Copernican-and-Darwinian_20240921_183745_0000.pdf

Intellectual Revolution the Defined Society: Copernican and Darwinian
It talks about the contribution of the Copernican and Darwinian period that made the world what it is today. The importance of their innovations and discoveries that contributed to the knowledge of the people today.

1. Revolutions
Intellectual
that defined society

2. How can Science be
defined?

3. Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and all available
systematic explanations and observations about the natural and
physical world.
Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a systematic and
practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of
study involves systematic observation and experimentation.
Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline, a field
of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of
learning about the natural and physical world. This is what we refer
to as school science.
Science as a personal and social activity. This explains that science
is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop
better understanding of the world around them. It is a means to
improve life and to survive in life. It is interwoven with people’s lives.

4. SCIENCE
IDEAS
HUMANS SOCIETY
SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION

5. Creativity
Curiosity
Critical
Thinking
SCIENTISTS
SCIENCE
DISCOVERIES
Passion to
know
Passion to
discover
SCIENCE
IDEAS
TECHNOLOGY

6. The Birth of Modern Astronomy

7. Copernican Revolution, shift in the
field of astronomy from a geocentric
understanding of the universe,
centred around Earth, to a
heliocentric understanding, centred
around the Sun, as articulated by the
Polish astronomer Nicolaus
Copernicus in the 16th century.

8. The Ptolemaic system, named after Claudius
Ptolemy, was the dominant geocentric model
of the universe until the Copernican Revolution.
It placed Earth at the center, with celestial
bodies orbiting it, and used epicycles to explain
planetary motion. Despite its complexity,
Ptolemy's model accurately predicted
planetary positions and remained accepted
until replaced by Copernicus' heliocentric model.
Ptolemaic System

10. He was born on February 19, 1473, in Toruń, Poland. He was
the youngest of four children in a well-off merchant
family. His father died when he was ten, and his uncle,
Lucas Watzenrode, a canon and influential figure, became
his guardian.
Birth and Family
Education

11. A Sun-Centered Model of the Cosmos

12. Uniform Circular Motion
Copernicus, like Aristotle, believed
that heavenly bodies must move in
uniform circular motion, which led
him to reject Ptolemy's equant
scheme.
Limitations of the Model:
Copernicus' insistence on uniform
circular orbits limited his model’s
accuracy. His treatment of Earth’s
orbits introduced errors similar to
Ptolemy’s.
Complexity and Epicycles:
Although Copernicus' model retained
many epicycles (smaller than
Ptolemy's), it was not much simpler
or more accurate than Ptolemy's,
showing his reluctance to move
beyond circular motion.

14. Heliocentric Model
The Sun, not the Earth, is at the center of the universe.
Simplification of Planetary
Motion
The Copernican model explained retrograde motion more
naturally by showing planets orbit the Sun at different speeds.
Challenge to Worldview
The Earth is no longer the center of the universe, challenging both
scientific and religious views.
Foundation for the Scientific
Revolution
The Copernican model paved the way for later scientific advances
by Galileo, Kepler, and Newton.

15. Creative Writing Activity: "A World Without Copernican Ideas"
(25 points)
Imagine a world where Copernicus' heliocentric theory was never
proposed or accepted. In a one-paragraph essay, describe how
society, science, and daily life might look if everyone still believed that
Earth was the center of the universe.

16. DARWINIAN
evolution

17. Born on February 12, 1809
A Naturalist , Geologist and Biologist
In 1859, Charles Darwin publish this book “On the
Origin of Species”
He's famous for his idea called "Evolution by
Natural Selection."

19. Is a cornerstone of modern
biology, explaining how life on
Earth has evolved over millions of
years. It was first proposed by
Charles Darwin in his
groundbreaking book "On the
Origin of Species" in 1859.

20. Survival and Reproduction
Individuals with traits that make them better suited to their
environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This means they
are more likely to pass their advantageous traits on to their offspring.
Adaptation
Over time, the frequency of beneficial traits increases in a population.
This process is called adaptation.The population becomes better
suited to its environment.
Evolutionary Change
As advantageous traits accumulate, populations evolve, leading to the
diversity of life we observe today. The changes in gene frequencies
within a population over time.

