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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY. BELAGAVI

SRI TARALABALU JAGADGURU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
RANEBENNUR
2017-18

A Technical Seminar
on
“COMPOSITE MATERIALS”
Presented by

S.N.VEERESH KUMAR 2SR15CV430

Under the Guidance of

HANUMESH B M a-recu
Asst. Prof. Dept of Civil Engg

2. CONTENTS

2 oS eS

Introduction

Classification of composite materials

Factors affecting properties of composites
Advantages and limitations

Difference between Smart and composite materials
Civil engineering applications

Conclusions

References

3. INTRODUCTION

+ A composite material can be defined as a combination of two
or more materials (having significantly different physical or
chemical properties) that results in better properties than those
of the individual components.

» The constituents retain their identities in the composite; that is,
they do not dissolve or otherwise merge completely into each
other, although they act in concert.

* Composites are one of the most widely used materials because
of their adaptability to different situations and the relative ease
of combination with other materials to serve specific purposes
and exhibit desirable properties.

+ The main advantages of composite materials are their high
strength and stiffness, combined with low density, when
compared with bulk materials.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

The composites are classified as mainly two constituents are
matrix and a reinforcement

5. ORGANIC/POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITE (PMCs)

Two main kinds of polymers are thermosets and thermoplastics

Thermophutics | Thermosets

Pupengece | | Felynyrene = [ Epoxy ] a [_rotyesez

+ Thermosets have qualities such as a well-bonded three dimensional
molecular structure after curing. They decompose instead of melting
on hardening.

+ Thermoplastics have one or two dimensional molecular structure
and they tend to at an elevated temperature and show exaggerated
melting point. Another advantage is that the process of softening at
elevated temperatures can reversed to regain its properties during
cooling.

6. METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE (MMCs)

“ Metal matrix composites are High strength, fracture toughness and
stiffness are offered by metal matrices than those offered by their
polymer counterparts. They can withstand elevated temperature in
corrosive environment than polymer composites.

*% MMCs are widely used in engineering applications where the
operating temperature lies in between 250 °C to 750 °C.

% Matrix materials: Steel, Aluminum, Titanium, Copper, Magnesium
and Super alloys.

CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITE (CMCs)

> Ceramics can be described as solid materials which exhibit very
strong ionic bonding in general and in few cases covalent bonding.
High melting points, good corrosion resistance, stability at elevated
temperatures and high compressive strength

> CMCs are widely used in engineering applications where the
operating temperature lies in between 800°C to 1650°C

7. | CARBON/CARBON MATRIX COMPOSITE |

> C/Cs are developed specifically for parts that must operate in extreme

temperature ranges. Composed of a carbon matrix reinforced with
carbon yarn fabric, 3-D woven fabric, 3-D braiding, etc.

> C/C composites meet applications ranging from rockets to aerospace

because of their ability to maintain and even increase their structural
properties at extreme temperatures.

Advantages:

Extremely high temperature resistance (1930°C — 2760°C).
Strength actually increases at higher temperatures (up to 1930°C).
High strength and stiffness.

Good resistance to thermal shock.

8. temperature GC

2000

1800

Graphite

1600

1400

Silicon Carbide

Silicon Nitride

1200

1000

800

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PMCs MMCs CMCs C/Cs

Service temperature ranges for different types of composites

9. FUNCTIONS OF A MATRIX
* Holds the fibers together.
+ Protects the fibers from environment.

« Distributes the loads evenly between fibers so that all fibers are
subjected to the same amount of strain.

+ Enhances transverse properties of a laminate.
* Improves impact and fracture resistance of a component.
* Carry inter laminar shear.

DESIRED PROPERTIES OF A MATRIX

+ Reduced moisture absorption.

+ Low shrinkage.

+ Low coefficient of thermal expansion.

+ Strength at elevated temperature (depending on application).
+ Low temperature capability (depending on application).

+ Excellent chemical resistance (depending on application).

10. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

11. FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES

Fibers are the important class of reinforcements, as they satisfy
the desired conditions and transfer strength to the matrix
constituent influencing and enhancing their properties as desired.

