CONSTRUCTION OF FISH POND

Site selection,land clearing, pond type, Method of construction

1. College of fisheries kawardha An Assignment On Construction Of Fish Pond Sub. Name :- Aquaculture Engineering Sub. Code :- FHP 222 Submitted to :- Miss Harapriya Behra (Teacher - FHP department ) Submitted by :- Nilesh kumar sahu Roll No. - 201803318 BFSc 2 nd year 2 nd sem.

2. -:Introduction :- Pond Construction is very important step in an aquaculture. Type of construction mainly depending upon two important factors :- (1) Availability of raw ,materials. Example :- Brick , Cement , Stones, etc. (2) Function of farm element and culture system. example :- (a) cement concrete pond = Nursery pond (b) Ordinary earthen embankment pond = extensive pond culture (c) Pre-stressed reinforced cement = super intensive culture system Best time period of pond construction is in between late winter and early summer seasons. Important requirement efficient construction are :- Careful supervision and skilled workmanship

3. Classification of ponds based on culture Name Purpose Total area involved Size of the pond Size of the animal Nursery ponds raising spawn to fry stage 5 % of total area 0.02 to 0.06 hectare Depth- 0.75 to 1 m (4-5 mm to 20-30mm). Rearing pond growing of fry to finger lings, size 20 % of total area 0.06 hectare to 0.12 hectare Depth 1.0 to 2 m. (20 -30 mm to 50 -60 mm Stocking ponds finger lings to the marketable size 75 % of total area depth 2 to 3.0 m. 0.2 to 2 hectare

4. Soil :- site should contain soft bottom soil and mixed soil comprising of clay, silt sand in proper proportion . It ensure good water holding capacity and production of natural food organisms. Gravel and sand are non-cohesive soils. In sand and gravel bed water percolates easily. SO, sand and gravel and not suitable for pond construction. Main factors for pond construction : site condition 4. Clay silt and fine grained soil are cohesive soil. It is suitable for pond dyke, bottom etc. 5. A combination of cohesive and non-cohesive soil are suitable for pond construction. because clay is very absorbent under wet condition , it swells to double of its volume.

5. WATER SUPPLY:- open channels, pipe lines are the means of water supply from the water source like.. Reservoir etc. Water supply should be made by gravity flow . Every ponds have its own inlet and outlet . Inlet of pond is above 10cm to the maximum level of pond water.

6. ENVIROMENTAL CONDITION :- Metrological parameter such as rain fall, its quantity, duration, intensity. Temperature , humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind ,its speed have a great role in the growth of fish food organisms. OTHER FACTORS:- Social condition like.. Skilled labour, professionals. Pollution like.. Industrial effluent, sewage out fall, insecticides and agriculture affect water and soil to reduce growth rate of aquatic animals.

7. The site is to be cleared off from big boulders stones, trees, bushes etc. The land is to be made of same level . within an area of 10 meter from the marked area . There are three types of land clearing methods based on the density of vegetation, and mode of removal of materials from the site. LAND CLEARING (1) manual clearing (2) mechanical clearing (3) chemical clearing

8. Clearing the site by engaging labor is called as manual clearing. small boulders and thin vegetation like small bushes or trees are removed by engaging labor. It is require more time . The cost of work is generally less .  Manual clearing

9. Mechanical clearing Clearing of the site by engaging machines is called as mechanical clearing. It is help full if the site consists of large boulders and thick vegetation like large bushes and trees. It require less time . Generally cost will be more .

10. Chemical clearing If the soil at the site, contains harmful bacteria or any other micro-organisms which are harmful to aquatic animals, then some sort of chemicals are mixed in the soil to kill these harmful bacteria. method of using the chemicals to kill these bacteria is called as chemical method of land clearing. Chemicals are used to eradicate unnecessary aquatic weeds also. Chemical clearing

11. Clearing of land within an area of 10 meter from the marked area .

12. Land marking :- The land is to be marked for the construction of various farm elements as per the layout planning. It involves :- Mark out the area from where the earth will have to be cut or removed. mark out the area from where the earth will have to be embanked.

13. 3. Initially lines are drawn according to the layout followed by pegging and fixing stakes or posts. 5. Dry white lime powder is used to show the positions of various farm elements like dykes, channels and ponds which are to be constructed. It is called as staking. 4. Strings are stretched between the top of pegs and posts to mark the complete profile of the dyke with its correct height, width and slope .

14. Excavation of soil The excavation of ponds may be done either engaging manual labour , when speed of construction is under consideration bulldozer or scoop may be utilized. The excavation of the pond should be as far as possible preceded in layers. The top ground soil should be stocked in one place and it should not be used for any construction

15. A square shape ponds construction cost is less than cost of construction of rectangular shape ponds . Total length of dyke required for construction of one hectare water spread area pond is 400 m. Where as in rectangular shape pond of same area require 500 m length of dyke. Hence the cost of construction of square shape pond is less. But from operation, maintenance and harvesting point of view, rectangular shape pond is preferable than square shape pond. Square and rectangular ponds

16. Construction of drainage systems During construction of drainage channel the elevation of drainage channels bottom and pond bottom elevation place a vital role. The elevation of pond bottom should be above the elevation of channel bottom , so that the water can be drained completely from the pond.

17. Construction of dykes and sluices The construction of pond dykes becomes essential if earthen dykes are made around the pond using the excavated earth from the pond bed. 2. All dykes should be raised dumping the earth layer by layer stretching right across the whole section and in such cases each layer should not exceed 30 cm thickness. 3. All large clods should be broken and each layer should be thoroughly consolidated by watering and ramming.

18. Any pond dike should have three basic qualities:- It should be able to  resist the water pressure  resulting from the pond water depth. Anchoring  your dike strongly to its foundations . constructing your dike large enough to resist the water pressure by virtue of its weight.  

19. 2. It should be  impervious , the water seepage through the dike being kept to a minimum. When the dyke is to be constructed on a sandy, gravelly or marshy soil base the construction of key trench is essential and in such cases digging should be done until water tight foundations are reached.

20. 3. It should be  high enough  to keep the pond water from ever running over its top, which would rapidly destroy the dike.

21. Shape and size mainly depend upon the species to be cultured, Purpose of the pond whether for nursery, rearing, grow out or any other purposes, culture system to be employed, soil characteristics and topography of the area. Extensive farming, 1 to 5 ha Semi-intensive farming 0.25 to 1 ha Intensive farming Circular and square shapes are more common 0.025 to 0.25 ha Design of ponds

22. For intensive and semi-intensive culture system , regular flat bottom pond bed with uniform slope . The pond bottom is provided a slope between 1000:1 to 1000:5 towards the drain to facilitate the water flow during harvest and pond drainage. The pond bottom should be designed so as to remain above the ground water table which is necessary for effective drying of pond bottom during pond preparation.

23. The protection of slopes of the dyke against soil erosion is called as lining of the dykes. The following are the some of the important methods of lining:- Stone pitching Brick pitching Cement concrete lining Soil-cement lining Stone slab lining Polyethylene paper lining Grassing Lining of ponds and dyke