confined spaces and I have to wait for the HSE OFFICER Job application for safety officer job

Confined space safety

1. Confined Spaces

2. Confined Space Entry
•Construction Industry Standard
1926.21(b)(6)
•General Industry Standard
1910.146
•Best Practices for all Industries

3. Typical Confined Spaces
•Boiler, Degreaser, Furnace
•Pipeline, Pit, Pumping Station
•Reaction or Process Vessel, Mills
•Septic Tank, Sewage Digestor
•Silo, Storage Tank, Barges
•Sewer, Utility Vault, Manhole
•Trenches, Shafts, Caissons

4. The Three Elements of a
Confined Space
•Is large enough and so configured that
an employee can bodily enter and
perform assigned work; and
•Has limited openings for entry and exit,
and
•Is not designed for continuous worker
occupancy

5. Categorizing Work Space
* Space large enough to enter &;
* Limited or Restricted entry or exit &;
* Not designed for continuous worker
occupancy.
NO
Not a confined Space
YES
Confined Space
Hazardous Atmosphere
Engulfment Hazard
Configuration Hazard
Any other recognized
serious hazard
Permit-
Required
Confined
Space
Non
Permit
Required
Space
YES NO
Or
Or
Or

6. Limited Openings for
Entry/Exit
•Openings as small as 18 inches in diameter.
•Difficult to enter with SCBA or other life-
saving equipment.
•Difficult to remove downed worker in folded
up or bent over position.
•Exit from large openings may be difficult due
to presence of ladders, hoists, etc.

7. Unfavorable Natural
Ventilation
•Lack of air movement in and out of the
space can create an atmosphere much
different than the outside atmosphere.
•Deadly gases can be trapped inside.
•Organic materials can decompose.
•May not be enough oxygen due to
presence of other gases or chemical
reactions such as rusting.

8. Not Designed for Continuous
Worker Occupancy
•Most confined spaces are not designed
to enter and work in on a regular basis.
•Designed to store a product.
•Enclose materials or processes.
•Transport products or substances.
•Occasional worker entry for inspection,
repair, cleanup, maintenance, etc.

9. Dangerous Combinations
•Presence of all three confined space
characteristics can complicate the situation.
•Working in and around the space.
•Rescue operations during emergencies.
•Worsened conditions due to work activities:
Welding and cutting, use of bonding agents
Cleaning with solvents, use of other chemicals
Use of gas-powered equipment

10. Hazards of Confined Spaces
•Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres
•Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
•Flammable Atmospheres
•Toxic Atmospheres
•Temperature Extremes
•Engulfment Hazards
•Noise, Slick/Wet Surfaces, Falling Objects

11. Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres
19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level.
15 -19% Decreased ability to work
strenuously. Impair coordination.
Early symptoms.
12-14% Respiration increases. Poor
judgment.
10-12% Respiration increases. Lips blue.
8-10% Mental failure. Fainting. Nausea
Unconsciousness. Vomiting.
6-8% 8 minutes -fatal, 6 minutes -50%
fatal 4-5 minutes -possible
recovery.
4-6% Coma in 40 seconds. Death

12. Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
•Oxygen level above 21%.
•Causes flammable and combustible
materials to burn violently when ignited.
•Hair, clothing, materials, etc.
•Oil soaked clothing and materials.
•Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.
•Never store or place compressed tanks
in a confined space.

13. Flammable Atmospheres
•2 Critical Factors:
Oxygen content in the air.
Presence of a flammable gas, or vapor
Presence of dust (visibility of 5’ or less)
•Proper air/gas mixture can lead to explosion
•Typical Ignition Sources:
Sparking or electric tool.
Welding / cutting operations.
Smoking

14. Toxic Atmospheres
•Product stored in a confined space:
Gases released when cleaning.
Materials absorbed into walls of confined space.
Decomposition of materials in the confined space.
•Work performed in a confined space:
Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.
Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.
Sealing, bonding, melting.
•Areas adjacent to a confined space.

