Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020

Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.

1. Springshed Development and Management:
Concept and Approach
PRASARI
Contributors

2. Concept of Springshed Development

3. Springsareindicatedbylocationsorpointsonthe
groundsurface,wherewaterfrombeneaththe
groundemergesontothesurface.
Points of
groundwater
discharge
What are Springs?
Aspringmaybeconsideredas
an‘overflowingaquifer’
Springsrepresent‘natural
groundwaterdischargethat
feedsstreamsandrivers,often
makingsuchstreamsandrivers
perennial…

4. Forms of Springs
PointSource Wetland Seep
Springsvaryinsize,type,location;oftenremoteanddifficulttoaccess;
andvaryindischargethroughseasons
Itiscrucialtoidentifythetypeofspringinordertounderstandhowtheybehave
inspaceandtime

5. Regional Spring-scapes of Indo-Nepal Region

6. What is a Springshed ???

7. What is Watershed?
Watershedisanareawhichis
boundedbyaridgeareafrom
allsidesanddrainsoutthrough
acommonpoint
Watershed boundary
?
?

8. Classical watershed….
Ridge to valley approach…..

9. Watershed-1Watershed-2
Concept of springshed , a springshed is a set of watersheds and aquifers that integrate
into a system that supplies water to the springs in the springshed.

10. Concept of Springshed….
Recharge area Recharge area
Watershed-1Watershed-2Watershed-3Watershed-4
Springshed-1Springshed-2

11. Springs and aquifers as commons…
Springs may emerge at given point
on any land parcel but the aquifer
that provides water to the spring often
extends below many such land
parcels….
The relationship between a spring, the
aquifer system below and the watershed
above define the ‘springshed’…

13. Village-A
Village-B
It also tied into the larger concept on groundwater
management: shift in focus needed –from sources...
Watershed -1Watershed -2
Borewell
Aquifer
...to a ‘resource’, i.e. aquifers
Natural Recharge area

14. Springshed Development –Principles & Practices
Regeneratingundergroundseepage
throughengineering,vegetativeand
socialmeasuresinthespringrecharge
area
Principles:
•Increase Time of concentration
•Increase Infiltration
•Reduce Soil Erosion
•Improve Water Quality
•Promote Equitable Water Sharing
Practices:
•Trenching (SCT and CCT)
•Treatment of Drainage Channels
•Small Check Dams/Gully Plugs
•Vegetative Measures
•Social Fencing

16. View of SCTs & CCTs

17. Rainfall vsSpring Discharge
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
DungkhaoVillage, LonglengDistrict
Monthly Rainfall (mm) Spring Discharge (LPH)
Annual Rainfall: 3113 mm
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
KinungerVillage, MokokchungDistrict
Monthly Rainfall (mm) Spring Discharge (LPH)
Annual Rainfall: 2549 mm
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
OLd Jaboka Village, Mon District
Monthly Rainfall (mm) Spring Discharge (LPH)
Annual Rainfall: 2925 mm
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Gidemi Village, Phek District
Monthly Rainfall (mm) Spring Discharge (LPH)
Annual Rainfall: 1020 mm
Rainfall vsSpring Discharge across Villages of Nagaland

18. 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
Daily Water Demand and Lean Season Supply (Litres/day)
Village, District
Water Demand vs Supply in Lean Season (Litres/Day) : 2016-2017
Demand Lean Season Supply
Water Availability During Lean Season across villages of Nagaland
Demand Norm = 55 lpcd
Water Availability & Demand Estimation

19. Water Quality Standards
S. No. Parameters IS: 10500 (Limits for Drinking Water)Permissible limit in the absenceof alternate source
1.Temperature -
2.Colour Colourless Colourless
3.Odour Agreeable Agreeable
4.pH 6.5to8.5 Norelaxation
5.Alkalinity,mg/l 200 600
6.Hardness,mg/l 200 600
7.Nitrate–N,mg/l45.0 Norelaxation
8.Fluoride,mg/l 1.0 1.5
9.Chloride,mg/l 250 1000
10.Iron,mg/l 0.3 Norelaxation
11.Faecalcoliform Absent 0
(BureauofIndianStandards(2012)
Note:Faecalcoliform(FC)valuesshouldmeetfor90%times,Failuretocomplywithoneormoreoftheabovelimitsshallimplyassignmentofthenextlowerclass.
Spring Water Contamination: Ground Water & Sanitation Interactions

20. Water Quality Data of Springs of SihphirVillage, Mizoram
Spring pH
TDS
(mg/l)
Hardness
(mg/l)
Alkalinity
(mg/l)
Chloride
(mg/l)
Iron
(mg/l)
Nitrate
(mg/l)
Faecal
ChhimVeng 7.3 137 103
32
5 0.1 18
High
SihphirLui 6.9 122 86
32
7 0 22
Medium
Luinai 7.1 133 112
24
15 0 19
Low
Maul Lui 7.9 144 78
36
6 0.3 18
Medium
Permissible Limit6.5-8.5500 300 200 250 0.3 45 Nil

21. Benefits of Springshed Development
•Reduced Peak Flow
•Increased Base Flow
•Reduced Lean Flow Period
•Higher Plant Survival Rate
•Increased biomass production
•Increased Fodder Availability
•Household Water Security
•Improved Water Quality
•Increased Life of Downstream
Storage Structures

