Computer Hardware and It's Components By Sulav Acharya

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1. UNIT 8 Computer Hardware 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 1

2. Computer hardware physical components that make up a computer system. CPU Motherboards RAM Storage devices 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 2

3. Mother board and its parts: mainboard or system board primary circuit board in a computer. It serves as the central hub that connects and facilitates communication between various hardware components. 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 3

4. Components of motherboard: CPU  with its logic circuitry that processes the instructions from programs, the operating system and other computer components; memory  where instructions and data are temporarily stored and executed; storage interface  for solid-state or hard disk drive for persistent data and application storage; ROM BIOS  providing non-volatile memory that stores firmware, such as the basic input/output system or BIOS 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 4

5. Contd …… Northbridge   chipset  that connects CPU, memory, storage and other components; Southbridge   chipset  that connects peripheral elements to the motherboard and connects to the Northbridge; cooling fans  that maintain a suitable internal operating temperature; peripheral connector slots  for plugin peripheral cards, such as graphics and communications adapters; connectors for peripheral devices  such as USB ports and other connectors for external devices; the backup battery  that ensures key system configuration data is maintained when main power is unavailable; and the power connector , connecting to an external power source. 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 5

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7. Slots the physical connectors on the motherboard where expansion cards or other devices can be installed. These slots provide interfaces for connecting additional hardware components to the motherboard, thereby expanding the capabilities of the computer system 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 7

8. Slots on motherboard: PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) RAM Slots PCI Express (PCIe) M.2 Slots Expansion Card Slots 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 8

9. PCI in motherboard A PCI slot is a built-in slot on a device that allows for the attachment of various hardware components such as network cards, modems, sound cards, disk controllers and other peripherals. installing expansion cards onto the motherboard. These expansion cards can add various functionalities to the computer system, such as sound cards, network interface cards (NICs), SCSI controllers, and more. PCI slots provide a standardized interface for connecting expansion cards and are not compatible with RAM modules. 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 9

10. 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 10

11. RAM SLOTS DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module) slots are used for installing memory modules (RAM) onto the motherboard. RAM modules are essential for providing temporary storage for data and instructions that the CPU actively uses during operation. RAM slots are designed specifically for memory modules and are not compatible with other types of expansion cards or peripherals. 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 11

12. Daughterboard: a daughtercard, mezzanine board, or expansion board is a separate circuit board that plugs into or connects to a larger circuit board typically referred to as the main or baseboard. Daughterboards are used to expand the functionality of the main board or to provide additional features. 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 12

13. Expansion slot An expansion slot is a socket or connector on a motherboard or expansion card that allows additional expansion cards to be inserted or connected to the system. These slots provide a standardized interface for expanding the functionality of a computer system by adding various types of expansion cards or peripherals. 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 13

14. BIOS BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System. It is a firmware interface used by computers to initialize hardware components during the boot process and to provide basic system configuration settings. BIOS is stored on a non-volatile memory chip (usually a ROM or EEPROM) on the motherboard. 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 14

15. SMPS Switched-Mode Power Supply. It is a type of power supply unit used in computers and other electronic devices to convert AC (alternating current) power from the electrical outlet into DC (direct current) power required by the components of the computer system. SMPS units are also commonly referred to as switching power supplies. 240V  Limited power supply for all components 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 15

16. SMPS 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 16

17. Functions of SMPS Power conversion: - convert the high-voltage AC power from electrical outlet to low voltage DC(direct current) power required by the computer components. Voltage Regulations: SMPS units include voltage regulation circuitry to maintain a stable output voltage despite fluctuations in input voltage or load conditions. This ensures that the computer components receive the correct and consistent voltage levels necessary for reliable operation. Overvoltage protection Overcurrent protection Short circuit protection 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 17

18. CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor. refers to a type of semiconductor technology used in the construction of integrated circuits, particularly those that require low power consumption. referring to the CMOS battery and the CMOS setup. 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 18

19. CMOS battery 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 19

20. Functions of CMOS BIOS Settings Storage : The CMOS chip stores the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) settings of the computer. essential configuration parameters such as the date and time, boot sequence, hardware settings, and other system preferences. These settings are retained even when the computer is powered off because the CMOS chip is powered by a small battery known as the CMOS battery. 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 20

21. Contd …….. Real-Time Clock : The CMOS chip contains a real-time clock (RTC) that keeps track of the current date and time. This clock continues to run even when the computer is turned off, thanks to the power provided by the CMOS battery. The real-time clock is crucial for various system functions and for ensuring accurate timekeeping. 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 21

22. Contd …………… Hardware Configuration : Various hardware configuration settings are stored in the CMOS, including information about the installed CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory (RAM), storage drives, and other peripheral devices connected to the computer. These settings help the system identify and properly configure hardware components during startup. 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 22

23. Microprocessors A microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) that serves as the brain of a computer system. It is an integrated circuit (IC) that contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, registers, and other essential components required for processing data and executing instructions. 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 23

24. Microprocessor 4/27/2024 Prepared by: Er. Sarita Chhetri 24