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1. Non-conventional Energy Sources BAISALINI SETHI Asst.Professor Department Of Mechanical Engineering

2. Introduction Any physical activity in this world, whether carried out by human beings or by nature, is cause due to flow of energy in one form or the other. The word ‘energy’ itself is derived from the Greek word ‘ en -ergon’, which means ‘in-work’ or ‘work content’. The work output depends on the energy input. Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the ever- increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them.

3. ENERGY, ECONOMY AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Energy is universally recognized as one of the important input for economic growth and human development. There are 4 major energy end use sectors: Commercial Industrial Residential Transportation

4. Classification of Energy Based on Usability of energy Primary Resources (Naturally available) : Resource embodied in nature prior to undergoing any human-made conversions or transformations.ex : Coal ,crude oil, solar, wind , running rivers, vegetation and radioactive material like uranium. These are present in raw forms and converted for usable forms. Energy yield Ratio = Energy received from raw sources/Energy spent to obtain raw materials (ii) Intermediate Resources: These obtain from primary energy by few steps. Ex: steam energy (iii) Secondary resourses : The final form of energy supplied to consumer utilization after one or more steps of transformation. Ex: Electrical Energy, thermal energy, refined fuels or synthetic fuels such as hydrogen fuels.

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6. Based on Traditional Use (a) Conventional Energy Sources: Used for many decades, Ex: Fossil fuels, nuclear and hydro resources (b) Non Conventional Energy Sources, which are considered for large scale use. Ex: solar, wind, biomass

7. Based on long term availability (a) Non Renewable Resources: which are finite and do not get replenished after their consumption, are called non-renewable. Ex: fossil fuels, uranium, etc. They are likely to deplete with time. (b) Renewable Resources : Energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible. Ex: wind power, solar power, geothermal power, tidal power and hydroelectric power. Important feature is it can be harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants.

8. Based on Commercial Application (a) Commercial Energy Resource: The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price. Ex: Electricity, coal and Refined Petroleum products. (b): Non Commercial Energy: Energy that are not available in the commercial market places for a price. Ex: firewood, cattle dung and agricultural wastes, solar energy or water heating, animal power for transport, irrigation and crushing of sugar cane.

9. Based on Origin (a) Fossil fuel energy (b) Nuclear Energy (c) Hydro Energy (d) Solar Energy (e)Wind Energy (f) Biomass Energy (g) Geothermal Energy (h) Tidal Energy ( i ) Ocean thermal Energy (j) Ocean wave Energy

10. Energy Consumption The energy consumption of a nation can be broadly divided into the following areas or sectors depending on energy-related activities. These can be further subdivided into subsectors: Domestic sector (houses and offices including commercial buildings) Transportation sector Agriculture sector Industry sector Increase in consumption of large amount of energy in country indicates increased the activities in these sector.

11. An study on energy consumption Define Energy Chain.? Primary energy resources electrical route final energy consumption Primary energy resources Non electrical route final energy consumption

12. 90% fossil fuel used in India . Oil crisis of 1973: In October 1973 OPEC ( Organization of petrol Exporting Countries ) which was founded in 1960 put an embargo(official ban) on oil production and started the oil pricing control strategy. This result spiraling price rise of various commercial energy sources. So,1973 called oil shock year which make jolted the world up to 1979. By the end of 1980 the of crude oil become 19 times what it was before 10 years later. So, world focused on alternative energy sources. Importance of Non-Conventional Energy Sources: Demand of energy is increase by leaps due to industrialization and population growth so, conventional source is not sufficient. Conventional source are non-renewable except (hydro) are bound to be finished. Conventional sources cause pollution which degrades the environment Large hydro resources affect wild life cause deforestation pose various social problems.

13. Common forms of energy (1) Mechanical Energy: This energy required for movement of society .Example Fly wheel energy, turbine output . (2) Electrical energy: The energy stream line of society. Example electric supply (3) Thermal Energy : It used to raise the temperature of the system. Thermal Energy……Heat Engine…..Mechanical Energy High grade thermal energy : ( can converted efficiently to mechanical energy. Ex. Super heated steam Medium grade: ( ) can converted efficiently to mechanical energy. Ex. Saturated vapor Low grade: ( ) ) can’t converted efficiently to mechanical energy and is used mostly for heating purpose . High grade energy (shaft work) , steam produce from low grade energy (fuel) through medium heat engine. (d) Chemical Energy: Fuels and organic matters contain chemical energy . Exothermic reaction released heat energy. Chemical energy….Fuel cell …..Electrical Energy  

14. Q. write the advantage and disadvantage of conventional Energy Sources. Advantage Cost : At present these are cheaper than non-conventional sources. Security : As storage is easy and convenient ,by storing certain quantity Convenience: These are very convenient to use as technology for their conversion . Disadvantage Pollution: Fossil fuel generate pollutant. Ex. , , : React with blood which cause rapture of WBC : Cause global warming , : Acid rain (2) Safety of Nuclear plants is a controversial ( Tarapur Nuclear plant Maharastra 1989) Waste material generate by nuclear plant are radioactive in nature Possible in leakage of radioactive material from reactor ( Chernobly in Ukraine)  

15. Sophisticated technology required for using nuclear resources. Hydroelectric plants are cleanest but large hydro reservoir cause Ecological imbalance such as earth quakes (ii) Affect Wild life (iii) Cause dislocation of large population and their rehabilitation Write silent features of NCES. Merit ( i ) Available free of cost in nature. (ii) Produce very little pollution .So environmental friendly (iii)They have low creation period (iv) They have inexhaustible(abundance) Demerit ( i ) Energy available in dilute form (ii) Harvesting energy from NCES is costly (iii) Availability is uncertain( because flow depend upon various natural phenomena) (iv) Difficult to transport such form of energy