21. Variation
Within any population of organisms, there is natural variation.
Individuals have slightly different traits, such as size, color, or
behavior. This variation is often due to genetic differences.
Inheritance
These traits can be passed down from parents to offspring.
This means that offspring inherit some of their parents'
characteristics.
Competition
Organisms compete for resources such as food, water, and
mates. They also compete to avoid being eaten by predators.

22. Organism that are
better adapted to their
environment are best
suited to survive and
successfully reproduce.

23. Variation and Adaptation
Genetic variations provide the raw material for evolution. These
variations can arise from mutations, gene flow, or other genetic
mechanisms. These variations enable adaptation, allowing organisms to
thrive in different environments.
Genetic Variation
Individuals within a population differ in their genes, leading to variations
in traits.
These variations are the foundation for natural selection.

24. Environmental Pressures
Organisms face challenges such as predation,
competition, and climate change.
Those with favorable traits are better equipped to
survive and reproduce.
Adaptation
Over time, populations become adapted to their
specific environments.
These adaptations are the result of natural selection
acting on variations.

25. Darwin's theory of evolution changed how people saw
themselves. It showed that humans are not special or
above nature, but part of the same evolutionary process
as animals. This led to debates about how we should
treat other living things, our religious beliefs, and what it
means to be human.
Social Darwinism
Misapplication of Darwinian principles to human societies,
justifying inequality and dominance.
IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN SOCIETY
AND CULTURE

26. Human Evolution
Understanding the evolutionary history of
our species, shedding light on our origins
and adaptations.
Bioethics
Ethical considerations regarding genetic
engineering, artificial intelligence, and the
future of humanity

27. Religious Opposition
Challenged traditional views of
creation and human uniqueness.
Lack of Evidence
Initially, there was limited fossil
evidence to support Darwin's
claims.
Complexity of Life
Some argued that natural
selection alone could not explain
the intricate complexity of life.
Controversies and Critiques of Darwinian Theory
Even though Darwin's theory of evolution was very influential, it also
caused a lot of arguments and disagreements. Some people thought it
went against their religious beliefs, while others didn't believe that natural
selection could actually explain how new species develop.

28. Darwin's theory of evolution completely changed how we
understand living things. It's the basis for all modern science
about how life changes over time. It helps us understand
why there are so many different kinds of plants and animals,
how they adapt to their surroundings, and how new species
come about..
• Modern Genetics
The study of genes and heredity, providing molecular
evidence for evolution.
THE LASTING IMPACT OF
DARWIN THOUGHT

29. • Biotechnology
Applications of biological knowledge,
including genetic engineering and medicine.
• Conservation Biology
Understanding the impact of human
activities on biodiversity and conservation
efforts.

30. Darwin's ideas have had a profound and lasting impact on modern
science. They continue to inspire research in various fields, including
medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.
Understanding Disease
Evolutionary principles are applied to study the emergence and
spread of infectious diseases.
Genetic Engineering
Manipulating genes to improve crops, livestock, and human health.
Climate Change
Understanding the impact of human activities on ecosystems and
the evolution of species.
THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION’S ON
MODERN SCIENCE

32. 21 letters/boxes
2
4 6
7
9
This crossword puzzle is all about Darwin's theory of evolution. Get ready to find
the right words and learn some interesting facts about Darwin’s Theory.
1
3 10
5
19 letters
8
Write and Answer in short bondpaper
(2points each)
18 letters

33. Across
1- The process where populations become better suited to their
environment.
3- The struggle between organisms for resources like food and mates.
5- The field of study that deals with ethical considerations related to
biology and technology.
8- The challenges that organisms face in their environment, such as
predation and competition.

34. Down
2 - Relating to Charles Darwin or his theories.
4- The passing of traits from parents to offspring.
6- The differences in traits among individuals within a
population.
7- The changes in gene frequencies within a population over
time.
9- The field of the study that focuses on the evolutionary
history of our species
10- The book Charles Darwin published in 1859.