Controlling fip to compensate load in tractor

Associated in tractor manufacturing unit and developed cognizance of manufacturing procedures. Coordinated and controlled power take-off revolutions per minute to enhance efficiency of tractors. Employed Arduino Systems and maintained an regulated, constant PTO RPM. Analysed the performance of Common Rail Direct injection based tractors. Assisted in operations of build and validation department. Collaborated in quality check and quality assurance operations.

1. 1 Department of Automobile Engineering Controlling FIP to compensate load in tractor . Done by Atluri Rushyanth Harikrishna Tarachand (1111310264) Guided by Mr.N.Ganesh Kumar ,M.E Assistant Professor Department of Automobile Engineering Batch: I (20)

2. INTRODUCTION Mahindra and Mahindra Limited (M&M) is an Indian multinational automobile manufacturing corporation headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is one of the largest vehicle manufacturers by production in India and the largest manufacturer of tractors in the world. It is a part of Mahindra Group, an Indian conglomerate. It was ranked 21st on a list of top companies in India by Fortune India 500 in 2011. Mahindra and Mahindra, branded on its products usually as ’Mahindra’, produces SUVs, saloon cars, pickups, commercial vehicles, and two wheeled motorcycles and tractors. Department of Automobile Engineering 2

3. ABSTRACT A power take-off or power takeoff (PTO) is any of several methods for taking power from a power source, such as a running engine, and transmitting it to an application such as an attached implement or separate machines. In tractors the power take-off allows implements to draw energy from the engine. Tractor and implement are designed to be operated at rated engine rpm and the PTO rpm should be maintained 540 rpm at the same time. There is a need to keep the PTO rpm at constant 540 so that the power output of the engine is fully efficient to the work. If the PTO rpm is not 540 then then there might be a loss in the efficiency of the engine. Here the process is to control the inline fuel injection pump lever of the tractor by push or pull the lever to maintain the rpm of the PTO shaft constant 540. Department of Automobile Engineering 3

4. CONCEPT When the load is applied on the tractor the PTO rpm will be decreasing from 540. To maintain it for constant 540 rpm a microcontroller setup is used which moves the Fuel Injection lever. Whenever there was a drop of PTO rpm the microcontroller get the signal in the form of pulses. The microcontroller which controls the linear actuator sends the readings whether to push or pull the FIP lever to maintain a constant 540rpm. By this the PTO rpm is calculated and the efficiency of the PTO rpm will be good. Department of Automobile Engineering 4

5. POWER TAKE OFF(PTO) A  power take-off  or  power takeoff  ( PTO ) is any of several methods for taking power from a power source, such as a running engine, and transmitting it to an application such as an attached implement or separate machines. Most commonly, it is a system comprising a  splined  output shaft on a tractor designed so that a PTO shaft, a kind of drive shaft, can be easily connected and disconnected, and a corresponding input shaft on the application end. The power take-off allows implements to draw energy from the engine. Department of Automobile Engineering 5

6. Department of Automobile Engineering 6 Engine rpm vs PTO rpm In the PTO the system varies according to the type of tractor. In domestic tractors of Mahindra the PTO rpm is 540 at 2100 rpm. Where as in the CRDI tractors the PTO rpm is 540 when the engine rpm is 1800. You can therefore determine the PTO speed in revolutions per minute (RPM) by multiplying the engine speed by the PTO percentage.

7. MICROCONTROLLER ARDUINO(UNO) Arduino  is an open source, computer hardware and software company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures microcontroller kits for building digital devices. The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called a sketch. A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and peripherals and can be used as an embedded system. •The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machin - ery , such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. Department of Automobile Engineering 7

8. LINEAR ACTUATOR A  linear actuator  is an actuator that creates motion in a straight line, in contrast to the circular motion of a conventional electric motor. Linear actuators are used in machine tools and industrial machinery, in computer peripherals such as disk drives and printers, in valves and dampers, and in many other places where linear motion is required. Hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders inherently produce linear motion. Many other mechanisms are used to generate linear motion from a rotating motor. Department of Automobile Engineering 8

