Computer programming for ECE Chapter 01.pdf

Chapter 01

1. COMPUTER
FUNDAMENTALS AND
PROGRAMMING
ES106A:
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
PREPARED BY: Engr. Hazel Mae Cebrian

2. The computer organization is concerned with the structure and
behavior of digital computers. The major goal of this course is to learn
about the evolution of computer system and to comprehend the overall
basic computer hardware structure, as well as its purpose and
significance.

The aim of the subject is to provide a thorough discussion of the
fundamentals of computer organization and the hardware specification
in such a way that knowing what components and functions need to be
considered in building a computer system upon the current state of
technology and the price and performance.

INTRODUCTION

3. OBJECTIVES/
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
•Students should be able to know the history and generations of
computer systems.

•Students should be able to identify the components of computer
systems and classify the different classifications of computer according
to its size and capacity, purpose, and hardware design and data.

•Students should be able to build a computer system using the
knowledge of the hardware specification and functionalities of the
components.

4. A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data.

It is a programmable machine that has the ability to store, retrieve, and process
data.
WHAT IS COMPUTER?

5. •a mechanical device used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical calculations.

•Invented in Babylonia in 500 B.C.

•It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
ABACUS

6. •Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.

•It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.

•It is too expensive.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
PASCALINE

7. •Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.

•The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and
divide automatically.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
STEPPED RECKONER

8. •The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented
by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1801.

•It an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
JACQUARD LOOM

9. •It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to
tabulate polynomial functions.

•Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834

•It is the first mechanical computer.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
DIFFERENCE ENGINE

10. •In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron (Ada Augusta the
Countess of Love Lace/Ada Lovelace) suggests to
Babbage that he use the binary system.

•She writes programs for the Analytical Engine
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
ANALYTICAL ENGINE

11. •Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.

•Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.

•The first printing calculator.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION ENGINE

12. •Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.

•To assist in summarizing information and
accounting.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
TABULATING MACHINE

13. •Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (ASCC).

•Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943

•The first electro-mechanical computer.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
HARVARD MARK 1

14. •The first programmable computer.

•Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to
1937.

•To program the Z1 required that the user insert
punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output
was also generated through punch tape.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Z1

15. •Alan Turing developed the first electronic
computer in 1943.

•Computer system was a fixed-program computer
and it was not programmable.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
COLOSSUS

16. •Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.

•It was the first electronic general purpose
computer.

•Completed in 1946 by John Presper Eckert and
John W. Mauchly.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
ENIAC

17. •UNIVAC 1 stands for UNIVersal Automatic
Computer 1 was the first commercial computer.

•Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
UNIVAC 1

18. •Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

•The First Stored Program Computer

•Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.

•It has a memory to hold both a stored program as
well as data.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
EDVAC

19. •In 1954 the first electronic computer for business
was installed.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
IBM 650

20. •Appeared in 1957-1959, where Fortran language was developed.
•The state of the art in computers allowed 1 component per chip,
that is individual transistors
•From 1958-1962 many programming languages were developed.
oFORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)
oCOBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
oLISP (LISt Processor)
oALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language)
oBASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
IBM 704

21. •Designed and built by Steve Wozniak in 1976-1977

•Made home computing practicable

•With Steve Jobs, they started Apple Computer in
Woz’s garage.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
APPLE I AND APPLE II

22. •In 1981, IBM introduced its first MS-DOS
Computer.

•The first Portable Computer.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
MS-DOS COMPUTER

23. •In 1984 the Macintosh was introduced.

•This was the first mass-produced,
commercially-available computer with a Graphical
User Interface.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
MACINTOSH 128

24. •In 1989 Windows 1.0 was introduced for the PC.

•It was sort of Mac-like but greatly inferior.
Macintosh owners were known to refer to it
sarcastically as AGAM-84 "Almost as Good As
Macintosh 84.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
WINDOWS 1.0

25. – used vacuum tubes as the basic components for
memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing
Unit)
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
1946-1959
Vacuum tube based
FIRST GENERATION

26. – it was invented at Bell Labs in 1948 general-purpose
computers using transistors that were faster, smaller in
size, weighed less, needed less power, and were more
reliable
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
1959-1965
Transistor based
SECOND GENERATION

27. – an IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors
along with the associated circuitry.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
1965-1971
Integrated Circuit based
THIRD GENERATION

28. – VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration)
– VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other
circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip
made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation
becoming more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
1971-1980
Microprocessor based
FOURTH GENERATION

29. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
1980-onwards
FIFTH GENERATION
Microprocessor based
– ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration)
– it is based on parallel processing hardware and AI
(Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in
computer science, which interprets the means and method of
making computers think like human beings.

