each day your kidneys process around 200 litres of blood, with around 1 to 2 litres of waste leaving the body as urine We have about a million hairpin-like glomeruli at birth, but lose about 100,000 of these every decade of life. Interesting Facts

30. Homeostasis Osmoregulation Water balance Homeostasis is the name given to mechanism’s in the body to keep a constant eg. temperature, blood PH balance and fluids etc B2.21 B1.28

31. The definition of homeostasis is the ability or tendency to maintain internal stability in an organism to compensate for environmental changes. Homeostasis = static An example of homeostasis is the human body keeping a temperature of 37˚C or managing drink, sweat and urine – a fluid balance Homeostasis

32. The renal system maintains a healthy balance of fluid in the body which ensures blood pressure and the salt balance is kept at a consistent level. This process is called osmoregulation and has hormone messages that instruct the kidneys nephron what to do Osmoregulation

33. Hydration If osmoregulation goes wrong cells could enter a state of having too much water or too little water. This could cause cells to die and organs to fail. Lots of the bodies process and functions can only happen when the body has 70% water eg. pleural membrane lubrication for breathing

34. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WakheZsLyw

35. Sweating; fluid and salt Chemical element , symbol: Na = Sodium and CL = Chloride > Salt Secretion and reabsorption happens depending on core homeostasis Sweat loses water and salt, sodium chloride

36. Monitoring Mechanism The hypothalamus has osmoreceptors which detects the level of fluid and salt in the blood ( osmotic pressure) The level of fluid impacts on blood pressure. The hypothalamus sends a message to the pituitary gland (which is just below it) which in turn releases a hormone called Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) The ADH message travels in the blood to the kidneys where it instructs the nephrons to act

37. This hormone makes the filtering system, in the nephron, in particular the membrane change. In addition ADH changes the reabsorbing; more or less water and salt, back into the proximal and distal tubules, as well as the loop of Henle. Lastly the collecting duct reabsorbs more or less water from the filtrate. Balancing Fluids

38. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vB7tSHqR1eY

39. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the pituitary gland Ongoing Process Sodium Chloride > SALT Water When the water potential is low , the blood has a high solute concentration

40. Warm environment or exercise causes sweating. Pituitary gland releases and increases the levels of ADH so the nephron tubules reabsorb more fluid from the blood capillaries and produces a concentrated small amount of urine, darker colour urine . Warmth - Sweat

41. Cold environment or no exercise causes little/no sweating. The pituitary gland stops releasing and decreases the levels of ADH so the nephron tubules reabsorb less fluid from the blood capillaries and produces a less concentrated larger amount of urine, lighter in colour Cold - No Sweating

42. Regulate the composition of your blood: Keep the concentrations of important substances constant in the body. Keep the volume of water in your body constant. Remove wastes from your body. Help regulate your blood pressure. Stimulate the making of red blood cells. Maintain your body's calcium levels. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vB7tSHqR1eY Summarise; The Role of the Kidney

43. https://www.biologycorner.com/quiz/quiz_kidney.htmlb

44. B2.22 The development, impact and management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition where the kidneys do not work effectively. CKD does not usually cause symptoms until it reaches an advanced stage. It's usually detected at earlier stages by blood and urine tests

45. If a kidney doesn’t filter the blood of waste, because the glomeruli are not functioning properly and/or balance fluids in the body is wrong, the kidneys are said to be failing either chronic or acute. Reasons for kidney failure Urinary obstruction Infection Drugs Autoimmune disease Polycystic kidneys Diabetes nephropathy Malignant hypertension Malignancy & myeloma

46. Injury is sometimes reversible, such as problems with blood flow to kidney in surgery. Disease is usually irreversible, treatment is monitoring symptoms and managing. Existing medical condition impacting on the kidney, such as diabetes Age factor - deterioration is common past the age of 75, a natural decline Acute - Chronic

47. CKD means that your kidneys are diseased or damaged in some way; This condition is known as kidney (renal) failure and without treatment, the build-up of toxins, extra fluid and dangerous levels of minerals in your blood will eventually cause death! Chronic Kidney Disease Early diagnosis is paramount

48. Tiredness Flank (back) pain swollen ankles, feet or hands (due to water retention) shortness of breath nausea A dipstick test of a urine sample looking for protein or blood detection. Symptoms Toxins build up

49. Blood tests >>>> Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, which is an important part of muscle. Urology - renal The blood test involves analysis, which measures a chemical called creatinine.

50. Urologist Creatinine is normally cleared from the blood by the kidneys. If the kidneys are not working so well and the glomeruli are not filtering as much blood as normal, the level of creatinine in the blood goes up.

51. GFR blood testing Creatinine is normally cleared from the blood by the kidneys. If the kidneys are not working well and the glomeruli are not filtering as much blood as normal, the level of creatinine in the blood goes up.

52. GFR blood testing A simple blood test can estimate the volume of blood that is filtered by the glomeruli in your kidneys over a given period of time. This test is called the estimated glomerular filtration rate. 60-120 is in the normal range Below 15 is Kidney failure

53. Tissue Biopsy In a kidney biopsy, a small piece of kidney tissue is removed and examined under a microscope. The biopsy helps to identify abnormalities in kidney tissue, that may be the cause of kidney diseases. Eg nephrotic disease An ultrasound guides the surgeon to the best place for tissue biopsy

54. Chronic Kidney Disease, Animation – YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3_iuZTgKoQ

55. Treatments Lifestyle choices changes; exercise is beneficial, quitting smoking. Alcohol adds toxins to the body, monitor blood pressure and glucose

56. Salt intake Takeaways and ready-made foods contain a lot of salt, home cooking is better ☺

57. Dialysis Basically, dialysis is about taking the blood from the body, cleaning it of waste products artificially and returning it cleaned, however, not as effective as cleaning the natural way. Haemodialysis

58. Dialysis Sessions Severity of kidney disease is measured in stages; 1 to 5, the eGFR for each stages. Stage 1 – haemodialysis once a week Stage 4 – 4-6 times a week Stage 5 – the person needs dialysis daily

59. (1) Procedure of DIALYSIS – YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EU2skU3bgS8

60. Transplant Guess what? Instead of removing and replacing a kidney, the donor kidney is added so the person will have 3 kidneys. The bad kidney will still be functioning even though it’s not much, so it’s worth keeping too.

61. (1) Kidney Transplantation: Animation of Surgical steps as performed by Dr. Priyadarshi Ranjan - YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Or2pcS2a0Ow

62. Kidney Doner From where? A kidney donor may be someone who has agreed to donate their organs after death. In some cases, a match maybe found in a relative who can donate one of their kidneys, a live donor

63. (1) Living donor kidney transplant: Laparoscopic left nephrectomy – YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BstUHzNAm2I