Copy of Buddhism, Jainism and other heterodox sects.pptx

buddhism and jainism

1. The emergence of Buddhism, Jainism and other heterodox sects in the 6th century BCE

2. Orthodox and Heterodox philosophies ORTHODOX PHILOSOPHY Sankhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Purva mimansa (mimansa) Uttara Mimamsa (Vedanda) HETERODOX PHILOSOPHY Buddhism Jainism Ajivikas Carvaka/ Lokayata Philosophy

3. Causes for the emergence of new religions Religious condition – Vedic religion became complex with sacrifices and rituals. Brahmins claimed supremacy and took control of religion and education.  Social condition – Rise of the varna system. Shudras and women were rejected to participate in the rituals. Kshatriya rulers clashed with Brahmins and out of this tension, new religions were given patronage. Both the Buddha and Mahavira belonged to Kshatriya clans. Economic condition – Rise of new agricultural economy, animal husbandry which required the use of bulls and could not afford animal sacrifices Due to the rise of agriculture, trade and commerce increased which was undertaken by Vaishyas. They looked for a new religion which could place them in a higher social status. 

4. BUDDHISM Sources Literary : Pali texts -   Jatakas Tripitakas - Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka, Abhidhamma Pitaka   Milindpanho Sanskrit texts -  Ashwagosha - Buddha Charita, Saundarananda, Sutralankar, Sariputra Prakaran and Vijra Suchi  Vasumitra - Mahavibhash Shastra  Buddhagosha -  Visudhamagga. Atthakathayen and Sumangalvasini Nagarjuna - Madhyamika Karika and Prajnaparimita Karika

5.   Archaeological Sources :  Sanchi stupa Sarnath pillar  Gandhara School of Art

6. Life of Buddha (Siddhartha) Part of the Shakya Clan in Kapilavastu  Parents - King Suddhodana and Queen Mahamaya Born - 623 B.C. in the Lumbini garden Married Princesses Yasodhara when he was 17 and had a son named Rahula The Four Sights - sickness; death; renunciation; old age At the age of 29 – Renunciation ( Maha parityaga) Enlightenment – Bodh gaya , under pipal tree From then called as 'Buddha' or 'the enlightened one' Sarnath Deer park - First sermon Sarnath

7. Doctrines of Buddhism FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS (ARYA SATYA) 1. Human life is full of sorrow 2. Sorrow is caused by desire 3. The end of desire is the end of sorrow. 4. To end desire, one should follow the ashtangamarga. EIGHT-FOLD PATH ( ASHTANGAMARGA ) 1. Right view  2. Right resolve  3. Right speech  4. Right conduct  5. Right livelihood 6. Right effort  7. Right mindfulness  8. Right concentration

8. Ahimsa -  Buddha emphasized on the spirit of love. Love could be expressed on all living beings by following 'ahimsa' (non-killing) Law of 'karma' -  The condition of a man in this life and the next depends upon his own actions. 'Nirvana' -  the ultimate goal of a man must be shedding of all desires, and ending of sufferings, which finally leads to freedom from rebirth.  Unlike the emphasis on rituals and ceremonies in Vedic religion Buddha laid emphasis on the moral life of an individual God - Buddha neither accepted nor rejected the existence of God. He was more concerned about the individual and his actions. Buddhism also did not believe in the existence of soul.  "An individual should pursue the middle path and both severe asceticism as well as luxurious life are to be avoided"

9. Buddhist councils First Buddhist council  500 BC at Rajgriha By Ajatasatru Presided by Mahakasyapa Compilation of dhamma (religious doctrines) and Vinaya (monastic code) Second Buddhist council  383 BC at Vaisali By Kalasoka Buddhist order broke into Sthaviravadins/Theravadi (Believers in teachings) and Mahasanghikas (members of the great community) third Buddhist council  250 BC at Pataliputa BY Asoka New classification of the canonical texts by the addition of Abhidhamma pitaka  Fourth Buddhist  council  100 AD at Kashmir BY Kanishka Presided by Vasumitra and Asvaghosha Compilation of Mahavibhasha Shastra (Sanskrti Comment on Tripitaka) Division into Hinayana and Mahayana sects.