22. Approach

23. Approach for SpringshedDevelopment

24. Orientation of Government Officials
Planning Exercises with Communities
I : Need based Capacity Building of Stakeholders
Exposure of Extension Agencies
Training of Para Workers on Water Quality

25. Training Modules
Theory
•Groundwateranditssignificance
•Introductiontosprings
•Introductiontogeologyandhydrogeological
propertiesoftherocks
•IntroductiontoSpringshedManagement
•Springdischargemeasurement
•Groundwaterquality:Anintroduction
•In-situwaterqualitytesting
•Springshedplanning:Waterdemand,supplyand
gapestimates
•IntroductiontouseofinstrumentslikeGPS,
Brunton
•Communitymobilization(SandeshYatra)
•Socialandresourcemapping
•FieldWork:Transectwalk,Identificationofsprings
androcks,geologicalmapping
Theory
•Revisionofthefirsttraining
•Identificationofrechargearea
•Springsregenerationmethods
•Engineeringsurvey:contourmapping:useof
A-Frame,slopemeasurement
•EngineeringandVegetativemeasures
FieldWork:Slopemeasurement,Contour
mapping,LayoutofSCTs
TrainingModule–I Training Module –II
Training Module –III
Theory
•Revisionofthesecondtraining
•FormationofSpringWaterUserGroup
•ProtocolsforWUGsincludingsocialfencing,
sharingofwater,contributions..
•MonitoringSystems:Rainfall,Discharge&
Quality
FieldWork:FormationofWUG,Installation
ofraingauges
Pedagogy:classroomlectures,groupdiscussions,
practicals&fieldexposure

26. Creation of Spring Inventory
Geological Mapping of Exposed Area
Hydrogeological Map of Spring
Specific Recharge Area (hectare) 0.75
Size of Trenches (m) 2 X 0.6 X 0.45
(40-50% slope)
No. of Trenches 52
Vertical interval (contour) 8-10 m
Proposed Area of grass on bund 720 sq.m.
Proposed no. of saplings 200
SpringshedTreatment Activities
II: Hydro-geology based Planning

27. III: Community Driven Interventions
Capacity Building of Para Workers
Community Awareness Programs Formation & Capacity Building of WUG
Drafting of Spring Protocols

28. III: Community Driven Approach (Contd.)
Monitoring Rainfall, Spring Dis. & QualityOperation & Maintenance
Community Nurseries Contributions for Digging Trenches

29. •WithSWItechnique,the
averagegrainandstraw
yieldswentup.
•IntroducingSCIformaize,
vegetablesand spices
helpedfarmers(58outof
152householdsin3villages)
earnadditionalincome
IV: Integrating Demand Management
2.4
3.3
3.9
4.8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Grain Straw
Yield in Ton/hectare
ConventionalSWI
1.3
10
22
1.5
12
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Maize Green Chilli Ginger
Yield in Ton/hectare
Average Production in Tons/Ha
ConventionalSCI
Improvement in Crop Water Use Efficiency

30. V: High Resolution Hydrological Monitoring
a) Hilly terrain of Almorawatershed
c) Auto Weather Station d) Spring location e) Parshallflume at stream
f) Lean flow in stream g) Non-recording rain
gauge
i) Installation of Pan Evaporimeter
b) Mountainous terrain of Pauri
watershed

31. Average Stream
Discharge
Maximum
Flow
Minimum
Flow
0.013 m
3
s
-1
0.033 m
3
s
-1
0.0026 m
3
s
-1
Average Spring
Discharge
Maximum
Flow
Minimum
Flow
20.9 LPM 44.4 LPM 1.6 LPM
Shiv GaderaWatershed, Almora
Area Cum.Rainfall Stream Runoff Spring Discharge
176 Ha 483.5 mm 0.013 m
3
s
-1
20.9 LPM
Spring and Stream Discharge vsRainfall-Shiv Gadera

32. Increase in Lean Season Discharge
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Wokha Tuensang Dimapur Kohima Mon Kiphire Longleng Peren Phek ZunhebotoMokokchung
Lean Season Spring Discharge (Pre and Post Treatment)
Discharge for February, 2017 (LPM)
Discharge for February, 2018 (LPM)

33. Way Forward
•Villagelevelwatersecurityplanningbasedonwaterbudgeting,spring
rechargeactivities,andcapacitybuildingofinstitutions.
•IntroductionofwaterefficienttechnologieslikeSCIleadingtomorerational
groundwateruse.
•Creationofacadreofpara-hydrogeologistsequippedtoextendscience
basedspringsheddevelopmentintheregion.
•Sanitaryprotocolsforrechargeareasleadingtoaccesstosafedrinkingwater
andreducedhealthrisks
•Communitybasedmonitoringofspringdischargeandwaterqualitytoensure
ownershipandsustainability
•Strengthenedvillagelevelinstitutionsformanagingspringsinasustainable
andequitablemanner.
•Monitoringofimpactsincludingaccesstowater,biomassavailability,soil
conservationandenhancedlivelihoods.
•Documentationofscientificdatabaseandhydrologicalmodellingfor
planningspringsheddevelopmentinotherareas.
Community's involvement helps managing groundwater (springs) as a common
pool resource

34. PRASARI
Thank You