15. Hydrogen Sulfide
•Decomposition of materials. Human
waste.
•Rotten egg odor at low concentrations.
•Possibly no warning at high
concentrations.
PPM Effect Time
10 ppm Permissible Exposure Level8 Hours
50 -100 Mild Irritation -eyes, throat1 Hour
200 -300Significant Irritation 1 Hour
500 -700 Unconsciousness, Death 1/2 -1
Hour
>1000 Unconsciousness, Death Minutes

16. Carbon Monoxide
•Odorless, Colorless Gas.
•Combustion By-Product.
•Quickly collapse at high concentrations.
PPM Effect Time
50 Permissible Exposure Level8 Hours
200 Slight headache, discomfort3 Hours
600 Headache, discomfort 1 Hour
1000-2000 Confusion, nausea, headache2 Hours
1000-2000 Tendency to stagger 1 1/2 Hours
1000-2000 Slight heart palpitation 30 Min.
2000-2500 Unconsciousness 30 Min.

17. Temperature Extremes
•Extremely hot or cold temperatures.
•Steam cleaning of confined spaces.
•Humidity factors.
•Extremely cold liquids.
•Work processes inside the confined
space can increase temperature
extremes.
•Personal protective equipment.

18. Engulfment Hazards
•Loose, granular materials stored in bins
and hoppers -grain, sand, coal, etc.
•Crusting and bridging below a worker.
•Flooding of confined space.
•Water or sewage flow.

19. Other Hazards
•Noise
Amplified due to acoustics within the space.
Damaged hearing, affect communication.
•Slick / Wet Surfaces
Slips and falls.
Increased chance of electric shock.
•Falling Objects
Topside openings expose workers inside
confined space to falling objects.

20. Internal Configuration

21. Testing The Atmosphere
•Verify presence of safe work
atmosphere.
•Test all areas of a confined space.
Top, Middle, Bottom
•Methane is lighter than air.
•Carbon Monoxide is the same as air.
•Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air.
•Oxygen Deficiency.

22. Ventilation
•First option to correct problems.
•Must be aware of hazards you are
trying to correct in the confined space.
•Air intake in a safe location to draw
fresh air only.
•Continuous ventilation whenever
possible.
•Retest the confined space before entry.

23. Isolation
•Locking and tagging out electrical sources.
•Blanking and bleeding pneumatic and
hydraulic lines.
•Disconnecting mechanical drives and shafts.
•Securing mechanical parts.
•Blanking sewer and water flow.
•Locking and tagging out shutoff valves.

24. Respirators
•Air-Purifying Respirators
Filter dangerous substances from the air.
Must know the type and amount of hazardous
substance present in the confined space.
NEVER use with oxygen deficiency!
•Air-Supplying Respirators
Deliver a safe supply of breathing air from a tank
or an uncontaminated area nearby.
Must be adequately monitored.

25. Permit Entry Systems
•Written permit signed by entry supervisor.
•Verifies pre-entry precautions have been
taken and the space is safe to enter.
•Posted at entry to confined space.
•Specifies apparent hazards and corrective
actions taken prior to entry.
•Requires termination of permit when task is
completed or when new conditions exist.

26. Entry Permit Requirements
•Date, location, and name of confined space.
•Purpose of entry and known hazards.
•Duration of entry permit time.
•Authorized entrants, attendants, supervisors.
•Air testing results -signature of tester.
•Protective measures to be taken.
Ventilation, Isolation, Flushing
Lockout / Tagout, Purging

27. Entry Permit Requirements
•Name and phone numbers of rescue
and emergency services.
•Communication procedures.
•Special equipment and procedures.
Personal protective equipment.
Alarm procedures.
Rescue equipment.
Respirators.

28. Standby / Rescue
•Worker assigned to remain outside the
confined space and be in constant
contact with the workers inside.
•Know emergency rescue procedures.
•50% of workers who die in confined
spaces are would-be rescuers.
•Trained in use of emergency rescue
equipment and PPE.

29. Training and Education
•All workers who must enter confined spaces
•All attendants and rescue team members.
•Prior to initial work assignment.
•Retraining:
Job duties change.
Change in permit-space program.
New hazards are present.
Job performance indicates deficiencies.

30. Confined Space Rescue
Training Compliance
Issues

31. Most confined space fatalities
are poorly trained rescuers…
Many of these heroes died
because their employer
unintentionally broke the law-
OSHA regulations!

