Concept of Value Belief- presentation ppt

Concept of value and belief

1. UNIT II: Concept of Value Belief Ms. NOOR SHOUKAT BSc nursing

2. OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, learners will be able to: Define value/belief pattern Explain how behaviors related to values Identify sources of professional nursing values Apply cultural and developmental perspective when identifying values Examine values conflict and resolution in nursing care situations

3. Values “Values are enduring beliefs or attitudes about the worth of an individual, object, idea, or action. Values are important because they influence decisions and actions, including nurses’ ethical decision making” People organize their values internally along a continuum from most important to least important, forming a value system . Value systems give direction to life and form the basis of behavior—especially behavior that is based on decisions or choices

4. Beliefs and attitudes are related, but not identical, to values. People have many different beliefs and attitudes, but a smaller number of values. Beliefs (or opinions) are interpretations or conclusions that people accept as true. They are based more on faith than fact. Beliefs do not necessarily involve values. Attitudes are mental positions or feelings toward an individual, object, or idea (e.g., acceptance, compassion, openness). Typically, an attitude lasts over time, whereas a belief may last only briefly. Attitudes are often judged as bad or good, positive or negative, whereas beliefs are judged as correct or incorrect.

5. Values Transmission Values are learned through observation and experience. As a result, they are heavily influenced by an individual’s sociocultural environment—that is, by societal traditions; by cultural, ethnic, and religious groups; and by family and peer groups. For example, if a parent consistently demonstrates honesty in dealing with others, the child will probably begin to value honesty.

6. values clarification One widely used theory of values clarification was developed by Raths, Harmin, and Simon (1978). They described a “valuing process” of thinking, feeling, and that they termed “choosing,” “prizing,” and “ acting”

7. Personal Values Although people derive values from society and their individual subgroups, they internalize some or all these values as personal values . People need societal values to feel accepted, and they need personal values to have a sense of individuality. Professional Values Nurses’ professional values are acquired during socialization into nursing from codes of ethics, nursing experiences, teachers, and peers. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2008) identified five values essential for the professional nurse: altruism, autonomy, human dignity, integrity, and social justice.

8. Clarifying the Nurse’s Values Nurses and nursing students need to reflect on the values they hold about life, death, health, and illness. Nurses hold both personal and professional values. One strategy for gaining awareness of personal values is to consider attitudes about specific issues such as abortion or euthanasia, asking: “Can I accept this, or live with this?” “What would I do or want done in this situation?” As is true with all people, nurses’ values are influenced by culture, education, and age.

9. Clarifying Client Values The following process may help clients clarify them values: List alternatives. Examine possible consequences of choices Choose freely Describe feelings about the choice Affirm the choice Act with a pattern

10. ethics ethics has several meanings in common use. It refers to; (a) a method of inquiry that helps people to understand the morality of human behavior (i.e., it is the study of morality) (b) the practices or beliefs of a certain group (e.g., medical ethics, nursing ethics) (c) the expected standards of moral behavior of a particular group as described in the group’s formal code of professional ethics. Bioethics is ethics as applied to human life or health (e.g., to decisions about abortion or euthanasia) Nursing ethics refers to ethical issues that occur in nursing practice. The American Nurses Association’s (ANA) Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice (2015a) holds nurses accountable for their ethical conduct. Professional Performance Standard 7 relates to ethics.

11. Moral Development Moral development is the process of learning to tell the difference between right and wrong and of learning what ought and ought not to be done Two well-known theorists of moral development are Lawrence Kohlberg (1969 ) and Carol Gilligan (1982). Kohlberg’s theory emphasizes rights and formal reasoning ; Gilligan’s theory emphasizes care and responsibility , although it points out that people use the concepts of both theorists in their moral reasoning.

12. Moral Frameworks Moral theories provide different frameworks through which nurses can view and clarify disturbing client care situations Three types of moral theories are widely used, and they can be differentiated by their emphasis on (a) consequences, (b) principles and duties, or (c) relationships. Consequence-based (teleological) theories look to the outcomes (consequences) of an action in judging whether that action is right or wrong. Utilitarianism , one form of consequentialist theory, views a good act as one that is the most useful—that is, one that brings the best and the least harm to the greatest number of people. This is called the principle of utility .