30. COMPUTER COMPONENTS
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
the physical parts or
components of a computer
a set of instructions,
programs that are used to
execute any particular task. Input
Output
Processing
Memory
System Software
Application Software
Programming Languages

31. COMPUTER COMPONENTS
HARDWARE Input Devices
– any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and control it.
Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner, Web cam

32. COMPUTER COMPONENTS
– any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into human-readable
form.
Monitor, Headphones, Printer, Speaker, Projector
HARDWARE Output Devices

33. COMPUTER COMPONENTS
– the components responsible for the processing of information within the computer system.
CPU, GPU, Motherboard, Network card, video card, Soundcard
HARDWARE Processing Devices

34. COMPUTER COMPONENTS
– devices that stores all data temporary and permanent nature and BYTE is the unit of memory
PRIMARY SECONDARY
•RAM (Random Access Memory)
•ROM (Read-Only Memory)
•Hard disk drive
•Flash drive
•Optical drive
•External drive
HARDWARE Memory/Storage Devices

35. COMPUTER COMPONENTS
SOFTWARE System Software
– a computer software that is designed for running the computer hardware parts and the
application programs.
Windows 10, Linux, MacOS

36. COMPUTER COMPONENTS
SOFTWARE Application Software
– application software that is designed for the users to perform some specific tasks like writing a
letter, listening to music or seeing any video.
MS Office, Anti-Virus, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Filmora

37. COMPUTER COMPONENTS
SOFTWARE Programming Languages
– programming language is the third category of computer software which is used by the
programmers to write their programs, scripts, and instructions which can be executed by a
computer.
Java, Python, C/C++, C#, PHP, JavaScript

38. Input–Process–Output (IPO)
model is a widely used approach in
systems analysis and software
engineering for describing the
structure of an information
processing program or another
process.
FUNCTIONALITIES OF A COMPUTER

39. •the very fastest and powerful, and expensive type of
computer for processing data.
•made to perform multi-specific tasks.
•composed of many CPUs that work in parallel order
called Multiprocessing or Parallel Processing.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Super Computer
Based on Size and Capacity
IBM Blue Gene

40. •multi-programming, high-performance, and multi-user
computer.
•can handle the workload of more than 100 users at a time
on the computer.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Mainframe Computer
Based on Size and Capacity
IBM Z Systems Z13

41. •a digital and multi-user system with the connection of
more than one CPU.
•currently used to store large databases, multi-user
applications, and the automation industry.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Mini Computer
Based on Size and Capacity
PDP 11

42. •commonly the Personal Computer widely used today.
•typically used for personal use.
•widely used in many fields like home, office, data
collection, business, education, entertainment, publishing,
etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Micro Computer
Based on Size and Capacity
Desktop Computer

43. •do various everyday tasks such as writing a word
processing letter, document preparation, recording,
financial analysis, printing documents.
•has versatility and useful for serving people’s basic needs
at home or in the workplace in the environment.
•the size, storage capacity, and cost of such computers are
mainly less.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
General Purpose Computer
Based on Purpose
Laptop/PC

44. •designed to perform a particular or specialized task.
•needs specific processors, inputs, and devices to conduct
work efficiently.
•the size, storage capacity, and cost of such computers
mainly depend on the nature and size of the work.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Special Purpose Computer
Based on Purpose
Auto Teller Machine (ATM)

45. •used only to process analog data.
•measures continuous changes in a physical quantity.
•used primarily to measure physical units like voltage,
pressure, electric current, temperature, and convert them
into digits.
•used in the fields of technology, science, research,
engineering
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Analog Computer
Based on Hardware Design & Data
Handling
Auto Teller Machine (ATM)

46. •represents the digital computer’s letters, numerical values,
or any other special symbols.

•can perform arithmetic operations such as addition,
occurrence, subtraction, multiplication, or division and all
types of logical (mathematical) operations calculates the
number for processing the data
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Digital Computer
Based on Hardware Design & Data
Handling
Auto Teller Machine (ATM)

47. •combined complex computer unit built using both analog
and digital properties and united by a single control
system.
•designed to provide functions and features that can be
found on both analog and digital devices.
•it solves too complex calculations or problems, resolves
more difficult equations immediately.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Hybrid Computer
Based on Hardware Design & Data
Handling
Auto Gasoline Pump

48. HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
A specification often refers to a set of documented requirements to be
satisfied by a material, design, product, or service.