Random fiber (short fiber) reinforced composites. Continuous fiber (long fiber) reinforced composites

12. LAMINAR COMPOSITES

Laminar composites are found in as many combinations as the
number of materials. They can be described as materials
comprising of layers of materials bonded together. These may be
of several layers of two or more metal materials occurring
alternately or in a determined order more than once, and in as
many numbers as required for a specific purpose.

Foam
material

Laminar Composite Sandwich Composite

13. PARTICULATE REINFORCED COMPOSITES

Microstructures of metal and ceramics composites, which show
particles of one phase strewn in the other, are known as particle
reinforced composites. Square, triangular and round shapes of
reinforcement are known, but the dimensions of all their sides are
observed to be more or less equal. The size and volume
concentration of the dispersed distinguishes it from dispersion
hardened materials.

Particulate reinforced composites

14. FLAKE COMPOSITES

Flakes are often used in place of fibers as can be densely packed.
Metal flakes that are in close contact with each other in polymer
matrices can conduct electricity or heat, while mica flakes and
glass can resist both. Flakes are not expensive to produce and
usually cost less than fibers.

Flake composites

15. FILLED COMPOSITES

Fillers may be the main ingredient or an additional one in a
composite. The filler particles may be irregular structures, or
have precise geometrical shapes like polyhedrons, short fibers or
spheres.

Filled composites
Fillers may be the main ingredient or an additional one in a
composite. The filler particles may be irregular structures, or
have precise geometrical shapes like polyhedrons, short fibers or
spheres.

16. MICROSPHERES

Microspheres are considered to be some of the most useful fillers. Their
specific gravity, stable particle size, strength and controlled density to
modify products without compromising on profitability or physical
properties are it’s their most-sought after assets.

Solid Microspheres have relatively low density, and therefore,
influence the commercial value and weight of the finished product.
Studies have indicated that their inherent strength is carried over to the
finished molded part of which they form a constituent.

Hollow microspheres are essentially silicate based, made
at controlled specific gravity. They are larger than solid glass spheres
used in polymers and commercially supplied in a wider range of
particle sizes.

17. FACTORS AFFECTING PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES

+ The type, distribution, size, shape, orientation and arrangement
of the reinforcement will affect the properties of the
composites material and its anisotropy

Distribution Concentration Orientation

18. ADVANTAGES

Ÿ Light in weight and Lower density
Y High creep resistance

v Strength-to-weight and Stiffness-to-weight are greater than
steel or aluminum

Ÿ Fatigue properties are better than common engineering metals
Y” Composites cannot corrode like steel

Y Ease of fabrication of large complex structural shapes or
modules-Modular construction

Y” Ability to incorporate sensors in the material to monitor and
correct its performance-Smart composites

v” High resistance to impact damage.

Y” Improved corrosion resistance

19. LIMITATIONS

> High cost of raw materials and fabrication.

> Composites are more brittle than wrought metals and thus are
more easily damaged.

> Transverse properties may be weak.

> Matrix is weak, therefore, low toughness.
> Reuse and disposal may be difficult.

> Difficult to attach.

> Difficulty with analysis

+ Cost can fluctuate.

20. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SMART AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Smart materials have multiple functions, which generally include

sensor/actuator ability in addition to having form, or being able to
support at least some structural weight. The classic example is
Nitinol, which is a Nikcle-Titanium allow. After mechanical
deformation (for example, bending), it can be heated up and will
return to the pre-deformed structural shape

Composites are materials that are
combinations of at least two different materials, which allow the
engineering of desired properties (like tailoring mechanical
stiffness, conductivity, etc). Classic examples are glass fiber
composites,

21. CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1.SMART CONCRETE

Unlike conventional concrete, the smart concrete has higher
potential and enhanced strength. Smart concrete can be prepared by adding
carbon fibers for use in electromagnetic shielding and for enhanced electrical
conductivity of concrete.

Smart concrete under loading and unloading process will loose

and regain its conductivity, thus serving as a structural material as well as a
sensor. Smart concrete plays a vital role in the construction of road pavements
as a traffic-sensing recorder, and also melts ice on highways and airfields
during snowfall in winter season by passing low voltage current through it.
2.REHABILITATION AND RETROFIT

In these cases the materials are usually bonded externally to the
structure in the form of tows (fiber bundles), fabrics, plates, stirrups and
jackets. The advantages offered by composites in these forms include their
ability to bond well to many substrate materials and to follow complex shapes

22. CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

3. ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES

Headingley bridge-north america

+ Use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) straight and draped tendons
for pre stressing four, 31.2 meter span girders.