32. OSHA’s 3 levels of protection
for confined space entrants:
1) Permitting procedure identifies hazards
and addresses protective measures
2) Retrieval equipment required for quick
external rescue
3) Rescue services required to be available to
perform internal rescue

33. Employer shall ensure...
(i) The outside rescuer can effectively
respond in a timely mannerto rescue
summons.
(ii) The outside rescuer is equipped, trained,
and capableof functioning appropriately to
perform permit space rescues…
(iii) …rescuer is aware of the hazards…
(iv) …provide access...

34. Response Vs Rescue Time...
(1) React Time:
Attendant recognizes that the Entrant
has a problem.
(2) Contact Time:
Attendant contacts the Rescue Service.
(3) Response Time:
Rescue Service arrives at the scene.

35. Rescue Vs Response Time...
(4) Assessment Time:
Size-up and strategy determination.
(5) Preparation Time:
Rescue equipment set-up.
(6) Rescue Time:
Reaching, treating, packaging, and
evacuation of the victim.

36. Rescue Stand-by
Goal: 4-Minute Rescue Response
Possible only if rescuers are rigged and
ready while the entry is taking place.
This is defined asRescue Stand-by.

37. Rescue Available
Appropriate (and Approximate!) Goals:
Respond To CS Scene / 10 Minutes
Reach The Victim(s) / 5-10 Minutes Later
Case law update….10 minute response held to
be nottimely in a Nov. 1997 case!

38. Choosing the Appropriate
Response
Decision: Stand-byVs. Available
Each entrymust be evaluated to determine
the appropriate response mode.
The evaluation must be done by a qualified
person (rescuer and/or entry supervisor).
Factors to be considered include the severity
of the hazard, required PPE, and the ability of
the entrant to self-rescue.

39. Timely Response, Training,and
Equipment
Rescue
Retrieval
Ventilation & Atmospheric Monitoring
Barriers
Access/Egress (ladders, etc...)
Lighting
Communication

40. Timely Response,Training, and
Equipment
Documented training by each team member
via simulated rescues in every type of
confined space (Rescue training)
Authorized Entrant/Attendant
First Aid & CPR (Blood-borne pathogens)
Haz Com, PPE, Respiratory, Lockout, PSM
Equipment training (Fall Protection)

41. CSR Training:
Each rescue team member must be
trained to safely perform all assigned
rescue duties.
-Rigging
-Entry (claustrophobia)
-PPE utilized outside the space
-Equipment maintenance
-Individual skills (IPE)

42. Hands-on Rescue Training:
Eachmember must practice simulated
rescue operationsat least once every
12 months in the actual PRCS or
representative spaces that simulate the
typesof spaces based on opening
size, configuration, and
accessibility….

43. Rescue in Confined Space

44. What are the requirements for
practice rescue exercises?
1.Practice exercise must involve the actual
removal of dummies or persons from the
actual permit spaces or from
representative spaces.
2.Representative spaces need to simulate
the types of permit spaces from which
rescues may be performed with respect to:
·Opening size
·Configuration
·Accessibility

47. Ventilation of Confined Spaces

48. Confined Space Ventilation
Confined spaces are not normally
designed for convenient ventilation
Must take steps to:
ensure air is breathable before entering
confined space
maintain acceptable air quality in the
confined space during entry

49. Hotwork in Confined Spaces
Presents additional ventilation
challenges in confined spaces
Includes torch cutting, welding, brazing
and soldering, arch gouging

50. Hotwork in Confined Spaces
Remember… confined spaces
concentrate hazards!
Hotwork can create atmospheric
hazards in confined spaces from fumes,
gasses and vapors
Effective ventilation sometimes may
only be accomplished by mechanical
ventilation

51. Natural Ventilation in
Confined Spaces
“Chimney Effect”
convection process created by temperature
changes
Occurs by sunlight heating vessel walls
and air within
If there is an opening in bottom and top
of vessel, upward draft created

52. Natural Ventilation Problems
Confined spaces rarely experience
uniform thermal conditions
Various sources of heat in confined
spaces
human bodies
lighting
hotwork processes

53. Natural Ventilation Problems
Factors such as sunlight, body heat,
lighting and hotwork are usually not
sufficient to move enough air to provide
an acceptable atmosphere

