Concrete structures

concrete structures

1. CONCRETE STRUCTURES PRESESNTED BY GROUP 1 GROUP MEMBERS; SEERAT AMEEN ZAINAB HAMID BAIZA QUYOOM ABRAR RASHID MARIYA SHAFI QAZI MUQUIET

2. + https://sc02.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1nQZEJVXXXXb1XFXXq6xXFXXXd/coarse-Aggregate.jpg + = CONCRETE is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates mixed with water which hardens with time CONCRETE FINE AGGREGATE CEMENT COARSE AGGREGATE

3. FRAME WORK TYPES OF CONCRETE PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE REINFORCED CONCRETE PRE STRESSED CONCRETE FERRO CONCRETE 2) DIFFERENT GRADES USED FOR DIFFERENT STRUCTURES 3 ) TYPES OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE FRAMED STRUCTURES IN BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES AND ITS CONSTRUCTION PROCESS SHELLED STRUCTURE AND ITS TYPES 4 ) FEW WORKS OF PIER LUIGI NERVI

4. TYPES OF CONCRETE BASED ON DESIGN OF CONCRETE PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE- MAIN CONSTITUENTS ARE CEMENT, SAND , COARSE AGGREGATE AND WATER CEMENT SAND COARSE AGGREGATE PCC

5. IT HAS NO REINFORCEMENT THIS IS MAINLY USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS , ESPECIALLY IN AREAS WITH LESS DEMAND OF HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS MASS CEMENT CONCRETE

6. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ce/ff/a0/ceffa0c285cd1d3278970754b0d5f5f1.jpg DOME OF PARTHENON, ROME WORLDS LARGEST DOME MADE OF UNREINFORCED SOLID CONCRETE

7. THE CEMENT CONCRETE IN WHICH REINFORCEMENT IS EMBEDED FOR TAKING TENSILE STRESS VIRTUALLY ANY GEOMETRIC SHAPE OR STRUCTURE CAN BE CREATED WITH RCC CONCRETE IS STRONG IN COMPRESSION BUT WEEK IN TENSION AND STEEL IS STRONG IN TENSION SO THEIR COMBINATION GIVES A STRONG STABLE STRUCTURE REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE http://happho.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/What-is-Honeycombing.jpg

8. https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/547f/5a3b/e58e/ced5/b600/0049/large_jpg/6094101399_837ab20310_o.jpg?1417632288 VILLA SAVOYE, FRANCE HOUSE CONSTRUCED IN RCC

9. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Form of concrete used in construction which is pre-stressed by being placed under compression prior to supporting any loads beyond its own dead weight. The compression is produced by the tensioning if high-strength “tendons”. Classified into two ways: 1 . Pre-tensioning. 2 . Post-tensioning.

10. Pre-tensioning The steel wires or tendon are tensioned first and the concrete is poured later . Tendons tries to shrink back to the original length but resisted by the bond between the concrete thereby transferring compressive force to concrete. Source :https://bit.ly/2tG5e9G

11. Concrete is poured first, allowed to harden and then tendons are tensioned later. Tendons are placed in sheathing at suitable places in the member before casting and later after hardening of concrete . Done after the concrete attains sufficient strength . Cables are used in place of wires and jacks are used for stretching. Post-tensioning Source :https://bit.ly/2tG5e9G

12. CONVENTION CENTRE , QATAR https://biomimeticdesign.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/qnccb.jpg

13. FERROCONCRETE FERROCONCERTE IS A FORM OF REINFORCED CONCRETE USING CLOSELY SPACED MULTIPLE LAYERS OF MESH OR SMALL DIAMETER RODS COMPLETELY INFILTRATED WITH IN MORTAR

14. APPLICATIONS FERROCONCRETE IS RECOMMENDED TO MEET THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS: TO PRODUCE HIGH EARLY STRENGTH IN A WIDE ARIETY OF CONCRETES, MORTARS AND GROUTS. TO FACILITATE THE EARLY DEMOULDING. TO REDUCE FORMWORK AT STRIKING TIMES

