Connective Tissue PPT

Connective Tissue

1. 1 Unit 3 Cells, Tissues & Membranes SECTION 2: CONNECTIVE TISSUES Anatomy & Physiology NeQuelle DeFord

2. 2 Most abundant and diverse tissues of the body. Grouped because of similar developmental origin. Distributed throughout the body but never exposed to the outside environment. Many are highly vascular and innervated. Have three basic components: 1. Specialized Cell(s) Matrix 2. Solid, extracellular protein fibers 3. Fluid, extracellular ground substance – amorphous, clear viscous material that fills the space between cells (slows movement of pathogen) Connective Tissues: Characteristics

3. 3 Mechanical Support and Protection Establishment of a bony structural framework for the body that protects delicate organs. Metabolic Functions Medium for the exchange of nutrients and waste products Energy Store and Thermal Regulation Defense Barrier Engulf invading microorganisms Antibody production Connective Tissues: Functions

4. 4 Fibroblasts/ cytes most abundant cells in connective tissue proper produce/maintains connective tissue fibers and ground substance Macrophages scattered throughout the matrix phagocytize (engulf) damaged cells or pathogens release chemicals the mobilize the immune system Cells of Connective Tissue

5. 5 Adipoblasts / cytes fat cells permanent residents number of fat cells vary Mast Cells small, mobile cells often found near blood vessels cytoplasm is packed with vesicles filled with chemicals that are released to begin the body’s defensive activities after an injury or infection Cells of Connective Tissue

6. 6 Chondroblasts/ cytes produce/maintain cartilage Osteobasts / cytes produce/maintain bone Hematopoietic stem cells produce/maintain blood Plasma Cells produce antibodies Cells of Connective Tissue

7. 7 1. Collagen Fibers long, straight, unbranched strong, but flexible most common Example: Achilles tendon 2. Elastic Fibers branched and wavy return to their original length after stretching contain the protein elastin Example: skin 3 Basic Types of Connective Tissue Fibers

8. 8 3. Reticular Fibers made of same protein subunit as collagen fibers but arranged differently thinner than collagen fibers form branching, interwoven framework in various organs least common 3 Basic Types of Connective Tissue Fibers

9. 9 Connective Tissues: Cell Matrix

10. 10 Based on the physical properties of their matrix, connective tissues are classified into three major types: Connective Tissue Proper Consists of many types of cells and fibers within a matrix containing a syrupy ground substance (ex. tissues that underlies the skin, fatty tissues, and tendons/ligaments). Fluid Connective Tissues Has a distinctive population of cells suspended in a matrix of water ground substance containing dissolved proteins. The two fluid connective tissues are blood and lymph. Supporting Connective Tissues Have a less diverse cell population than connective tissue proper, and a matrix of dense ground substance and closely packed fibers. The two supporting connective tissues are bone and cartilage. Classifying Connective Tissues

11. 11 Loose Connective Tissue “Packing materials” of the body More ground substance, fewer fibers Example: areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue Dense Connective Tissue Tough, strong, and durable More fibers, less ground substance Example: dense regular (tendons/ligaments), dense irregular Connective Tissue Proper

12. 12 Fibroblasts Elastic fibers Collagen fibers Location: subcutaneous layer of skin Function: wraps and cushions organs, provides strength, elasticity, and support Loose Areolor Connective Tissue Gel-like ground, with both elastic and non-elastic fibers running through the ground in many different directions.

13. 13 Loose Areolar Connective Tissues

14. 14 Blood vessel Contains fat pads and insulates the body; supports and protects Stores energy Each cell contains a large fat droplet that swells when fat is stored; shrinks when fat is used Very little matrix Loose Adipose Connective Tissue

15. 15 Loose Adipose Connective Tissue

16. 16 Supporting framework of liver, spleen, and lymph nodes Function: forms stroma (framework) of organs, binds smooth muscle cells Loose Reticular Connective Tissue

17. 17 Loose Reticular Connective Tissue

18. 18 Dense Regular Connective Tissues Dense matrix with parallel bundles of non-elastic collagen fibers Found in tendons and ligaments Tendons join muscle to bone. Ligament join bone to bone.

19. 19 Dense Regular Connective Tissues

20. 20 Dense Irregular Connective Tissues Irregularly arranged collagen fibers Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions Located in skin and fibrous joint capsules.

21. 21 Dense Irregular Connective Tissues

22. 22 Dense Elastic Connective Tissues Found in aorta Stretches and recoils to propel blood.

23. 23 Dense Elastic Connective Tissues aorta

24. 24 Bone Strong (hard calcium compounds) Resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers) Bone cells (osteocytes) arranged around central canals within matrix. Supporting Connective Tissue

25. 25 Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Stiff, flexible support Reduces friction between bones Found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea Elastic Cartilage Supportive but bends easily Found in external ear and epiglottis Fibrocartilage Limits movement Prevents bone-to-bone contact Found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs Supporting Connective Tissue

26. 26 Bone (Osseous Tissue) Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers that forms the skeleton Very well vascularized and innervated Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscles to act on

27. 27 Hyaline Cartilage Most abundant in the body Firm matrix; provides firm support Composes entire fetal skeleton Nose tip is hyaline cartilage It covers long ends on bones and provides compression on joints, preventing bones from rubbing against one another. Holds trachea open

28. 28 Larynx Hyaline Cartilage

29. 29 Elastic Cartilage Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers Provides shape and structure with flexibility Supports ear

30. 30 Elastic Cartilage

31. 31 Fibrocartilage Thick collagen fibers Can absorb shock; it is compressible and has tension resistance Found where heavy amounts of pressure are required, such as in inter-vertebral joints and knee joints

32. 32 Fibrocartilage

33. 33 Blood and Lymph Watery matrix of dissolved proteins Carry specific cell types (formed elements) Formed elements of blood Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells or RBC): transport Leucocytes (White Blood Cells or WBC): defense Thrombocytes (platelets): protection Fluid Connective Tissues

34. 34 Blood (Vascular Tissue) Liquid matrix of nonliving fluid called blood plasma 90% water, 10% plasma proteins, electrolytes, hormones, oxygen, glucose, etc Transports gases, nutrients, wastes and other substances About ½ cells and ½ fluid

35. 35 Blood Formed elements: (a) Erythrocytes (RBCs) – 48 billion (females) to 54 billion (males) cells/ml of blood in humans. Mammals are anucleated while the rest of the vertebrates have nuclei. RBC’s contain hemoglobin to allow for oxygen to be carried to the tissues. (b, c, & d) Leukocytes (WBCs) – about 7.5 million cells/ml of blood Thrombocytes (Platelets) – blood clotting

36. 36 Connective Tissues Types