54. Use of Mechanical Ventilation
Properly installed, can reduce or
eliminate respiratory protection
requirements
Effective engineering controls usually
less dependent on worker attention
than respiratory protection

55. When is ventilation necessary?
If atmosphere:
contains insufficient oxygen or is oxygen
rich
contains flammable dusts or vapors
contains hazardous or toxic vapors, mists,
fumes, gases, or fibers

56. When is ventilation necessary?
If atmosphere:
is subject to activities that may generate
hazardous mists, vapors, fumes or gases,
or may create either an oxygen deficiency
or oxygen excess, and
increases heat stress on workers to
unacceptable levels

57. CAUTIONS
Many people resist wearing PPE,
including respiratory protection
Tangle of supplied air hoses in vessel
with many welders can present a
hazard

58. Ventilation-29 CFR
1910.252(c)
Spaces that require ventilation
work space less than 16 feet high
volume less than 10,000 cubic feet per
welder
work areas with partitions, structural
barriers, or other barriers that significantly
obstruct airflow

59. Ventilation-29 CFR 1910.252
Ventilation options:
provide at least 2000 cfm of airflow for
each active welder; or
provide each welder with a local exhaust
device
local exhaust devices must be capable of
maintaining a velocity of 100 fpm toward the
air intake

60. Ventilation Requirements
29 CFR 1910.252 and 29 CFR 1926.353
require use of local exhaust ventilation
or supplied air respiratory protection
when performing hotwork using certain
substances

61. Air Moving Devices
Two types:
Fans
Venturi-type eductors
Can be air, steam or electrically driven

62. Eductors
Sometimes called “air horns”
Air powered and rely on venturi effects
to move air

63. Criteria for Rating Air Movers
Free Air Delivery
Effective Blower Capacity
Quantity of air and air pressure required
(air-driven devices)
Electrical power requirements
(electrically driven devices)

64. Factors Reducing Performance
Equipment components in confined
space
Maintenance/construction materials
erected in space
Obstructions in make-up air manway
Insufficient number of make-up air
manways

65. Factors Reducing Performance
More restrictions to overcome = less air
moved
Air moving into space equals amount of
air leaving the space

66. Air Driven Devices-
Poor Performance
Reduced pressure and volume to air
driven devices from multiple users
Excessively long air hoses

67. Increasing Performance
Supplemental air compressors
dedicated to air mover use (air driven
devices)
Supplemental air compressors
connected directly to plant air system
Eliminate “short-circuiting” of airflow

68. Designing Ventilation Systems
Configuration, contents and tasks
determine type of ventilation
opening configuration
properties of expected atmospheric
hazards
type of work being performed

69. Electrically Driven Centrifugal
Fans
Designed to overcome higher static
pressures
Usually heavier than air-driven
equipment
Can be used remotely to reduce noise
Due to power, can suck up debris

70. Local Exhaust
Single manway vessels
Interior obstructions that create “dead
spots”
Lack of feasible way to attach air-
moving device
Work with toxic metals

71. Local Exhaust
Effective only when it captures and
removes welding fumes and gasses at
the source as they are emitted
100 fpm capture velocity at the source
of fumes or gasses

72. Local Exhaust-Considerations
Long runs reduce airflow
Airflow loss minimized by use of smooth
ducting with large radius bends
Run flexible ducting as straight as
possible
Consider using plenums for multiple
welders
Field test flow/personal air monitors

73. Make-up air quality
Mechanical ventilation uses surrounding
air
Make sure the make-up air is not a
source of airborne contaminants

74. Confined Spaces

75. Pre Entry
Consider the following:
Piping systems
Electrical hazards
Illumination
Ventilation
Means of access
Fall protection

76. Pre Entry
Visual Inspection (Competent Person)
Employee Training
Exchanging Information
Atmospheric Testing
Shipyard Competent Person
Certified Marine Chemist
Certified Industrial Hygienist
Coast Guard Authorized Person
Rescue Teams

77. Entry
Atmospheric Testing
Warning Signs and Labels
Visual Inspection
Ventilation
PPE for Entry
Rescue Teams

78. Work
Hot Work
Cleaning