15. TO HELP MAINTAIN NORMAL CONCRETE PRODUCTION DURING COLD WEATHER. TO RESIST FIRE UP TO 750 C FOR A PERIOD OF 48 HOURS OR EVEN MORE TO RESIST RUST,ROT,OR BLOW DOWN IN STORMS

16. CONSTRUCTION METHOD THE FIRST STEP IS TO PREPARE THE SKELETAL FORMWORK ONTO WHICH THE WIRE MESH IS FIXED WITH A THIN TIE WIRE (IN SOME CASE BY WELDING ) A MIN OF TWO LAYER MES IS REQUIRED AND DEPENDING ON THE DESIGN UP TO 12 LAYERSHAVE BEEN USED https://i.pinimg.com/736x/2e/52/f1/2e52f12a71b2a880fa451547f2463f54--reinforced-concrete-construction-materials.jpg

17. THE SAND CEMENT AND ADDITIVES ARE CAREFULLY PROPORTIONED BY WEIGHING ,MIXED DRY AND THEN WATER HAND MIXING IS USUALLY SATISFACTORY ,BUT MECHANICAL MIXING PRODUCES MORE UNIFORM MIXES,REDUCES MANNUAL EFFORT AND SAVES TIME https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQBAcr6S8KSPSa-f47lLUptrPBHi-FC4fC_W4pAMEMySGc1RjEDZw

18. AFTER CHECKING THE STABILITY OF THE FORMWORK AND WIRE MESH REINFORMENT,THE MOTAR IS APPLIED EITHER BY HANDOR WITH A TROWEL AND THROUGHLY WORKED INTO THE MESH TO CLOSE ALL VIODS . THIS CAN BE DONE IN A SINGLE APPLICATION THAT IS FINISHING BOTH SIDES BEFORE INITIAL SET TAKES PLACE https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQBAcr6S8KSPSa-f47lLUptrPBHi-FC4fC_W4pAMEMySGc1RjEDZw

19. PROPERTIES OF FERROCONCRETE IT IS A VERY DURABLE,CHEAP AND VERSATILE MATERIAL LOW WATER CEMENT RATIO PRODUCES AN IMPERMEABLE STRUTURES LESS SHRINKAGE,AND LOW WEIGHT HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS BETTER IMPACT AND PUNCHING SHEAR RESISTANCE UNDERGO LARGE DEFORMATION BEFORE CRACKING OR HIGH DEFLECTIONS

20. USES OF FERROCONCRETE 1.WATER PROOFING FERRO CONCRETE MEMBRANE WATER PROOFING IS A STRUCTURAL TREATMENT -IT CAN NOT BE PUNCTURED -RESISTS WEAR AND TEAR IS PERMANENT WITH NEGLIGIBLE MAINTANANCE -SOLUTION TO CHRONIC LEAKAGE https://i.pinimg.com/736x/2e/52/f1/2e52f12a71b2a880fa451547f2463f54--reinforced-concrete-construction-materials.jpg

21. FERROCONCERTE IN BRIDGES

22. FERROCONCRETE KITCHEN CABINETS

23. FERROCONCRETE IN SUNSHADES

24. FERROCONCRETE IN SCULPTURES

25. FERROCEMENT BUILDING FERROCEMENT IS USED IN FLOORS ROOFS WALLS FOR RESIDENTIAL PLACES AND OFFICE BUILDINGS AND ARE FABRICATED USING FERROCEMENT COLUMNS, BEAMS AND PANEL SYSTEMS THAT HELPS REDUCTION IN CONSUMPTION OF CEMENT AND STEEL THE WEIGHT OF A FERROCONCRETE BUILDING IS 50% LESS THAN THAT OF RCC BUILDING https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQBAcr6S8KSPSa-f47lLUptrPBHi-FC4fC_W4pAMEMySGc1RjEDZw

