Comprehensive Overview of Sickle Cell Anemia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Management

The presentation on Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) by Shafiya provides an in-depth overview of this inherited blood disorder, where red blood cells take on a sickle shape, leading to oxygen transport issues and potential blockages in blood flow. It is an autosomal recessive disease, requiring two copies of the sickle cell gene, and is more common among people of African, Arabian, and Indian descent. The presentation covers different types of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), including HbSS, HbSC, HbS β+thalassemia, and HbS/β0, and highlights key symptoms such as fatigue, breathlessness, jaundice, joint pain, ulcers, and swelling in the hands and feet. Diagnosis methods discussed include hemoglobin electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), DNA testing, and newborn screening. Management strategies emphasize a balanced diet, folic acid supplements, adequate hydration, avoiding extreme temperatures, and careful use of medications. While SCA varies in severity from person to person, with proper care and treatment, individuals can achieve an improved quality of life and increased life expectancy.

1. Sickle Cell Anemia By-Shafiya Sakina

2. What is Sickle Cell Anaemia ? Sickle cell Anaemia is one of a group of inherited disease in which red blood cells have an abnormal crescent or “sickle” shape. It is also known as sickle cell disease (SCD).

3. About (SCD) It is  an inherited blood disease  which is most common among people of Africa, Arabia and Indian origin. It is a group of disorders that  affects hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that delivers oxygen  to cells throughout the body. People with this disease have atypical hemoglobin molecules called  hemoglobin S, which can distort red blood cells into a sickle , or crescent shape. This  blocks blood flow and oxygen from reaching all parts of the body. It is an autosomal recessive disease, which means you need to have two copies of the sickle cell gene in order to have disease.

4. fig: Inside Sickle Cell Anemia

5. Normal Blood Cell VS sickle Blood Cell Normal

6. The diagram above shows the difference in the synthesis of haemoglobin in normal DNA and mutated DNA in sickle cell anaemia.

7. STATISTICAL PROBABILITY OF SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA-

8. TYPES OF SCD . Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA)- HbSS . Sickle Cell Disease(SCD)- HbSc . Sickle Beta Thalassemia ( HbS β+thalassemia) . Sickle Beta Zero Thalassemia ( HbS /β0) . Sickle Cell Trait (SCT)- HbAS . Haemoglobin SD ( HbSD ) . Haemoglobin SE ( HbSE ) . Haemoglobin SO ( HbSO )

9. Symptoms of sickle cell anemia Paleness ,yellowing ,coldness JAUNDICE Dizziness,Fainting FATIGUE Chronic ulcers FOOT SWELLING Back pain BREATHLESSNESS SWOLLEN HAND JOINT PAIN

10. D iagnosis Hemoglobin electrophoresis High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing New born screening

11. IRON RICH DIET Take folic acid supplements daily and choose a healthy diet. Drink plenty of water. Avoid temperature extremes . Exercise regularly, but don't overdo it . Usenon -prescription medications with caution. Don't smoke. Treatment

12. Conclusions  Sickle cell anemia varies from person to person. Some people experience episodes of chronic pain crises. However, with proper care and treatment, many people with the disease can have improved quality of life and good health most of the time. Because of improved treatments and care, people who have sickle cell anemia are now living into their forties, fifties, or longer.

13. Thanks