Conservation and cultivation of curculigo orchioides

Curculigo orchioides, Krishna Musali and endangered aphrodisiac herb.

1. Conservation and Cultivation of Krisna Musali ( Curculigo orchioides Gaertn .) An endangered species Dr Kopila Adhikari , PG Scholar, Dravya Guna SDM College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan

2. Botanical name - Curculigo orchioides Gaertn . Natural order – Hypoxidaceae Sanskrit names – Talamuli , Talaparni , Bhumitala,Musali Vernaculars names Hindi – Kalimusli , Siyah-musli , Musli-kand , Mushali Nepali – Musali , Kalo Musali Beng – Tala muli Guj . – Kalimusli Kan.- Nelatali gaddi Oriya – Talmuli Urdu – Musali

3. Botanical description Perennial herbs Height: 10-35cm Flowers Bright yellow Habitat: sub-tropical himalayas Harvesting time – July-Oct

4. Leaves – basal, sessile or narrowed into short or long petioles, linear, lanceolate , membraneous , base sheathing

5. Parts Use: Rootstock Stout, short or elongate, cylindrical, fleshy

6. Types of Musali Krisna Musali – Curculigo orchioides Gaertn . Sveta Musali – Asparagus ascendens Roxb . Chlorophytum borivillianum Sant.&F . Chlorophytum tuberosum Baker Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker

7. Chemical composition Glycosides Alkaloids Saponins Steroids

8. Pharmacological actions Aphrodisiac immune-stimulant hepato -protective anti-oxidant anticancer anti-diabetic activities

9. Food value Carbohydrate – 35% Protein – 11% Fat – 1% Crude fibre – 35% Energy – 188.77 kcal/100gm

10. Literature review

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12. Contd.. Red Data Book of IUCN have mentioned 215 threatened species native to India. Among them about 121 plant species including Curculigo orchioides are from Himalayan region.

13. Contd.. Curculigo orchioides has been assigned to various threat category based on its natural populations in different regions. vulnerable ( Bhattarai et al.2001) threatened ( Manandhar 2002) to endangered ( Jasrai & Wala 200; Prajapati et al.2003; Suri et al. 1999)

14. Factors responsible for the depletion of natural population of C urculigo orchioides Species related factors Poor seed setting and regeneration Low regeneration potential through sexual reproduction Limited dispersal range of seeds and propagules . High incidence of viral and bacterial diseases.

15. Habitat related factors Shrinking of natural habitat due to massive population growth and other developmental activities. Deforestation, extensive denudation of forest floor, caused by wild and domestic animal grazing and collection of leaf litter. Forest fire plays a very devastating role in destruction of herbal medicines like Musali . Change in climate and weather pattern. Contd..

16. Contd.. Human factor Removal of tuberous root from the wild habitat for its metabolic enhancing principle and aphrodisiac formulations. Illegal trading of herbs because of its high market value. Use of rhizome as edible flour by many tribal people.

17. Contd.. Technology related Lack of agro-technology i.e. scientific method of Conservation Collection & Cultivation

18. Need for conservation Ban on collection of this in natural habitat, where it is in the state of extinct should be strictly materialized. After a gap of few years, when this plant species will multiply in sufficient quantity in its natural habitat, permission of scientific collection should be allowed. Training should be given regularly to the persons engaged in the collection of crude drugs from the natural resources. They should be trained for proper and scientific methods of collection, right time of collection of medicinally important plant parts without damaging whole plant.

19. Need for cultivation Methods of propagation of C. orchioides in natural habitat Sexual reproduction from seeds Vegetative propagation from leaves Augustine AC, Souza LD, 1997, described a methodology of tissue culture for regeneration. Multiple shoots were obtained from the meristem tip culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) (2.21µmol\l). The shoots were rooted either on half strength of MS basal medium or on the one supplemented with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (0.53µmol\l). In vitro plantlets were transferred to pots containing a mixture of vermiculite and soil (1:1) for acclimation for a period of two or three weeks. At the end of a 3 month period, averages of 125 plants were obtained from a single meristem .

20. Next method for large-scale multiplication ( Suri et al 1999) of C. orchioides through bulbil formation of leaf explants in shake flask culture reported that by using a method developed for Rapid multiplication through direct organogenesis and bulbil formation in vitro leaf and underground stem explants produced maximum number of shoots on 35 medium supplemented with 4.4µmol\l benzylaminopurine . Next is the method of rapid multiplication through somatic embryogenesis and bulbil formation directly from leaf explants, where an extract from in vitro cultures of C. orchioides , grown as bulbils in shake flusk , afforded two new glycosides of substituted benzylbenzoate Curculigoside C and Curculigoside D together with known compounds Curculigoside A and Curculigoside B. Use of different elicitors viz. methyl jasmoric acid, salicyclic acid and ethephon influenced the production of Curculigosides contents of leaves in in-vitro plantlets culture maintained on MS medium containing BA and IBA 0.1mg\l each. Elicitation resulted in increased flux of phenolics and some new derivatives were produced.