9. INLINE FUEL INJECTION PUMP An in-line injection pump fuel system layout is essentially all in-line diesel injection pumps use one or more cylinders, called barrels, where a reciprocating plunger produces very high pressures. Although various types of valve have been used for the start and end of injection, but the only suitable one for modern engines are those in the form of ports that are covered and uncovered by the plunger and the edge of the spill groove. As the plunger is jerked upward by the cam, its upper end covers the fuel inlet port, so that above it fuel pressure starts to build up, initially slowly and then extremely rapidly. To terminate injection, this pressure is suddenly released by uncovering of the spill port. The spill groove is generally straight but inclined so that, by rotating the plunger, the timing of the spill point can be controlled, and so also the quantity of the fuel injected to match the engine requirement. Department of Automobile Engineering 9

10. Department of Automobile Engineering 10 The load acting on the fuel injection pump varies from hand lever to Foot pedal. In Inline fuel injection pumps the process which pulls the FIP lever is Mechanical process. It means that the hand lever and foot pedal are connected to the mechanical wiring. From the tractors Arjun yuvo the weight acting on FIP lever is 4 to 5 kg. Bhoomiputra tractor has weight of 4.5 to 5 kg acting on the FIP lever. Whereas Dhruv has a weight acting of 7.5 to 8 kg acting on the lever due to mechanical system composition. This tells that there are different loads acting on different tractors.

11. CONTROLLING THE FIP Normally load acting on the FIP lever in the Mahindra tractors is 4 to 5 kg Whenever there was a load acting on the FIP lever the PTO rpm may slightly decreases to the 20 to 30 rpm. So the PTO rpm decreases from 540 to 520 rpm. Due to this more amount of fuel enters into the engine and rpm of the PTO in- creases to the 540. To control the FIP the procedure which I was implementing is by using the Microcontroller coding and push and pull the FIP lever by using the Actuator. . Department of Automobile Engineering 11

12. PULVARIZATION Pulse signals from the PTO is in the form of pulse width modulation(PWM). The signals in the PTO will be noted by using the Proximity sensor. A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor’s target. The maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined "nominal range". Some sensors have adjustments of the nominal range or means to report a graduated detection distance. Department of Automobile Engineering 12

13. CODING OF MICROCONTROLLER The first step is to write your program code. This is usually done is Arduino software. But some compilers support other languages as well. Find out what other people who are using the same microcontrollers are doing. The microcontroller which we are used is the Arduino system. In this the coding is done by the Arduino software where there was an conceptual basics. It consists of port pins which has input and output, where input signals is sent to the microcontroller. The control board is then send the signals by input and send the signals to the output. Department of Automobile Engineering 13

14. TESTING The testing in the lab is done at Build and Validation. Here there is an voltmeter where the voltage is up to the 24V. The actuator which was used is the 24V linear Actuator. The maximum current passed through the Linear actuator is 6Amp. Whenever the connection given to the voltmeter the current in the Actuator goes to the 4Amp. One wire is given to the ground and other wire connected to the VSS. From the Arduino there are three connections like Enable,In1,In2. Department of Automobile Engineering 14

15. Department of Automobile Engineering 15 Proximity sensor on PTO Actuator mounted on tractor The tractor which I selected was domestic tractor which is MStar . There the proximity sensor is connected to the PTO shaft and readings noted. The proximity sensor is connected to the rpm board in order to know the rpm speed.

16. Department of Automobile Engineering 16 The Actuator is placed at correct place or even attached to the fuel injection pump lever. The actuator is given a 12V voltage and current is passed to the Actuator by using the control board. The Actuator then pushes the lever. Whenever there was an increase in the rpm as rpm goes more than 540. Then the microcontroller gets the signal from the proximity sensor and it controls the Actuator which then pulls the lever. So that the rpm is maintained constant 540. 535 RPM

17. Department of Automobile Engineering 17 THANK YOU