26. FERRO CONCRETE BUTRESSES

27. INSITU CONCRETE THE CONCRETE IS POURED INTO THE FORMS AT THE BUILDING SITE https://media3.picsearch.com/is?C4O-Ybm4DtUNNwlcQ_qFPyyEugdGrJI3MX3FeusdLAA&height=154

28. ADVANTAGES OF INSITU CONCRETE ELEMENTS ARE MANUFACTURED IN A CONTROLLED CASTING ENVIRONMENT AND HAVE IT IS EASIER TO CONTROL MIX, PLACEMENT AND CURING. IT PROVIDES HIGHER DEGREE OF INSULATION. BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS FOR THE BUILDING OPERATIVES

29. DISADVANTAGES OF INSITU CONCRETE NEEDS HIGH LABOUR NUMBERS ERACTION OF FORMWORK IS TIME CONSUMING THE QUALITY CONTROL IS DIFFICULT ONCE THE CONCRETE IS CAST ITS DIFFICULT TO DO ANY MODIFICATIONS

30. PRECAST CONCRETE Precast concrete is a construction product by casting concrete in a reusable mould or form which is then cured in a controlled environment and then transported to the construction site. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prefabricated_house_construction.gif

31. PRECAST CONCRETE PROCESS 1. Production of reinforced cages and main connections . 2. Assembly of moulds https://bit.ly/2KhlHvm https://bit.ly/2KhlHvm

32. 3. Mix being poured . 4. Compaction of concrete using poker vibrator . https://bit.ly/2KhlHvm https://bit.ly/2KhlHvm

33. 5. Precast concrete being moved to storage. https://bit.ly/2KhlHvm

34. Precast stairs Precast slabs Souce :https://bit.ly/2IC54EU Source :https://bit.ly/2tG5e9G

35. Some precast components Beams and Columns Wall panels https://bit.ly/2KBnU Source :https://bit.ly/2tG5e9G

36. GRADES OF CONCRETE AND THEIR USE DESCRIPTION OF WORK RATIO OF CEMENT , FINE AGGREGRATE AND COURSE AGGREGRATE GRADE OF COMCRETE CONCRETE IN COLIMNS AND BEAMS 1:1:2 M25 PILES, PRECAST WORK OR DENSE CONRETE 1:1.5:3 M20 RCC BEAMS SLABS AND COLIUMNS 1:2:4 M15 FOUNDATIONS FOR BUILDINGS 1:3:6 M10

37. TYPES OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSxO3_APoglOHJTzA9g13uj-qiV9rnjaYAHjWM8EzHR1qMChOtGIw FRAMED STRCTURE SHELLED STRCTURE

38. FRAMED STRUCTURES THE STRUCTURE FORMED BY NETWORK OF COLUMNS AND CONCRETE BEAMS THAT FORMS THE STUCTURAL SKELTON OF THE BUILDING https://media2.picsearch.com/is?HABVqg5n

39. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF FRAMED STRUCTURES EXCAVATION : ITS THE PROCESS OF REMOVING EARTH TO FORM CAVITY IN THE GROUND https://media2.picsearch.com/is?HABVqg5n

40. FOUNDATIONS FOUNDATIONS ARE DESIGNED SO THAT LOADS OF STRUCTURE ARE TRANSFERED TO THE SOIL IN SUCH A WAY THAT SOIL IS ABLE TO WITHSTAND THE LOADS http://civilblog.org

41. FORMWORK PROCESS OF CREATING A TEMPORARY MOULD INTO WHICH CONCRETE IS POURED AND FORMED https://media1.picsearch.com

42. TYING OF STEEL TYING IS CARRIED OUT BY USING STIRRUPS,DOWELS .THEY HOLD THE REINFORCEMENT INTO CERTAIN CONFIGURATION theconstructor.org

43. MIXING AND POURING OF CONCRETE THE CONCRETE IS PREPARED BY MIXING CEMENT,SAND,STONE CHIPS , WATER INTO A MIXER AND THEN POURED INTO THE FORMWORK UNTILL RIGHT LEVEL IS REACHED https://media5.picsearch.com/is?TIrKjAfTc7c4itT-PLARI8tAj1RTXem

