Concept of energy transmission & distribution

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Purpose of Electrical Transmission System
Main Parts of Power System
One-Line Diagram of Generating Station
Main Parts of Generating Station
Components of a Transmission Line

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2. 2 COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY, ABBOTTABAD

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9. 9 Type Medium Voltage, Breaking Capacity Air break Circuit Breaker Air at atmospheric pressure (430 – 600) V– (5-15)MVA (3.6-12) KV -  500 MVA Miniature CB. Air at atmospheric pressure (430-600 ) V Tank Type oil CB. Dielectric oil (3.6 – 12) KV Minimum Oil CB. Dielectric oil (3.6 - 145 )KV Air Blast CB. Compressed Air (20 – 40 ) bar 245 KV, 35000 MVA up to 1100 KV, 50000 MVA SF6 CB. SF6 Gas 12 KV, 1000 MVA 36 KV , 2000 MVA 145 KV, 7500 MVA 245 KV , 10000 MVA Vacuum CB. Vacuum 36 KV, 750 MVA H.V.DC CB. Vacuum , SF6 Gas 500 KV DC

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14. Gather preliminary line design data and available climatic data Select reliability level in terms of return period of design Calculate climatic loading on components Calculate loads related to safety during construction and maintenance Select appropriate correction factors, if applicable, to the design components such as use factor, strength factors related to numbers of components, quality control, and the characteristic strength. Design the components for the above loads and strength. 14

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17. Voltages Level Range (KV) Maximum Length (Miles) High Voltage 100 to 230 200 Extra High Voltage 230 to 800 400 to 500 Ultra High Voltage Above 800 1300

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19. Suspension Tower Transposition Tower Tension Tower

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25. 25 25 Ryle Formula

26. 26 Where- S.No . Voltage level Ground clearance(m) 1. ≤33 KV 5.20 2. 66 KV 5.49 3. 132KV 6.10 4. 220 KV 7.01 5. 400 KV 8.84

27. 27 Voltage Level Minimum Clearance(mm) ≤33 KV 2440 66KV 2440 132 KV 2740 220 KV 3050 400 KV 4880

28. 28 System Voltage Level Clearance(m) ≤ 66 KV 2.40 132 KV 2.75 220KV 4.55 400 KV 6.00

29. 29 Where- V = Voltage of system in KV D = Diameter of Conductor in cm S = Sag in cm W = weight of conductor in Kg/m Where- V = Voltage of system in KV S = Sag in cm

30. 30 Where- l = Average span length(m) Where- V = Voltage of system in KV S = Sag in cm L = Length of insulator string in cm

31. 31 Where- E = Line Voltage in KV S = Sag in cm Where- E = Line Voltage in KV S = Sag in cm L = length of insulating string(cm)

32. Clearances b/w Conductors 32 SYSTEM VOLTAGE TYPE OF TOWER Vertical spacing b/w conductors(mm) Horizontal spacing b/w conductors(mm) 66 kV SINGLE CIRCUIT 1080 4500 DOUBLE CIRCUIT 2060 5550 132 KV SINGLE CIRCUIT 4200 7140 DOUBLE CIRCUIT 3965 7320

33. AAC(All Aluminium Conductor) AAAC(All Alloy Aluminium Conductor) 33 ACSR Conductor( Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced)

34. 34 Code Words         Stranding Aluminum     Steel Conductor    Core No/mm      No/mm  Weight Per Km Aluminum Steel kg/km     kg/km Weight Complete Conductor kg/km       Diameter Complete   Steel  Conductor  Core     mm        mm Cross Area of Aluminum mm2 Area of Complete Conductor mm2 Rated Ultimate Strength kg D.C Resistance at 20 ohm/km Gopher Rabbit Dog Hare Osprey Cuckoo Zebra Moose Panther 6/2.36 6/3.35 6/4.72 6/4.72 16/4.465 24/4.62 54/3.18 54/3.53 30/3 1/2.36 1/3.35 7/1.57 1/4.72 ¼.465 7/3.08 7/3.18 7/3.53 7/3 72 145.1 288.1 288.1 777 1116 1182 1463 588 34.1 68.8 106.2 136.5 121.8 407.6 439 535 387 106 214 394 425 898.8 15424 1621 1998 976 7.08 10.05 14.15 14.16 22.23 27.72 28.62 31.77 21 2.36 3.35 4.71 4.72 4.465 9.24 3.18 3.53 3 26.25 52.88 104.98 105 281.9 402.33 428.9 528.5 212.1 30.62 61.69 118.53 122.5 297.56 454.48 484.59 597.0 261.5 980 1875 3225 3225 6220 12385 13000 16224 9150 1.093 0.543 0.273 0.273 0.123 0.072 0.0686 0.0559 0.07311 400kv - 'Moose' ACSR 220kv - 'Zebra' ACSR 132kv - 'Panther' ACSR

35. 35 Mechanical Requirement Electrical Requirement

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37. 37 The designated RMS alternating current in amperes which a conductor will carry continuously in free air without tripping or exceeding temperature limits.

38. Where A =area of conductor(mm 2 ) I F = fault current(KA) t = fault duration(1 sec.) 38

39. V = corona starting voltage, KV( rms ) r= radius of conductor in cm D= GMD equivalent spacing b/w conductors in cm m= roughness factor = 1.0 for clean smooth conductor =0.85 for stranded conductor 39

40. 41 Shield angle 25°-30° up to 220 KV 20° for 400 KV and above Duration should be consider as 200 µ-sec Earth wire should be adequate to carry very short duration lightning surge current of 100 KA without excessive over heating Safe temp rise limited to 300°C A= Area(in mm 2 ) of cu conductor I =current in KA t = Time insecond

41. 42 System voltage Mid span clearance(m) ≤ 66 KV 3.0 110 KV 4.5 132 KV 6.1 220 KV 8.5 400 KV 9.0

42. 43 Tower footing resistance will be 10 Ω and should not be more than 20 Ω under any condition throughout the year Earth resistance depend upon soil resistivity(general 100 Ω -m)

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