13. Principles-based (deontological) theories involve logical and formal processes and emphasize individual rights, duties, and obligations. The morality of an action is determined not by its consequences but by whether it is done according to an impartial, objective principle. For example, following the rule “Do not lie,” a nurse might believe he or she should tell the truth to a dying client, even though the physician has given instructions not to do so. Relationships-based (caring) theories emphasize courage, generosity, commitment, and the need to nurture and maintain relationships. Unlike the two preceding theories, which frame problems in terms of justice (fairness) and formal reasoning, caring theories.

14. Moral Principles Moral principles are statements about broad, general, philosophical concepts such as autonomy and justice. They provide the foundation for moral rules , which are specific prescriptions for actions. For example, the rule “Do not lie” is based on the moral principle of respect for individuals (autonomy) 1. Autonomy 2. maleficence 3. Beneficence 4. veracity 5. fidelity 6. justice 7. accountability 8. confidentiality

15. Nursing Codes of Ethics A code of ethics is a formal statement of a group’s ideals and values. It is a set of ethical principles that (a) is shared by members of the group, (b) reflects their moral judgments over time, and (c) serves as a standard for their professional actions. Nursing codes of ethics have the following purposes: 1. Inform the public about the minimum standards of the profession and help them understand professional nursing conduct. 2. Provide a sign of the profession’s commitment to the public it serves. 3. Outline the major ethical considerations of the profession. 4 . Provide ethical standards for professional behavior. 5. Guide the profession in self-regulation. 6. Remind nurses of the special responsibility they assume when caring for the sick.

16. Origins of Ethical Problems in Nursing Nurses’ growing awareness of ethical problems has occurred largely because of; (a) social and technologic changes (b) nurses’ conflicting loyalties and obligations.

17. Making Ethical Decisions Many nursing problems are not moral problems at all, but simply questions of good nursing practice. An important first step in ethical decision making is to determine whether a moral situation exists. The following criteria may be used: • A difficult choice exists between actions that conflict with the needs of one or more people. • Moral principles or frameworks exist that can be used to provide some justification for the action. • The choice is guided by a process of weighing reasons. • The decision must be freely and consciously chosen. • The choice is affected by personal feelings and by the context of the situation.

18. What is in the client’s best interest may be contrary to the nurse’s personal belief system. This conflict is referred to as moral distress and is considered a serious issue in the workplace One method to assist nurses in coping with moral distress is using the four steps of The 4 A’s to Rise Above Moral Distress : ask, affirm, assess, act (American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 2004). Using this model, the nurse asks whether signs of moral distress are present, affirms a commitment to addressing the distress, assesses the sources and severity of the distress plus readiness to act, and acts to implement a plan to reduce the distress.

19. Strategies to Enhance Ethical Decisions and Practice Several strategies help nurses overcome possible organizational and social constraints that may hinder the ethical practice of nursing and create moral distress for nurses. You as a nurse should do the following: • Become aware of your own values and the ethical aspects of nursing. • Be familiar with nursing codes of ethics. • Seek continuing education opportunities to stay knowledgeable about ethical issues in nursing. • Respect the values, opinions, and responsibilities of other healthcare professionals that may be different from your own.

20. • Participate in or establish ethics rounds. Ethics rounds use hypothetical or real cases that focus on the ethical dimensions of client care rather than the client’s clinical diagnosis and treatment. • Serve on institutional ethics committees. • Strive for collaborative practice in which nurses' function effectively in cooperation with other healthcare professionals .

21. Specific Ethical Issues Some of the ethical problems nurses encounter most frequently are issues in the care of clients with HIV infection, and AIDS Abortion organ or tissue transplantation end-of-life decisions cost-containment issues that jeopardize client welfare and access to healthcare (resource allocation) breaches of client confidentiality (e.g., computerized information management)

22. Conceptualizing Culture and Its Impact on Behavior

23. ANY QUESTION

24. THANK YOU