44. CURING OF CONCRETE IT IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH THE CONCRETE IS PROTECTED FROM LOSS OF MOISTURE AND KEPT WITHIN A REASONABLE TEMPERATURE

45. CONCRETE GAIN ITS STRENGTH ALONG WITH THE PASSING OF TIME DUE TO HYDRATION REACTIONS IN ORDER TO COMPLETE THE HYDRATION PROCESS OF CEMENT WE HAVE TO KEEP THE CONCRETE STRUCTURE WET AND MOIST TO ENSURE THAT THERE IS NO LARGE SCALE ESCAPE OF WATER FROM THE MIX DUE TO EVAPORATION WHICH MAY DETERIORATE THE QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION.EEN CEMENT COMPONENTS AND WATER 

46. C0NCRETE BRIDGES 1) BEAM AND SLAB BRIDGE IT IS THE MOST SIMPLEST STRUCTURAL FORMS FOR BRIDGES IT IS SUPPORTED BY AN ABUTMENT OR PEIR AT THR EACH END SOMETIMES MORE THEN TWO PIER SUPPORT THE BRIDGE DEPENDING UPON THE USE, SPAN AND FUNCTION OF THE BRIDGE

47. https://cdn.thinglink.me/api/image/GTCx6Wb8cEhQAek3E6xjYRYoyKV37NKfSjUE1adm8znSafd4sgwo/10/10/none USE OF CONCRETE AS TRUSS IN ROAD BRIDGE Kilburn Road Bridge TRUSS BRIDGES

48. CABLE STAYED BRIDGE A CABLE STAYED BRIDGE HAS ONE OR MORE TOWERS , FROM WHICH THE CABLES SUPPORT THE DECK BRIDGE MATERIAL: 1) STEEL ROPE 2)POST TENSIONED CONCRETE 3 )CONCRETE POST GIRDER 4 )STEEL OR CONCRETE PYLON https://cdn.britannica.com/78/22078-004-A5CAA0CE.gif

49. FOOT BRIDGE SRINAGAR https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Footbridge.JPG/220px-View_of_Footbridge.JPG

50. http://ttnotes.com/images/seri-wawasan-bridge-putrajaya-1.jpg USE OF BOTH TRUSS AND CABLES SPAN 240m WIDTH 32m NO OF PIERS =2 SERI BRIDGE PUTRAJAYA MALAYSIA

51. BOX GRIDER BRIDGE MAIN BEAM COMPRISES OF GIRDERS IN THE SHAPE OF HOLLOW BOXES. THE BOX GRIDER NORMALLY COMPRISES OF EITHER PRESTRESSED CONCRETE OR A COMPOSITE OF STEEL AND REINFORCED CONCRETE. THE BOX IS TYPICALLY RECTANGULAR OR TRAPEZIODAL IN SHAPE. https://image.slidesharecdn.com/-160311180805/95/application-of-plate-girders-in-steel-const ruction

52. https://ascelibrary.org/cms/attachment/0e5d86f0-9000-4071-a195-81608c4efb0f/figure3.jpg

53. ARCH BRIDGE ARCH BRIDGES ARE SUPPORTED BY ABUTMENTS AT EACH END OF AN ARCH ARCH BRIDGES WORK BE TRANSFERRING THE WEIGHT OF THE BRIDGE AND ITS LOADS PARTIALLY INTO HORIZONTAL THRUST RETAINED BY THE ABUTMENTS AT THE EITHER SIDE. http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions 99 1/flight/strucuturesandforces/arch.gif

54. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vIrDeM9IvS8/U4LhD_Vegq 88 I/AAAAAAAADhU/IK6kjpnM6oA/s1600/parts+of+arch+bridge.jpg

