Contribution of Emninent Planners in world

Contribution of Emninent Planners

1. PREPARED BY : Pragya verma P17UP019 Civil Engineering Department, M.Tech. (Urban Planning), Sem.-1(2017) Graduate Report On GUIDED BY : DR. J.E.M. MACWAN CONTRIBUTION OF EMINENT URABAN PLANNERS CE 631: URBAN PLANNING FUNDAMENTALS 1

2. CONTENTS Introduction Name Of Eminent Urban Planners Concept Of Planners Ebenezer Howard (Garden City) Le Corbusier ( Contemporary City) Patrick Geddes (Survey Before Planning) Doxiadis (settlement Planning) Clarence Perry (neighbourhood Unit) George Eugene Haussmann (Modernization Of Paris) Charles Correa (Sector Planning) B. V. Doshi ( Low-cost Housing) References 2

3. INTRODUCTION This graduate report attempts to be a brief summary of some eminent indian town planners and the movements in the field of town planning that happened by them in last two decades. The social concept of town or city makes the first stage of its progress. It started in the early days of 20 th century, when eminent sociologists like Sir Patrick Geddes, Ebenezer Howard, Lewis Mumford entered in the field of town planning for the first time. Inclusion of theories involving different approaches is necessary, and sometime, the thinker is more well-known then the theory themselves, hence the titles of the sub-heads are sometimes on the name of the thinker rather than the theory propagated by him. The planner’s choice has been made based on representation of particular type but all are not included. They are important in their own ways, but analysis of all would not have added much to the main intent of this report. 3

4. NAME OF EMINENT URBAN PLANNERS Ebenezer Howard Le Corbusier Patrick Geddes Doxiadis Clarence Perry George Eugene Haussmann Charles Correa B.V. Doshi 4

5. CONCEPT OF PLANNERS Garden City is most potential planning model in Western urban planning Created by Ebenezer Howard in 1898 to solve urban and rural problems Source of many key planning ideas during 20th century They were a reaction to the environmental and social legacy of Britain’s industrial revolution, the results of a century of industrialisation, and rapid growth, and the poor, unhealthy housing conditions that came with that. In early twentieth century, two new cities of Letchworth and Welwyn were established on the principles of garden city and are now an integral part of planning history. EBENEZER HOWARD GARDEN CITY Fig 1. Garden city concept by Ebenezer Howard 5

6. 1. EBENEZER HOWARD ‘Garden City’ is an impressive diagram of The three magnets namely the town magnet, country magnet with their advantages and disadvantages and the third magnet with attractive features of both town and country life. Naturally people preferred the third one namely Garden City. Ebenezer Howard’s Town-Country magnet showing the combination of the advantages of both town and country Industrial revolution created overcrowding, bad housing and environmental problems, but it had many other benefit. Therefor he wanted to combine the best of the new industrial society with the best of the countryside in his ideal community name Garden City Garden city was conceived as a powerful counter magnet to attract people from the over-crowded industrial cities and the poor villagers Fig 2. Town-Country magnet by Howard 6

7. 2. LE CORBUSIER The Swiss born architect Charles Edouard Jeanneret Gris, early in his profession adopted his pseudonym Le Corbusier , and is one of the creators of the modern movement in architecture. He called for "universal.. . total city planning," urging "let's make our plans.. .on a scale with twentieth-century events.. . . “ .He give the concept of Contemporary City Fig 3. Le Corbusier's “contemporary city CONTEMPORARY CITY The streets are preferred symmetrical in grid iron pattern Industry, commerce, administration and residential areas are allocated separate sectors and arranged analytically Then they are all linked up for easy accessibility The transportation system preserves the life of city and tries to build speed into the structure of the city Two highways cross at the structure of the city, which is a multilevel interchange for the whole system 7

8. 2. LE CORBUSIER Chandigarh in India is an application of Le Corbusier town planning idea Chandigarh is one of the most significant urban planning experiments of the 20 th century. (Area : 114 sq.km.) The city strictly follows Grid-iron pattern of street layout and thus city is composed of sectors. Initial design of chandigarh had 30 sectors. Each sector is 800 meters by 1,200 meters rectangular area. These sectors catered to the daily needs of inhabitants, which varies from 5,000 to 25,000. Each sector is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centres and places of recreations and worship. Fig 4. Plan of Chandigarh by Le Corbusier CHANDIGARH 8

