Conjunctions.ppt hy atrer akfaeurc hevih

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1. CONJUNCTIONSCONJUNCTIONS

Conjunctions connect sentences, clauses, phrases, Conjunctions connect sentences, clauses, phrases,
or words. or words.

There are several types of conjunctions:There are several types of conjunctions:

Coordinating conjunctionsCoordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctionsSubordinating conjunctions

Conjunctive adverbsConjunctive adverbs

2. Coordinating ConjunctionsCoordinating Conjunctions

This type of conjunction links words, phrases or This type of conjunction links words, phrases or
clauses. The units being joined by a coordinating clauses. The units being joined by a coordinating
conjunction must be parallel in grammatical conjunction must be parallel in grammatical
structure and importance.structure and importance.

The following coordinating conjunctions areThe following coordinating conjunctions are
used after a comma to join one independentused after a comma to join one independent
clause to another: clause to another: and, but, or, for, nor, so, andand, but, or, for, nor, so, and
yet.yet.

3. Subordinating ConjunctionsSubordinating Conjunctions
When a clause has less emphasis or is lessWhen a clause has less emphasis or is less
important in a sentence, it is subordinate to orimportant in a sentence, it is subordinate to or
dependent upon the other clause. Thedependent upon the other clause. The
relationship between a subordinate orrelationship between a subordinate or
dependent clause to the main clause is showndependent clause to the main clause is shown
by a marker word that begins the subordinateby a marker word that begins the subordinate
clause.clause.

4. Subordinating ConjunctionsSubordinating Conjunctions

Following are some common subordinatingFollowing are some common subordinating
conjunctions:conjunctions:

After, although, as, as though, because, before, if,After, although, as, as though, because, before, if,
once, since, though, unless, until, when, whether,once, since, though, unless, until, when, whether,
and and while.while.

Even though she explained all of her results inEven though she explained all of her results in
detail, she did not get full credit for her work.detail, she did not get full credit for her work.

5. Subordinating ConjunctionsSubordinating Conjunctions

If the subordinating conjunction and its clauseIf the subordinating conjunction and its clause
precede the independent clause, a comma isprecede the independent clause, a comma is
used to separate the dependent clause fromused to separate the dependent clause from
the independent clause.the independent clause.

Although DSP did not flourish until the 1960’s, it isAlthough DSP did not flourish until the 1960’s, it is
an important research area today.an important research area today.

6. Correlative ConjunctionsCorrelative Conjunctions
These consist of two parts, both of which must be These consist of two parts, both of which must be
included in the sentence.included in the sentence.
Some common correlative conjunctions areSome common correlative conjunctions are
both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but
(also), (also), and and whether…or.whether…or.

His new job in the Electrical Department is His new job in the Electrical Department is bothboth
interesting interesting and and lucrative.lucrative.

NeitherNeither the engineer the engineer nornor the architect was familiar the architect was familiar
with correlative conjunctionswith correlative conjunctions

7. Correlative ConjunctionsCorrelative Conjunctions

If a correlative conjunction is used to join twoIf a correlative conjunction is used to join two
independent clauses, the latter clause must beindependent clauses, the latter clause must be
separated with a comma before the secondseparated with a comma before the second
element of the conjunction.element of the conjunction.

Either Dr. Leach will conclude the experiment byEither Dr. Leach will conclude the experiment by
March, March, or he will ask for additional research funds.or he will ask for additional research funds.

8. Conjunctive AdverbsConjunctive Adverbs


Adverbs that function as conjunctions whenAdverbs that function as conjunctions when
they link two independent clauses separatedthey link two independent clauses separated
by a semicolon are called conjunctive adverbs.by a semicolon are called conjunctive adverbs.

Some common conjunctive adverbs areSome common conjunctive adverbs are
consequently, otherwise, however, thus,consequently, otherwise, however, thus,
furthermore, therefore, moreover andfurthermore, therefore, moreover and
nevertheless.nevertheless.

9. Conjunctive AdverbsConjunctive Adverbs

The students have repeatedly obtained the sameThe students have repeatedly obtained the same
results from their controlled experiments; results from their controlled experiments; therefore,therefore,
the results should be reliable.the results should be reliable.

10. A conjunction helps us join two short
sentences together to make a longer
one.
The cat is brown.
The cat is fat.
The cat is brown and the cat
is fat.
Conjunction

11. With more precise writing we have to think
about using other conjunctions.
Read the following
letter with your
partner. Focus on the
underlined words.

12. Dear Mr Agard and Ms Nichols,
I like the book you wrote called Caribbean dozen. I say
one of the poems while I am skipping. I’ve been saying
that poem since I was four but now I say the version in
your book. I look at the book everyday so that I can
learn the last verse. Mrs Bradley reads us poems when
we have finished our work. Martin likes the one about
the chocolate bars because it is only five words long. I
like writing poems though I’m not as good at it as
Sheena. I am better if nobody bothers me. I could
write you a poem about my friend’s hamster or I could
draw Mrs Bradley’s cat for you. I like the picture of the
rabbit and I like the poem too. I want a rabbit but I am
not allowed one.

Love from
Gina

13. Here is a list of the conjunctions
we have just read:
and, while, since,
but, so that, when,
because, though, if,
and or.

14. Try and join these ‘simple’ sentences using
the list of conjunctions to make a ‘complex’
sentence.
The cat is brown.
His mother was brown.
I like playing football.
I’m not as good as my friend.
I have not had much sleep.
My brother started to learn the drums.
and, while,
since, but, so
that, when,
because,
though, if,
and or.