Concept of Disaster & Disaster Risk.pptx

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1. Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster Risk

2. Disaster A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins.

3. Disaster ( VULNERABILITY+ HAZARD ) / CAPACITY = DISASTER A disaster occurs when a hazard impacts on vulnerable people . The combination of hazards, vulnerability and inability to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk results in disaster. Source: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent

4. Aggravating Factors of Disaster

5. Aggravating Factors of Disaster Climate change ranks among the greatest global problems of the 21st century and the scientific evidence on climate change is stronger than ever. The   Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)  released its  Fourth Assessment Report  in early 2007, saying that climate change is now unequivocal. It confirms that extremes are on the rise and that the most vulnerable people, particularly in developing countries, face the brunt of impacts.

6. Aggravating Factors of Disaster The gradual expected temperature rise may seem limited (with a likely range from 2 to 4 degrees Celsius predicted for the coming century), however a slightly higher temperature is only an indicator that much more is awry. Along with the rising temperature, known as global warming we experience : An increase in both frequency and intensity of extreme weather events: more prolonged  droughts ,  floods ,  landslides ,  heat waves , and more intense  storms ;

7. Aggravating Factors of Disaster The spreading of  insect-borne diseases  such as  malaria  and  dengue  to new places where people are less immune to them; A decrease in crop yields in some areas due to extreme droughts or downpours and changes in timing and reliability of rainy seasons; Global sea level rise of several cm per decade, which will affect  coastal flooding , water supplies, tourism, fisheries etc. Tens of millions of people will be forced to move inland; Melting Glaciers, leading to water supply shortages.

8. Aggravating Factors of Disaster Climate change is here to stay and will accelerate. Although climate change is a global issue with impacts all over the world, those people with the least resources have the least capacity to adapt and therefore are the most vulnerable. Developing countries, more particularly its poorest inhabitants, do not have the means to fend off floods and other natural disasters; to make matters worse, their economies tend to be based on climate/weather-sensitive sectors such as agriculture and fishery, which makes them all the more vulnerable.

9. Aggravating Factors of Disaster Climate change is here to stay and will accelerate. Although climate change is a global issue with impacts all over the world, those people with the least resources have the least capacity to adapt and therefore are the most vulnerable. Developing countries, more particularly its poorest inhabitants, do not have the means to fend off floods and other natural disasters; to make matters worse, their economies tend to be based on climate/weather-sensitive sectors such as agriculture and fishery, which makes them all the more vulnerable . There are 139 developing countries in the world, including the Philippines

10. Aggravating Factors of Disaster

11. Aggravating Factors of Disaster: Underdevelopment The vast majority of lives both lost and affected by natural disasters come from developing countries, underlining the link between poverty and vulnerability to disaster. At the root of this disparity is poverty. People in wealthier countries have better access to the kinds of resources that help both prevent natural disasters becoming crises and to cope with them when they do occur. The earth is a hazardous place and natural disasters will continue to occur, but it is mainly in poorer countries that they lead to humanitarian disasters. The vast majority of lives claimed by natural disasters are in such countries and survivors often lose their livelihoods in the aftermath and are forced into more extreme levels of poverty.

12. Aggravating Factors of Disaster: Underdevelopment This is not purely down to economics, but also ‘age’ and ‘gender’ play a large part as does the environment that people live in . Developing countries Cause setbacks to long term economic and social development of the country Lack of resources for early warning systems; unplanned squatter developments are not designed to withstand natural forces Inflicts massive casualties due to lack of relief infrastructure and resources Forced to divert funds from development programs to emergency relief and recovery

13. Aggravating Factors of Disaster: Underdevelopment The last mile Disasters are triggered by external hazards, but they also stem from vulnerability; people being in the wrong place without protection. It is therefore vital that information extends to communities to help them adopt protective actions and engage people living outside of the early warning systems. This is commonly known as ‘the last mile’, which means that warnings often don’t reach those who need them most.

14. Aggravating Factors of Disaster: Underdevelopment The last mile Poorer people are often marginalized socially, politically and geographically and often may not receive early warning of hazards. The relationship between underdevelopment and disasters is made clear in the International Federation Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) World Disaster Report 2009. Why does poverty mean vulnerability? If an area prone to natural hazards such as flooding or earthquakes, there are various measures that can be taken to prepare.

15. Aggravating Factors of Disaster: Underdevelopment Early warning systems can be adapted; well organized evacuation procedures can be put in place; buildings can be designed and built to withstand hazards; protective barriers can be built to insure against rising water levels. However, such projects require adequate financial resources, effective government and strong community links. A protection that developed countries across the world benefit from, but a safeguard rarely possible for poorer nations.

