Computer Introduction (Hardware)-Lecture02

Computer Introduction-, Lecture-02 for college of Computers students, Seiyun University , yemen 2024-2025 Academic year. لطلاب كلية الحاسبات بجامعة سيئون
مقدمة في علوم الحاسوب المحاضرة الثانية

1. COMPUTER INTRODUCTION Lecture No. 2 : Introduction to Computer Hardware Lecturer: Dr. Mazin Alkathiri Department of Information Technology, College of Computers Seiyun University September , 2024 1

2. الماديات ( Hardware ) 1- البرمجيات ( Software ) 2- الماديــــات Hardware: The term hardware refers to the physical components of your computer such as, the electronic & Metallic parts electric cables …etc. Input Unit Devices . Processing Unit . Output Unit . Components Of A Computer ? Computer divided to two main parts:

3. Introduction to Computer Hardware Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system. Hardware components work together to execute software instructions. They are essential for input, output, processing, and storage of data. The basic Hardware Components Input Devices Output Devices Storage Devices Processing Devices Communication Devices Motherboard and Power Supply

4. BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF COMPUTER 4

5. Input Devices Overview Input devices allow users to provide data to the computer. Input devices convert human actions into machine-readable signals. Examples : Mouse, Keyboard, Microphone, Joy-stick, OMR, MICR, Light Pen, Scanner, Camera. Keyboard : used to input text and commands into the computer. Includes letter keys, numeric keys, function keys, and control keys. Common types: Mechanical, Membrane, Wireless Keyboards. Mouse : a pointing device used to control the cursor on the screen. Optical and Laser Mouse are common types. It typically has two buttons and a scroll wheel for interaction .

6. Input Devices Examples 6

7. Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU, often called the "brain" of the computer, is responsible for executing instructions from programs and controlling other hardware components. Example: Intel Core i7, AMD Ryzen 9 Functions: Arithmetic and logic operations: The CPU performs basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Control unit: It directs the flow of data between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices . Memory Registers: A register is a temporary unit of memory in the CPU to temporarily hold some data during processing .

8. Output Devices Overview Output devices display or present data processed by the computer. These devices convert digital data into a Human Understandable format. Examples : Monitor, Printer, Speakers, Projector. Monitor(most common form of output .The screen on monitor is made up of thousands of tiny coloured dots called pixel ), Projector, Printer, Plotter, Speaker,and Headphone. Monitor : displays the graphical user interface and other visual outputs. Common types: LCD, LED, OLED displays. Screen resolution and refresh rate determine visual quality . Printer : creates a hard copy of digital documents and images. Types include: Inkjet, Laser, and Dot Matrix printers. Used for documents, photographs, and high-quality prints.

9. Output Devices Examples 9

10. Storage Devices Computer memory is the hardware that stores data and instructions for processing by the computer’s CPU. It is essential for the performance and functionality of a computer system. Memory is classified into two main types: primary memory (volatile) and secondary memory (non-volatile). Let's break down each type in detail, along with examples. Storage devices hold data permanently or temporarily. Primary storage: RAM (volatile) and ROM (non-volatile). Secondary storage: Hard Drives, SSDs, USB drives, and Cloud Storage.

11. 1. Primary Memory (Volatile Memory) Primary memory refers to the computer's main memory, where data is temporarily stored for quick access by the CPU while the computer is running. It is volatile, meaning it loses its data when the power is turned off. Types of Primary Memory: a. Random Access Memory (RAM) b . Cache Memory c. Registers 11

12. a. Random Access Memory (RAM ) RAM is a temporary storage area that the CPU uses to store data and programs that are currently in use. The more RAM a computer has, the better it can handle multiple tasks at once. Example: DDR4 16GB RAM: Common in modern computers and laptops. Uses: Storing operating system data and running applications. Allows quick read and write access, which speeds up tasks like opening files and switching between programs. Characteristics: Volatile memory, meaning data is lost when the computer is shut down. Fast access time compared to secondary memory . 12

13. b. Cache Memory Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located inside or near the CPU. It stores frequently accessed data and instructions to speed up processing. Example: L1, L2, and L3 cache found in modern processors like Intel Core i7 or AMD Ryzen. Uses: Holding data that the CPU uses repeatedly, reducing the need to access slower main memory (RAM). Characteristics: Extremely fast but small in size. Volatile memory that stores data temporarily . 13