A specification is often a type of technical standard.

49. WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN A COMPUTER?
Think about what you’re going to use it for and ow you’re going to use it.

WHY DO YOU NEED A COMPUTER?
Using it for web surfing and email, using it for online classes, school, or work,
using it to do work like graphic design, coding, or image editing, or using it for
gaming.
HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

50. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS
•CPU contributes to speed and performance.

•Think of it like the brain of the computer.

•Intel and AMD are the two main manufacturers of
processors.

•Right now, Intel currently has these processors: i3,
i5, i7, i9, and x-series.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)

51. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS
•This is the “clock speed” of the processor and
basically the faster (higher the number) your GHz
speed, the faster the computer can do what you ask
it to do.

•Behind the CPU Type you’ll see a set of numbers
that the processor speed.

•The higher the number the better.
Processor GHz Speed

52. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS
•The solid-state drive helps take care of your data,
can replace a hard drive, and uses less of the CPU.

•It is more stable long term in terms of not breaking
down.

•They also tend to be smaller in size and capacity,
and are perfect for slim-line computers.
Solid State Drive – SSD

53. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS
•Most computers come with a GPU, or graphics
card, already installed. These are known as
integrated graphics cards.

•This may be important if you’re going to be doing
photo or image editing, graphic design, or gaming.
GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)

54. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS
•Laptop computer specs will include the
approximate battery life of the computer.

•If you’re normally using your computer at home,
then battery life probably doesn’t matter a ton. But
if it’s for a student who will be sitting in a
classroom not necessarily near a plug, or if you
plan to work at a coffee shop where sometimes all
the plugs are taken, battery life might be important.
Battery Life

55. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS
•The memory enables to easily open lots of browser
tabs and allows easily have lots of programs or
applications open at once.

•RAM is measured in gigabytes (GB). A casual,
normal user wants at least 4 GB. If you are a
gamer, you want at least 8 GB. If you are a graphic
developer or image editor, you want at least 16 GB.
RAM (Random Access Memory)

56. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS
•This may not seem that important, but if you’re
going to be carrying your laptop around, it’s
something to think about!
Weight
Peripherals

57. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS
•The keyboard and mouse usually come as part of a
bundle, but you may be able to select wireless
devices that make desktops neater.
Peripherals

58. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS
•If you’re just using it for web surfing, school, or
work, you will probably want at least 15” for an
adult, but smaller would be fine if it’s for a younger
child.

•If you’re using it for visually-heavy things like
graphics or photo editing, then you might want
one of the biggest size screens available.

Screen Size

59. SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS
CPU Processor: Intel Celeron or i3 or AMD 8 or 12 or Ryzen 3
Memory: 2GB or greater
Hard drive: 128 GB +
Screen Size: your choice
Example: HP NOTEBOOK COMPUTER
Intel i3, 3.4 GHz, 8GB Memory, 128 SSD Hard Drive, 15.6″ Screen
For Web Surfing &
Email

60. SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS
CPU Processor: Intel i5 or AMD Ryzen 5
Memory: 4GB to 8GB
Hard Drive: 256 GB +
Screen Size: 14 inch +
Example: HP LAPTOP
Intel i5, 3.6 GHz, 8 GB Memory, 1 TB Hard Drive, 17.3″ Screen
For Virtual School or Work

61. SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS
CPU Processor: Intel i7 or Ryzen 7
Memory: 8GB to 32GB
Hard Drive: 500 GB + or adding on external hard drives just to have enough
Screen Size: 17 inch + (also make sure it can handle second monitors)
For Graphics & Gaming

62. SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS
Processor (CPU): Intel Core i5 (sixth generation or newer) or equivalent
Operating System: Microsoft Windows 10 Professional x64
Memory: 16 GB RAM
Storage: 500 GB internal storage drive
Monitor/Display: 14" LCD monitor, resolution of 1600 x 900 or better.
Network Adapter: 802.11ac 2.4/5 GHz wireless adapter
Other: Internal or external Webcam, lock, carrying case, external hard drive for
backups
Laptop Computers - Recommended Configurations

63. SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS
Processor (CPU): Intel Core i5 (sixth generation or newer) or equivalent
Operating System: Microsoft Windows 10 Professional x64
Memory: 16 GB RAM
Storage: 512 GB internal Solid-State Drive (SSD) or 1 TB internal HDD
Sustainability: EPEAT Silver rating (preferably EPEAT Gold)
Monitor/Display: 24" LCD monitor
Network Adaptor: 802.11ac 2.4/5 GHz wireless adapter
Other: Webcam, lock, external drive for backups
Desktop Computers - Recommended Configurations

64. THANKS!
Do you have any questions?



Message me thru:
[email protected]
0905 695 8478
fb.com/sprinztsie07

65. ASSIGNMENT NO. 1.1
REMINDER!
Please do submit the activity on or before February 12, 2022, Saturday .
INSTRUCTIONS:
•Answer the following questions and write it legibly on a sheet of paper. Handwritten answers
only.
•Capture or scan your answers and save it as a PDF file with a filename format:
Lastname_Section_Assignment1.1.pdf
•Submit through Google classroom.