21. Need for cultivation Methods of propagation of C. orchioides in natural habitat Sexual reproduction from seeds Vegetative propagation from leaves Augustine AC, Souza LD, 1997, described a methodology of tissue culture for regeneration. Multiple shoots were obtained from the meristem tip culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) (2.21µmol\l). The shoots were rooted either on half strength of MS basal medium or on the one supplemented with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (0.53µmol\l). In vitro plantlets were transferred to pots containing a mixture of vermiculite and soil (1:1) for acclimation for a period of two or three weeks. At the end of a 3 month period, averages of 125 plants were obtained from a single meristem .

22. Next method for large-scale multiplication ( Suri et al 1999) of C. orchioides through bulbil formation of leaf explants in shake flask culture reported that by using a method developed for Rapid multiplication through direct organogenesis and bulbil formation in vitro leaf and underground stem explants produced maximum number of shoots on 35 medium supplemented with 4.4µmol\l benzylaminopurine . Next is the method of rapid multiplication through somatic embryogenesis and bulbil formation directly from leaf explants, where an extract from in vitro cultures of C. orchioides , grown as bulbils in shake flusk , afforded two new glycosides of substituted benzylbenzoate Curculigoside C and Curculigoside D together with known compounds Curculigoside A and Curculigoside B. Use of different elicitors viz. methyl jasmoric acid, salicyclic acid and ethephon influenced the production of Curculigosides contents of leaves in in-vitro plantlets culture maintained on MS medium containing BA and IBA 0.1mg\l each. Elicitation resulted in increased flux of phenolics and some new derivatives were produced.

23. Conservation of Curculigo orchioides Approach to conservation: 1. In-situ conservation 2. Ex-situ conservation Conservation can be either species specific or habitat specific. Following efforts are needed for the conservation of C. orchioides : A through survey on C. orchioides should be carried out and detail information about its natural habitat, climate, soil, adaptability, growing, season, flowering time, seed setting stage should be generated. Accordingly conservation measures should be developed. Standard methods of cultivation i.e. agro-technology should be developed and farmers should be motivated for commercial scale cultivation of C. orchioides to meet the growing demand of herbal pharmaceuticals.

24. Conservation Collection should be carried out scientifically, for example, only 70-80% of plants should be collected from the specific area, the rest should be kept intact for their future natural multiplication Necessary research work should be carried out for optimum extraction of active ingredients from C. orchioides rhizome. People should be motivated to take immense pride in their natural heritage and actively participate in medicinal plants conservations programs by using different advertising media.

25. Approaches for conservation (CITES) - Conservation on International trade in endangered species of wild Fauna and Flora, established in 1975. This organization checks the trade of endangered plants and animal species with the help of IUCN (International union for conservation of nature, established -1948) and SSC (Species Survival Commission) group. For the export of endangered flora and fauna a permit is needed from CITES. India became its 25 th member after joining it in 18 th Oct. 1976.

26. Approach for conservation

27. Reproductive success of this plant appeared to be determined by canopy and litter cover. Litter cover had significantly negative impact on the seedling density of C. orchioides (P=0.001), which is a common effect of litter accumulation on herbaceous species ( Berendse 1999) . The combined result of these two effects was the decline in the total density of this plant with increasing canopy. Reproductive success was high in plots with partially open canopy and accumulation of only thin layer of litter.

28. Methods of propagation Vegetative propagation in C. orchioides from leaves was the combined effect of mechanical damage, probably, high humidity and availability of adequate moisture in soil. High humidity slows down the drying rate of detached damage leaves and provides sufficient time for the development of plantlets. The indiscriminate damage to adult plants by animals might have induced regeneration capacity from leaf midrib. ( Shrestha B.B., Jha P.K., Kandel D.R. 2011). Identification of the environmental condition essential for natural regeneration of C. orchioides from leaves can help to improve the technique of in-vitro micro-propagation at large scale.

29. Discussion

30. Suggestions and Recommendations Collections of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn . from natural habitats should be controlled. Proper agro-technique should be developed and disseminated. Public awareness should be created for the conservation and cultivation of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn .

31. Conclusion Mushali is one of the herb that has the properties that can change the peoples perception towards their needs. People can shift from allopathic to the A yurveda with positive change in health

32. Questions and Queries.. Happy to Respond..

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