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Conjunctions

1. Non-Equal Joiners Subordinating Conjunctions & Relative Pronouns

2. While Coordinating Conjunctions, Correlative Conjunctions, and Conjunctive Adverbs join equal elements, other conjunctions are used to join unequal elements. Subordinating Conjunctions and Relative Pronouns exist to join dependent clauses to independent clauses.

3. Subordinating Conjunctions: definition and examples Subordinating Conjunctions (SC) start Adverbial Dependent Clauses. Adv DCs are clauses (containing a subject and a verb) that function as adverbs: they modify verbs, occasionally adjectives, and answer the questions Where?, When?, Under what conditions?, and Why?. SCs always come before the subject and verb of the Adv DC. They show the relation between the dependent clause and the verb it modifies. Jesse will go wherever he finds the spiciest chutney . Until he found his missing goat , Josh was acting more timid than usual. Victor will keep tickling you unless you can whistle . Because monkeys hijacked my canoe , I was late to the christening.

4. Subordinating Conjunctions: the SCs Because Since If Although Now that Until Once When After Before As Wherever That Whether While As long as So that If only Lest Though Whenever

5. Adverbial Dependent Clause: punctuation Can usually start or end sentences When an Adv DC comes before an IC, it is set off by a comma. No comma is needed when an ADV DC comes after an IC. Now that the rain has come , you will need that umbrella. You will need that umbrella now that the rain has come . If you don’t stop that music , I am calling the police. I am calling the police if you don’t stop that music .

6. Relative Pronouns: definition and examples Relative Pronouns (RP) start Adjectival Dependent Clauses. Adj DCs are clauses (containing a subject and a verb) that function as adjectives: they modify a noun or pronoun and answer the questions Which one? or What kind?. Adj DCs come after the noun or pronoun they modify. Sometimes Relative Pronouns come before the subject of the Adj DC; sometimes Relative Pronouns are the subject of the Adj DC. I bought the taco that I saw on the menu . I bought the taco that came with a free horchata . The boy who I met in the ball pit puked on the exit slide. The boy who brought the piñata didn’t get any candy.

7. Relative Pronouns: list and examples Here are the Relative Pronouns: That, Which, Who, Whom, Whose, When, Where, Why. The cat that sleeps under my car is now off my driveway. Your car has a filthy windshield, which makes it difficult to see . The lady who Randy hit with his bike has a new boyfriend. Pablo is a man whose mother still picks out his clothes . Adolescence is a time when your body just doesn’t cooperate. On Wednesday, my family visited the factory where they make Peeps . The reason why his hair is wet sounded somewhat sketchy.

8. In the following sentences, determine whether the dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjunction (SC) or a relative pronoun (RP)

9. I’m partial to chips and salsa though I wouldn’t mind the avocado rolls. Though: Subordinating conjunction

10. As if I wasn’t tired enough, Coach made us run shuttles. As if: Subordinating conjunction

11. Parents who make their kids go to school perform an act of cruelty second only to feeding them canned prunes. Who: Relative pronoun

12. Because it was directed at people who could not read, advertising had to be inventive. because: sub.

13. The drink, which I was saving for later, is not only spoiled, but also smelly. Which: Relative pronoun

14. The school began teaching parents when adult illiteracy gained national attention and many had not been responding to communications. when: sub.