14. c. Registers Registers are small, fast storage locations inside the CPU that hold data and instructions that the CPU is currently processing. Example: Program counter, accumulator, instruction register in the CPU. Uses: Holding intermediate data during calculations and executing instructions. Characteristics: The fastest memory in a computer. Directly accessed by the CPU for immediate execution. 14

15. 2. Secondary Memory (Non-Volatile Memory ) Secondary memory provides long-term data storage and is non-volatile, meaning data is retained even when the computer is powered off. It is slower than primary memory but can store much larger amounts of data. Types of Secondary Memory : Punch Card Hard Disk Drive (HDD ) Floppy Disk Solid State Drive (SSD) Optical Discs USB Flash Drive Memory Cards 15

16. a. Punch Card A punched card , punch card , IBM card , or Hollerith card is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions.

17. b. Hard Disk Drive (HDD ) HDDs are traditional mechanical storage devices that store data on spinning magnetic platters. Example: Western Digital 1TB HDD Uses: Storing operating systems, applications, files, and media. Ideal for large amounts of data like photos, videos, and backups. Characteristics: Non-volatile, data is retained even when power is off. Slower compared to SSDs but cheaper for large storage capacities . 17

18. ©2001 Paradigm Publishing Inc. 18 Hard Disk Storage Sealed Metal Housing The housing protects the internal components from dust particles that could block the gap between the read/write heads and the platters, causing the hard drive to crash. Drive Spindle The drive spindle is connected to a motor which spins one or more magnetically coated platters at several thousand revolutions per minute. More platters mean greater disk storage capacity. Head Actuator This component moves the collection of read/write heads across the surface of the platters with extreme accuracy. It aligns the heads with the tracks that lie in concentric circles on the platters. Read/Write Head These read/write heads move in unison across the surfaces of the platters. The heads write data to the platters by aligning magnetic particles on the surface and read data by detecting the polarity of the particles. Sector When formatting the hard drive, the computer divides the disk into radial sections called sectors. Track Circular and concentric paths the read/write heads follow when reading information from the disk .

19. c. Floppy Disk It is external to a computer and can be put into a floppy disk drive (FDD) attached to a computer for reading and writing information. It also uses electro magnetic theory to store information. . Standard capacity : 1.44 MB Types: 5¼ inch >> 1.25MB 3½ inch >>1.44MB

20. d. Solid State Drive (SSD ) SSDs are flash memory-based storage devices that have no moving parts, making them faster and more reliable than HDDs. Example: Samsung 970 EVO 500GB SSD Uses: Storing the operating system and frequently used applications for faster performance. Used in modern laptops, desktops, and servers for improved speed and reliability. Characteristics: Non-volatile memory. Faster read/write speeds compared to HDDs. More expensive per GB of storage . 20

21. e. Optical Discs Optical discs use laser technology to read and write data on discs such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. Example: DVD (4.7GB), Blu-ray Disc (25GB) Uses: Media storage, software distribution, and backup of files. Characteristics: Non-volatile. Limited storage capacity compared to modern storage technologies . 21

22. f. USB Flash Drive USB flash drives are portable storage devices that use flash memory. They are small, durable, and can be easily connected via USB ports. Example: SanDisk 64GB USB Flash Drive Uses: Transferring files between computers and providing portable storage. Characteristics: Non-volatile memory. Limited storage compared to HDDs and SSDs but highly portable . 22

23. g. Memory Cards Memory cards are small, portable storage devices commonly used in mobile phones, cameras, and tablets. Example: MicroSD Card 128GB Uses: Storing media files such as photos, videos, and music. Characteristics: Non-volatile memory. Small and portable with moderate storage capacity. 23

24. 3. Tertiary and Offline Memory Tertiary memory is used for backup and archiving purposes, and is often slower than secondary memory. Offline memory refers to storage media that can be physically removed from the system. a. Magnetic Tape b. Cloud Storage 24

25. a. Magnetic Tape Magnetic tape is used for long-term archival storage, particularly in large data centers and institutions where data longevity is more important than access speed. Example: LTO-8 tape drive (30TB per tape) Uses: Backup and archival storage. Characteristics: Very high storage capacity. Slow read/write times but highly reliable for long-term storage . 25

26. b. Cloud Storage Cloud storage refers to storing data on remote servers that can be accessed over the internet. Data is stored in data centers managed by service providers. Example: Google Drive, Dropbox, Amazon S3 Uses: Storing files and data online, accessible from anywhere with an internet connection. Ideal for backups, collaboration, and file sharing. Characteristics: Non-volatile. 26