55. WANXIAN BRIDGE ,A REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE OVER THE YANGTZE RIVER WITH A CONCRETE SPAN OF 420m. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/W it anxian_Yangtze_River_Bridge.JPG/1200px-Wanxian_Yangtze_River_Bridge.JPG

56. SUSPENSION BRIDGE CONSISTS OF FOUR ESSENTIAL PARTS: TOWER, ANCHORAGE, CABLE AND DECK. CABLES ARE CURVED AND CONTINUOUS BETWEEN TOWERS THE DECK USUALLY SUPPORTED ON STIFFENING TRUSSES IS HUNG FROM SUSPENSION CABLES. https://i2.wp.com/69.89.31.155/~ginahagl/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/suspensionbridge-pbs.gif

57. http://www.mackinac.org/media/images/2007/ms2007-04-19a.jpg

58. HUMBER BRIDGE,ENGLAND http://gallery.nen.gov.uk/assets/0805/0000/0242/humber_bridge.jpg

59. SHELLED SRUCTURES SHELLED STRUCTURE – A THIN , PLATE STRUCTURE SHAPED TO TRANSMIT APPLIED FORCES BY COMPRESSIVE, TENSILE , AND SHEAR STRESSES THAT ACT IN THE PLANE OF THE STRUCTURE. USUALLY CONSTRUCTED OF CONCRETE REINFORCED WITH STEEL MESH. SHELL CONSTRUCTION BEGAN IN 1920S. SHELL EMERGED AS A MAJOR LONG-SPAN CONCRETE STRUCTURE AFTER WORLD WAR II (1939-1945)

60. FRAME WORK OF KRESGE AUDITORIUM (1954-1955) ON MIT CAMPUS, CAMBRIDGE Source: https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/5326/8301/c07a/805c/d800/0268/large_jpg/MIT4_kresge-in-process-med.jpg?1395032823

61. SHELL STRUCTURES ARE SOMETIMES DESCRIBED AS : SINGLE CURVATURE - A SHELL WITH ONE CURVED SURFACE. - EG. VAULTS DOUBLE CURVATURE - A SHELL WITH DOUBLY CURVED SURFACE. - EG. DOMES

62. THIN CONCRETE SHELLS LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION COMPOSED OF RELATIVELY THIN SHELL MADE OF RCC, WITHOUT THE USE OF INTERNAL SUPPORT. TYPES – BARREL SHELLS AND VAULTS FOLDED PLATE HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID ( HYPAR) DOME

63. BARRELS SHELL AND VAULTS STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR- VAULTS : IT IS SAME AS CONNECTED PARALLEL ARCHES WHICH TRANSMIT THE LOADS TO ITS SUPPORTS. MATERIAL USED SHOULD BE ABLE TO RESIST COMPRESSION AND THE THICKNESS IS USUALLY HIGHER. SHAPE SHOULD BE AS SIMILAR TO THE ARCH AS POSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE OPTIMUM STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR.

64. BARREL SHELL : IT CARRIES LOADS LONGITUDINALLY AS A BEAM AND TRANSVERSALLY AS AN ARCH. MATERIAL USED SHOULD HAVE THE TENDENCY TO RESIST BOTH COMPRESSION AND TENSION STRESSES. FOR RCC THE SPAN TO THICKNESS RATIO CAN BE INCREASED BY PLACING THE BARS WHERE THE TENSION FORCES ARE NEEDED. Source http ://www.arch.ttu.edu/courses/2008/fall/3501perl/montfort/Hyper%20Parabolic%20Paraboloid%20Segmented%20Line%20forces%20layout.jpg

65. HERSHEY SPORTS ARENA IN PENNSYLVANIA SHORT BARREL SHELL Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/thin-shell-concrete-structures-construction.html

66. FOLDED PLATE ASSEMBLIES OF FLAT PLATES RIGIDLY CONNECTED TOGETHER ALONG THEIR EDGES. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR – THE EXTERNAL FORCES ARE TRANSFERRED TO THE SHORTED EDGE OF ONE FOLDING ELEMENT, THEN THE REACTION AS AN AXIAL FORCE IS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE ADJACENT ELEMENTS AND THEN TRANSFERRED TO THE BEARINGS.