9. 3. PATRICK GEDDES The well-known town planner, sociologist from Scotland, Sir Patrick Geddes has been described as one of the founders of modern town and regional planning. He also gave the theory of 'survey before planning', or 'diagnosis before treatment', to make the diagnosis of the various ills from which the town suffers, and then prescribe the remedies for its cure. In his valley section he clearly show the relationship of folk place and work In his valley section he showed that all the natures occupation have a space The geographical space shapes the work, and the people with their work shape the environment . THE PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING EXPRESSED BY SIR PATRICK GEDDES fig 5. Patrick Geddes valley section 9

10. 4. DOXIADIS Doxiadis laid the base for the theory of human settlement planning, which term as Ekistics. Five important principles from Doxiadis theory Optimization of potential contacts : Throughout the history of cities the main desire of man is to select the location which bring him close to the natural resources Minimize the efforts to make the contacts : People spent least energy to make contracts which are easily accessible Optimization of protective open space : People can tolerate the crowded surrounding only for a certain length of time, and then he wants to enclose himself in s private room Best balance with the environment : People always tries to build their houses such a way that his existence caused least harm to surrounding maintaining balance with nature Synthesis of all the four principles : People developed doors to his house in order to achieve the maximum synthesis between third, and the first second principles. 10

11. 5. CLARENCE PERRY CONCEPTION OF NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT Perry described the neighbourhood unit as that populated area which would require and support an elementary school with an enrolment of between 1,000 and 1,200 pupils. This would mean a population of between 5,000 and 6,000 people. Perry outlined 6 basic principles of good neighborhood design: Fig 6. Clarence Perry’s Neighbourhood Unit 1. Major arterials and through traffic routes should not pass through residential neighbourhoods. Instead these streets should provide boundaries of the neighbourhood. 2. Interior street patterns should be designed and constructed 3. The neighbourhood focal point should be the elementary school centrally located on a common green area. 4. The radius of the neighbourhood should be a maximum of one quarter mile. 5. Shopping districts should be sited at the edge of neighbourhoods preferably at major street intersections. 6. The population of the neighbourhood should be that which is required to support its elementary school . 11

12. Year 1854 Year 1862 Year 1870 Year 1879 MODERNISATION OF PARIS From 1800 to 1850 the population doubled to over one million. In 1850 the majority of Paris was still the medieval style of unplanned narrow winding streets. Open sewage system had became the breeding ground for diseases. In 1851, Napoleon III appointed Haussmann to rebuild the city. His Urban planning scheme included A reorganized symmetrical road system. Division of Paris into Districts and its expansion. Wide Boulevards Gas lighting Public Building regulations Monuments Updated Facade Sewer systems Fig 7. Paris : Streets and Avenues cut by Haussmann 6 . GEORGE EUGENE HAUSSMANN 12

13. 7. CHARLES CORREA Charles Correa is an Indian architect, planner and theoretician, who has been doing architecture for fifty years and designed many projects both in India and abroad Correa designed low-rise housing with its open-space relations, well resolved air conditioning with a rational manner Correa has designed several houses with a variety of generation method . The forms are mostly basic and the generations can be grouped as linear generations, grouped or clustered generations, and chainlike generations. The Projects of Charles Correa The Cablenagar Township : Kota, Rajasthan-1967 Prev: (Proyecto Experimental di Vivienda) in Lima, Peru, 1969-1973 HUDCO (Housing & Development Corporation), Jodhpur – 1986 Malabar Cements Township, Kerala-1978-82 ACC: (The Associated Cement Company), Wadi, Andhra Pradesh – 1984 Belapur Housing: Belapur, New Bombay-1983-1986 Fig 8.Belapur Housing 13

14. 8 . B.V. DOSHI ARANYA LOW-COST HOUSING TOWNSHIP INDORE It is located 6 km from the centre of Indore on Agra-Bombay highway. Doshi was commissioned by the Indore Development Authority to provide housing for the “Economically weaker sector Of these 65% were allocated for the very poor, 11% for lower income, 14% for middle income, 9% for high income group. The Aranya housing scheme divided as 58% residential use, 23.5% pedestrian & vehicular access roads, 8% open space, 7% shared community. Doshi divided the site with a north-south spine where the main amenities are clustered, feeding 3 zones of housing on each side. Houses are clustered in groups of 10. The outer periphery consist units for H.I.G and most weaker section is inside. The main street runs at the centre of plan in zig-zag pattern Fig 9. Aranya low-cost housing township Indore 14

15. REFERENCES Brett Clark (2003) Ebenezer Howard and the marriage of town and country University of Oregon John Scott (2015) The social theory of Patrick Geddes Denmark : University of Copenhagen Belinda Torus (2012) Charles Correa’s housing language Turkey : Bahcesehir University Jasmine Rault (2005) Reconsidering Le Coubusier’s “Gift” to Eileen Gray McGill University Urban planning Theory & Practice by M. Pratap 15

16. Thank You… 16