16. Concept of green house effect

17. Life on earth is made possible by energy from the sun, which arrives mainly in the form of visible light. About 30 percent of the sunlight is scattered back into space by outer atmosphere and the balance 70 percent reaches the earth's surface, which reflects it in form of infrared radiation. The escape of slow moving infrared radiation is delayed by the green house gases. A thicker blanket of greenhouse gases traps more infrared radiation and increase the earth's temperature. Greenhouse gases makeup only 1 percent of the atmosphere, but they act as a blanket around the earth, or like a glass roof of a greenhouse and keep the earth 30 degrees warmer than it would be otherwise - without greenhouse gases, earth would be too cold to live. Human activities that are responsible for making the greenhouse layer thicker are emissions of carbon dioxide from the combustion of coal, oil and natural gas; by additional methane and nitrous oxide from farming activities and changes in land use; and by several man made gases that have a long life in the atmosphere

18. The increase in greenhouse gases is happening at an alarming rate. If greenhouse gases emissions continue to grow at current rates, it is almost certain that the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide will increase twice or thrice from pre-industrial levels during the 21st century. Even a small increase in earth's temperature will be accompanied by changes in climate- such as cloud cover, precipitation, wind patterns and duration of seasons. In an already highly crowded and stressed earth, millions of people depend on weather patterns, such as monsoon rains, to continue as they have in the past. Even minimum changes will be disruptive and difficult. Carbon dioxide is responsible for 60 percent of the "enhanced greenhouse effect". Humans are burning coal, oil and natural gas at a rate that is much faster than the rate at which these fossil fuels were created. This is releasing the carbon stored in the fuels into the atmosphere and upsetting the carbon cycle (a precise balanced system by which carbon is exchanged between the air, the oceans and land vegetation taking place over millions of years). Currently, carbon dioxide levels in the atmospheric are rising by over 10 percent every 20 years.

19. Consequence of Global warming Average temperature has climbed ( 1 degree ) around world since 1980 according NASA The rate of warming is increased .The 20 th century is hottest period from last decades. The 1 degree rise cause increase 15-18 cm rise in sea level Arctic ice is rapidly disappearing Glaciers and mountain are rapidly melting .Ex. Montana’s have only 27 glacier which was 150 in 1910

20. Pollution Indoor Pollution: These mainly caused due to conventional chulhas in rural area. Nearly 5,00,000 children ,women and old age people died from diseases cause by indoor pollution . The percentage nearly decline recent year due to some measurable steps taken by Government.( Ujjwala Yojana) Outdoor Pollution: Cause due to use of fossil fuel Remedies: ( i ) Use of sophisticated technologies to control pollution( After burner, gasified coal should used in power plant) (ii) Clean alternative fuel such hydrogen, renewable energy ,fuel cell

21. Various Pollutant and their harmful effect Particulate Matter Reduce sunlight, reduce visibility A level above (yearly average) result respiratory problems. A level above (yearly average) result bronchitis. the annual average permissible limit is 2. Generally not consider toxic gas its is essential for photosynthesis and production of Oxygen. Increase concentration of cause Global Warming 3.CO Due to incomplete burning CO produced. CO concentration of 100 ppm cause headache, 500 ppm cause collapse and 1000 ppm cause fatal. Smoker inhale CO concentration 400 t0 450 ppm. 4.S Due to man made reasons S produce ( involving combustion of fuels) Power plant -70%, Industry -15%, Motor Vehicle -8%, Solid waste disposal-5% others-2%)  

22. Cause respiratory deceases (Asthma) , irritates eye. Cause corrosion of metals ,deterioration of electrical contacts. Cause acid rain The safe limit is annual average. 5.N 80% N produce by Natural process by biological reaction 20% due to man made reason ( Motor vehicle -7%, Industry-7%, Power Plant-4%, Solid waste- 2% Harmful effect : Cause respiratory and cardiovascular illness. Form acid in lungs so it is more toxic than CO. Safe limit is Q. Define green power The energy sources which are ecofriendly ,non-polluting and remedy for Global warming. Green energy commonly renewable energy.  

23. 6. Hydrocarbons There are two main groups of hydrocarbons of concern: volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). VOCs are released in vehicle exhaust gases either as unburned fuels or as combustion products, and are also emitted by the evaporation of solvents and motor fuels. Benzene and 1,3-butadiene are of particular concern, as they are known carcinogens. Other VOCs are important because of the role they play in the photochemical formation of ozone in the atmosphere. Benzene and 1,3-butadiene are common VOC, generally benzene already present (constituent of petrol 2% by volume) it transfer to atmosphere by evaporation and combustion but 1,3-butadiene produce by burning of fuel(petrol and desiel ),it used to produce synthetic rubber. Benzene is know as human carcinogen and 1,3-butadiene is known as potent, human carcinogen 7. TOMPs (Toxic Organic Micro pollutants) are produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels. They comprise a complex range of chemicals some of which, although they are emitted in very small quantities, are highly toxic or and carcinogenic. Compounds in this category include: · PAHs (Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons) · PCBs (Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls) · Dioxins · Furans 8. Heavy metals and lead( Lead is a cumulative poison to the central nervous system, particularly detrimental to the mental development of children. )

24. Questions Define Primary and Secondary energy sources. Define Conventional and Non-Conventional energy sources. list various non-conventional energy resources. Give their availability ,merit and demerit. Define Renewable energy sources. What do you understand by commercial energy.? Write different green house gases. Explain green house effect. What do you understand by green power. What do you understand by green chain.? list various conventional energy resources. Give their availability ,merit and demerit.