67. Source http ://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fYr1Zkc0408/TXlc3wf83iI/AAAAAAAAAhE/7D4BoH58XoY/s1600/Animal%2BMedical%2BHospital-01.jpg PALM SPRINGS, CALIFORNIA

68. HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID (HYPAR) A SURFACE WHICH IS CURVED IN TWO DIRECTIONS I-E IT HAS A CONVEX FORM ALONG ONE AXIS AND CONCAVE FORM ALONG THE OTHER AXIS. THE CURVATURE OF THE SHAPE REDUCES ITS TENDENCY TO BUCKLE IN COMPRESSION WHICH MEANS THAT THEY CAN ACHIEVE EXCEPTIONAL STIFFNESS. BY BEING BRACED IN 2 DIRECTIONS THEY EXPERIENCE NO BENDING AND ARE ABLE TO WITHSTAND UNEQUAL LOADING (DEAD OR LIVE).

69. MEISO- NO- MORI MUNCIPAL FUNERAL HALL, JAPAN Source-https://i.pinimg.com/736x/d1/2a/bf/d12abf51e31194fa3e94f9dca34f3e6c--toyo-ito-sanaa.jpg

70. DOME A ROUNDED ROOF WITH A CIRCULAR BASE WHICH HAS DOUBLE CURVATURE AND THE RESULTING STRUCTURE IS MUCH STIFFER AND STRONGER THAN A SINGLE CURVED SURFACE (BARREL SHELL). EXPERIENCES COMPRESSIVE FORCES FROM TOP TO ITS MID-HEIGHT. Source http ://kaoaz.co/wp-content/uploads/bfigure8e-concrete-dome-construction-techniques-home-design-7-hoop-and-meridional-forces-stresses-in-a-spherical-6i.png

71. EYE OF THE STORM , SULLIVANS ISLAND, SOUTH CAROLINA Source: https ://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2Vfm4I3W8q0/VypWTileUpI/AAAAAAAAh_k/9cvSc17jEdYU4MkDUulYjJdxGzwCi2P0QCLcB/s1600/Charleston%2BDay4%2BEye%2Bof%2Bthe%2BStorm%2BHouse%2B%2528Medium%2529.jpg BEYOND MID-HEIGHT A TRANSITION WITH TENSION FORCES OCCUR GRADUALLY UNTIL THE BASE WHERE LARGE TENSILE FORCES PREDOMINATE WHICH ARE RESISTED BY REINFORCED CONCRETE IN THE FORM OF TENSION RINGS OR TENSION BELTS.

72. Pier Luigi Nervi (21 June 1891 – 9 January 1979) HE WAS AN ITALIAN ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT HE STUDIED CIVIL ENGINEERING AND PRACTISED AS A BUILDING ENGINEER HIS AESTHETICALLY PLEASING DESIGNS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE WERE USED FOR MAJOR PROJECTS AND ALSO GAINED HIM NAME IN THE ARCHITECTURAL FIELD.

73. Source https://i.pinimg.com/originals/4d/88/00/4d8800cd76168c3a6e287a31f2ba21e0.jpg MUNICIPAL STADIUM , FLORENCE ITALY THE CANTILEVER ROOF OF THE GRAND STAND CONSISTS OF A THIN REINFORCED CONCRETE SHELL

74. Source https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/557f/bd87/e58e/ce56/d800/00b4/slideshow/Unesco_Headquarters__Paris.jpg?1434434940 THE HEADQUARTER OF UNESCO, PARIS HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID FORM

75. Source https://media.gettyimages.com/photos/palazzetto-dello-sport-rome-italy-architect-pier-luigi-nervi-annibale-picture-id157894144 PALAZZETTO DELLO SPORT , ITALY INDOOR ARENA WITH CONCRETE DOME