66. ASSIGNMENT NO. 1.1
QUESTIONS:
1.Is a computer necessary for civil engineers? Why?

1.Being a civil engineering student, how will you build and choose your own
computer. Explain each component or hardware specifications on why you selected
those components.

REMINDER!
Please do submit the activity on or before February 12, 2022, Saturday .

67. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
•Create a table of item specification for the high spec computer that you are planning to purchase
and assemble. Please follow example format attached in this module file. (See Page 13)
•Save the table of item specification as a PDF file with a filename format:
Lastname_Section_Activity1.1.pdf
•Using the data you gathered, present your activity in class with a PowerPoint presentation.
•Each student will be given a maximum of 5 mins for class presentation during class schedule.
•Save the PowerPoint presentation with a filename format:
Lastname_Section_Activity1.1.pptx
•After presentation, submit your PowerPoint presentation and the Table of Item specification
document to Google classroom.
ACTIVITY NO. 1.1

68. RUBRICS:
•Table of Specification Content40pts
•Activity Presentation35 pts
•Design/PowerPoint Aesthetic25 pts
Total Points100 pts
ACTIVITY NO. 1.1
REMINDER!
Please do submit the activity on or before February 19, 2022, Saturday .

69. INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY :
•Assume that you are in your office. You were task by the management to
search, purchase, and assemble a high spec computer with its price ranging
from 60-100k pesos. Create a table of item specification for the high spec
computer that you are planning to purchase and assemble. Below are the
following requirements compiled according to the requirements needed by
the office.

ACTIVITY NO. 1.1

70. INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY :
•System Unit Peripherals and Devices
1. Tower Case
2. Motherboard
3. Hard Drive
4. Network Extension adapter (WLAN card) or CD-ROM if available in the motherboard.
5. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
6. GPU (Graphical Processing Unit) – is to handle graphics/video data/processes.
7. Power Supply
8. RAM (Random Access Memory)
9. Heat Sink/Fans/Air Decompressor/Water cooling-system (any devices used for ventilation)
ACTIVITY NO. 1.1

71. INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY :
•Other Devices.
1. Monitor
2. Mouse
3. Keyboard
4. Headset
5. Camera.



ACTIVITY NO. 1.1
REMINDER!
Please do submit the activity on or before February 19, 2022, Saturday .

72. TABLE OF ITEM SPECIFICATION EXAMPLE FORMAT
ACTIVITY NO. 1.1
Devices Specification Purpose QuantityPrice
1. CPU
Intel® Celeron®
Processor N Series
CPU Specifications
∙# of Cores2
∙# of Threads2
∙Processor Base Frequency1.20 GHz
∙Burst Frequency3.00 GHz
∙Cache1.5 MB L2 Cache
∙TDP6.5 W
I choose this because I think that in
order to have a smooth and efficient
computer, Intel should be used.
According to Wikipedia, it offers
multicore threading to deal with
multiple task
1 Php 2,500
2. Hard Drive
(Put hard drive
product)
(Put Specification)
(Insert your explanation why you
choose it.)
(Put
Quantity)
(Put Price)
3.


TOTAL:
MORE
THAN 60K,
LESS THAN
100K

73. •https://sites.google.com/site/uopcog/
•http://www.cs.uah.edu/~rcoleman/Common/History/History.html
•https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/infographics/a_history_of_computer_science/
•http://people.bu.edu/baws/brief%20computer%20history.html
•https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-computer
•https://btob.co.nz/business-news/five-generations-computers/
•https://digitalworld839.com/classification-of-computers/
•https://digitalworld839.com/hybrid-computer-uses-examples/
•https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
•https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/computer-hardware-components-and-specifications
•https://www.southernsavers.com/what-to-look-for-in-a-computer-specs-terms-examples/
REFERENCES

74. If at first you don't succeed;
call it version 1.0.
— Anonymous