16. Aggravating Factors of Disaster: Underdevelopment Each year natural disasters occur across the world and in recent years countries including Haiti, Indonesia, Pakistan, Myanmar, USA, China, India, Iran, Turkey and Chile have all suffered severely, with the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives. The highest casualties can be seen in the poorer nations of both Haiti and Indonesia. Rapid urbanization has led to poorer people being marginalized from safe and legal areas in many of these countries, forcing many to live in high risk locations, such as flood plains, river banks, steep slopes and reclaimed land.

17. Aggravating Factors of Disaster: Underdevelopment In these unplanned squatter settlements, homes are not built to withstand such natural forces. Many of these settlements lack even the most basic infrastructure, such as health and fire services and fresh water and sanitation. This leaves communities extremely at risk following a natural disaster. A considerable incentive for rethinking disaster risk as an integral part of the development process comes from the aim of achieving the goals laid out in the  Millennium Declaration . The Declaration sets forth a road map for human development supported by 191 nations.

18. Aggravating Factors of Disaster: Underdevelopment Eight  Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)  were agreed upon in 2000, which in turn have been broken down into 18 targets with 48 indicators for progress . Most goals are set for achievement by 2015 . The Millennium Development Goals have provided a focus for development efforts globally however, there remains little cause for celebration since the  Millennium Declaration  was signed committing governments to these goals While poverty has fallen and social indicators have improved, most countries will not meet the Millennium Development goals by 2015 and the existing gap between rich and poor is widening.

19. Aggravating Factors of Disaster: Underdevelopment Recently the campaigns on poverty have resulted in key milestones on aid and debt relief. While positive, much more is needed if the MDGs are to be realized. These efforts to reduce poverty are vital for vulnerability reduction and strengthened resilience of communities to disasters.

20. Aggravating Factors of Disaster

21. Aggravating Factors of Disaster: Unplanned Urbanization Today 50 % of the world population lives in urban centers by 2030 this is expected to increase to 60%. The majority of the largest cities, known as Mega Cities are in developing countries while 90% of the population growth of developing countries will be urban in nature. Migration  from rural to urban areas is often trigged by repeated natural disasters and lack of livelihood opportunities. However , at the same time many mega-cities are built in areas where there is a heightened risk for earthquakes, floods, landslides and other natural disasters.

22. Aggravating Factors of Disaster: Unplanned Urbanization Many people living in large urban centers such as slums lack access to improved water, sanitation, security of tenure, durability of housing, and sufficient living area . This lack of access to basic services and livelihood leads to increasing risk of discrimination, social exclusion and ultimately violence

23. Disaster Risk Disaster risk is expressed as the likelihood of loss of life, injury or destruction and damage from a disaster in a given period of time. A man stands surrounded by the devastation wrought by Typhoon Haiyan in the city of Tacloban © Henry Donati /Department for International Development CC by 2.0

24. Disaster Risk Disaster risk is widely recognized as the consequence of the interaction between a hazard and the characteristics that make people and places vulnerable and exposed . RISK = HAZARD X EXPOSURE X VULNERABILITY Disasters are sometimes considered external shocks, but disaster risk results from the complex interaction between development processes that generate conditions of exposure, vulnerability and hazard (UNISDR, 2009a).

25. Disaster Risk Disaster risk is therefore considered as the combination of the severity and frequency of a hazard, the numbers of people and assets exposed to the hazard, and their vulnerability to damage (UNISDR, 2015a). Intensive risk is disaster risk associated with low-probability, high-impact events, whereas extensive risk is associated with high-probability, low-impact events . There is no such thing as a natural disaster, but disasters often follow natural hazards.

26. Disaster Risk The losses and impacts that characterize disasters usually have much to do with the exposure and vulnerability of people and places as they do with the severity of the hazard event (UNISDR, 2013 ). Disaster risk has many characteristics. In order to understand disaster risk, it is essential to understand that it is: Forward looking  the likelihood of loss of life, destruction and damage in a given period of time Dynamic:  it can increase or decrease according to our ability to reduce vulnerability

27. Disaster Risk Invisible :  it is comprised of not only the threat of high-impact events, but also the frequent, low-impact events that are often hidden Unevenly distributed around the earth:  hazards affect different areas, but the pattern of disaster risk reflects the social construction of exposure and vulnerability in different countries Emergent and complex:  many processes, including climate change and globalized economic development, are creating new, interconnected risks Disasters threaten development, just as development creates disaster risk.

28. Disaster Risk The key to understanding disaster risk is by recognizing that disasters are an indicator of development failures, meaning that disaster risk is a measure of the sustainability of development. Hazard , vulnerability and exposure are influenced by a number of risk drivers, including poverty and inequality, badly planned and managed urban and regional development, climate change and environmental degradation (UNISDR, 2009a, 2011, 2013 and 2015a ).

29. Disaster Risk Understanding disaster risk requires us to not only consider the hazard, our exposure and vulnerability but also society's capacity to protect itself from disasters . The ability of communities, societies and systems to resist, absorb, accommodate, recover from disasters, while at the same time improve wellbeing, is known as resilience .