27. 4. Virtual Memory Virtual memory is not a separate type of physical memory but an extension of RAM. It allows the computer to compensate for a shortage of RAM by using a portion of the hard drive or SSD as an extension. Example: Paging file (Windows), Swap partition (Linux) Uses: Enables a system to run more applications than the available RAM would typically allow. Characteristics: Slower than physical RAM, as it uses disk storage. Helps improve multitasking when RAM is fully utilized. 27

28. Summary of Memory Types Memory Type Volatility Speed Capacity Example RAM Volatile Very fast Medium (4GB-32GB) 16GB DDR4 Cache Memory Volatile Extremely fast Very small (<10MB) L1, L2, L3 cache Registers Volatile Fastest Small (<1MB) CPU registers (accumulator, etc.) HDD Non-volatile Slow Large (500GB-4TB) 1TB Western Digital HDD SSD Non-volatile Very fast Medium (250GB-2TB) Samsung 970 EVO SSD USB Flash Drive Non-volatile Moderate Small (16GB-256GB) SanDisk 64GB USB Optical Discs (CD/DVD) Non-volatile Slow Small (700MB-25GB) DVD, Blu-ray Magnetic Tape Non-volatile Very slow Very large (30TB+) LTO-8 tape drive 28

29. Other Important HW Devices Motherboard Power Supply Unit (PSU ) Graphics Processing Unit (GPU ) Cooling System Network Interface Card (NIC ) Expansion Cards Case (Chassis) 29

30. Motherboard The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects all the hardware components together. It allows communication between the CPU, memory, storage, and other peripheral devices. Example: ASUS ROG Strix , MSI MPG Z490 Functions: Houses the CPU, RAM, and expansion cards. Provides connectors for other peripherals like storage devices, graphics cards, and input devices .

31. Major Components of a Motherboard SIMM RAM Bank Single Inline Memory Module stores data to be used by the microprocessor. ROM BIOS Basic Input/Output System stores permanent instructions that start the computer. Power Connector Supplies power to the motherboard. 16 Bit ISA Slots Allows expansion of computer through modem, sound and video cards. 32 Bit PCI Slots Allows expansion cards that can transfer data faster than ISA slots. Battery Provides power for the system clock. Cache RAM Stores and retrieves information for the microprocessor at a faster rate than SIMM RAM so instructions can be executed faster. Microprocessor Single integrated circuit that executes the majority of the instructions to process data.

32. Power Supply Unit (PSU ) The PSU converts electricity from the wall outlet into a usable form for the computer. It provides the necessary power to all the components inside the computer. Example: Corsair RM850x, EVGA 600 W1 Functions: Regulates voltage to prevent damage to components. Distributes power to the CPU, motherboard, and other hardware components. 32

33. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) The GPU is responsible for rendering images, videos, and animations. It offloads graphical tasks from the CPU, improving performance in tasks like gaming, video editing, and 3D rendering. Example: NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3080, AMD Radeon RX 6800 Functions: Handles complex graphical computations, especially in gaming and design software. Speeds up tasks like video encoding and machine learning in certain applications . 33

34. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

35. Cooling System Cooling components prevent the computer from overheating by dissipating the heat generated by the CPU, GPU, and other components. Example: Cooler Master Hyper 212, Corsair H100i liquid cooler Functions: Fans: Move air through the system to cool components. Heat Sinks: Absorb and dissipate heat from high-temperature components like the CPU and GPU . 35

36. Network Interface Card (NIC ) The NIC enables a computer to connect to a network and communicate with other devices over the internet or a local network. Example: TP-Link AC1300 PCIe WiFi Card Functions: Facilitates wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi) communication. Provides access to shared resources like printers and files on a network . 36

37. Expansion Cards Expansion cards are additional components installed in the motherboard to enhance the computer's capabilities. Examples: Sound card: Improves audio quality and allows for advanced audio output. Capture card: Captures and records video from external sources. Functions: Adds specialized functionality like high-quality audio or video processing. 37

38. Case (Chassis ) The case houses all the internal hardware components and provides protection, airflow, and organization. Example: NZXT H510, Fractal Design Meshify C Functions: Protects components from dust and physical damage. Provides space for proper ventilation and cooling. 38

39. Conclusion Computer hardware is the foundation of a computing system. Understanding each component is key to understanding how computers function. Hardware and software work together to create a functional system.