+ Use of CFRP stirrups for shear reinforcements of two main girders. Use of
CFRP for the deck slab.

+ Use of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcements for the bridge
curbs.

+ Use of 64 fiber optic sensors and 16 conventional electric resistance strain
gauges to monitor the bridge from a central monitoring station remote from the
bridge.

23. CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

4, ROAD BRIDGES

The Fiber-line Bridge, Kolding, Denmark
was designed by the Danish engineering >
Company, Ramboll using the pultruded be
profiles. The 40-m (131-ft.) long, 3-m (9.8-ft.) Er
wide crossing carries pedestrians, bicycles and

motorbikes over a previously dangerous set of railroad tracks.

5 FRP DOORS AND DOOR FRAMES

The doors made of FRP skins, sandwiched with

core materials such as rigid polyurethane foam,
expanded polystyrene, paper honeycomb;

jute/coir felt etc. can have potential usage in residential
buildings, offices, schools, hospitals, laboratories etc.

24. CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

5. THE TRAIN MADE UP OF FRP COMPOSITES

Composite materials are increasingly being used in the Railway
industry, Weight saving of up to 50% for structural and 75% for
non-structural applications bring in associated benefits of high-
speed, reduced power consumption, lower inertial, less track wear
and the ability to carry greater pay-loads. Now, more and more
parts are made of GFRP, which also resists corrosion and has
excellent workability.

25. CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

* Built on a Golf Course

* World's first cable-stayed footbridge

* Constructed in 1992

* 113m long with 63m main span

+ All composite materials used for construction of this bridge

Aberfeldy footbridge-uk

26. FAILURE MODES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

* Delamination

+ Matrix tensile failure

« Matrix compression failure
* Fiber tensile failure

« Fiber compression failure

27. CONCLUSION

* Several innovative FRP systems have been presented showing
the different advantages that each of them can provide to
designers and contractors involved in these types of upgrade.

* Fiber reinforced composite plate bonding offers significant
advantages over steel plate bonding for the vast majority of
strengthening applications

* The potential future benefits of smart materials, structures and
systems would prove amazing in their scope.

+ A smart structure has the capacity to respond to a changing
external environment such as loads, temperatures and shape
change, as well as to varying internal environment

28. REFERENCES

Bashir Ahmed Mir- August 8, 2017- Smart Materials and Their
Applications in Civil Engineering: An Overview- International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Science

Dr. Srikari S.- Composites and Applications- M.S Ramaiah
School of Advanced Studies — Bangalore

E.Agnelonil, P.Casadei2, and G.Celestini3-10 FEB 2011-
Innovation on advanced composite materials for civil
engineering and architectural applications: case studies-SMAR
Engineering and Design composite materials for civil
engineering structures- Washington- 31 March 1997
Fidanboylu, K.- fiber optic sensors and their applications
Harvinder Singh, Ramandeep Singh- 15 December 2015-
Smart Materials: New Trend in Structural Engineering-
International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation

29. REFERENCES

Nachiketa Tiwari- Introduction to Composite Materials and
Structures- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Ning Hu-August, 2012- composites and their properties-Published
by InTech

Pizhong Qiao (Chiao), Ph.D., P.E., SECB- Composite Materials in Civil
Infrastructure (Structural Composites)- Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering Washington State University

Prof. Parihar A.A.1, Ms. Kajal D. khandagale2 , Ms. Pallavi P. Jivrag3-
Sep. - Oct. 2016),- Smart Materials- IOSR Journal of Mechanical and
Civil Engineering

Sherif Mohamed Sabry Elattar- 18 August, 2013- Smart structures
and material technologies in architecture applications- Scientific
Research and Essays

Susmita Kamila- 2013-07-18- introduction, classification and
applications of smart materials: An Overview- American Journal of
Applied Sciences

30. THANK YOU

Presented by:
s.n.veeresh kumar

Email: [email protected]

[email protected]