10. Causes for decline Corruption in the Buddhist sangha Reform in Hinduism and rise of new sects like Vaisnavism, Saivism, Saktism Division of Buddhism into sects like Hinayana, Mahayana, Vajrayana After the fourth Buddhist council, Kanishka stopped the usage of Pali and Prakrit and adopted Sanskrit which the masses couldn’t understand Decrease in royal patronage after Asoka, Kanishka, Harshavardhana Invasion of Huns Invasion of Muslims

11. JAINISM Sources : Literary Prakrit texts - 12 Angas, 12 Upangas, 10 Parikarnas, 6 Chhedasutras,  4 Mulasutras, 2 SutraGranthas.  Sanskrit texts  Bhadrabahu's Kaipasutra,  Bhadrabahu Charita and Hemchandra's Parishishta Parvan  Archaeological Udaigiri, Khandagiri caves, Statue of Gometeshwar/Bahubali at Shravanbelgola, Girnar and Palitana, Rajagriha temple and Pavapuri temple, Dilwara Temple at Mount Abu

12. Shravanbelgola Udaigiri caves Dilwara Temple

13. Life of Mahavira (Vardhaman) Vardhaman Mahavira - 24th Thirthankara Parents - King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala of Ishvaku dynasty Born - 599 B.C. in Kundagrama Married Princesses Yasodha At the age of 30 – Renunciation Spent the next twelve and a half years pursuing a life of hard penance and attained 'true knowledge' or 'Kevala jnana' From then called as 'Jina' or 'the conqueror of the self' His followers are called 'Jains' At the age of 72 attained nirvana at Pava

14. Doctrines THE THREE PRINCIPLES OR TRIRATNAS (THREE GEMS) Right Faith -  belief in the teachings and wisdom of Mahavira Right Knowledge - acceptance of the theory that there is no God, and that the world has been existing without a creator and that all objects possess a soul  Right Conduct - observance of the five great vows FIVE GREAT VOWS not to injure life not to lie not to steal not to acquire property  not to lead immoral life

15. Jain councils First Jain council 300 BC At Pataliputra By Sthulabhadra Compilation of 12 Angas  Second jain council 512 AD At Vallabhi By Devardhi Kshmasramana Final compilation of 12 Angas and 12 Upangas  Doctrine of ahimsa: He advocated a very holy and ethical code of life. Even the practice of agriculture was considered sinful as it causes injury to the earth, worms and animals.  Doctrine of asceticism and renunciation: carried to extreme lengths by the practice of starvation, nudity and other forms of self-torture. 

16. Causes for decline Decrease in royal patronage after Bimbisara, Ajatasatru, Udayin and Kharavela Decrease in missionary activity Unlike the middle path of Buddhism, Jainism propagated severe penance and fasting which failed to attract common people Jainism weakened due to schism into 2 two sects – Digambara and Svetambara Digambara was led by Bhadrabahu and they nudity and severe penance. Svetambara was led by Sitalabahu who wore white dress Buddhism spread rapidly due to the patronage of Asoka, Kanishka and Harsha and attracted the masses. Rise of sects like Vaisnavism, Saivism, Saktism also led to its decline

17. AJIVIKAS Founder Makkhali Goshala - contemporary of both the Buddha and Mahavira Original texts of Ajivikas are lost – information from secondary sources like Buddhist and Jain texts Doctrines: Everything is predetermined by absolute determinism or 'niyati' Hence human action has no consequence and no free will Doctrine of Karma – rejected. Since human action cannot change niyati Believed that there are no absolute moral laws Rejected existence of god All matter is made up of invisible atoms 7 elemental categories (Kaya) -  4 matter – Fire, earth, water, air 3 non-matter – sukha or joy, dukka or sorrow, jiva or life

18. Asceticism -  Ajivikas wore no clothes and lived as ascetic monks in organised groups and practiced severe austerities like lying on nails, going through fire, exposing themselves to extreme weather and spending time in large earthen pots for penance no caste discrimination Royal Patronage from Mauryan Emperor Bindusara. Built – Barabar caves which are oldest surviving rock cut caves in india Barabar caves

19. LOKAYATA OR CHARVAKA Materialistic Philosophy – one of the oldest philosophy in Indian Materialism Founder Charvaka aka Brihaspati – Author of Brihaspatya sutras Secondary sources of information – Buddhist, jain, Brahminical Doctrines : Matter is the only reality and world is made of 4 basic elements – fire, water, earth and air Perception ( Pratyaksha ) is the only means of knowledge and anything that cannot be understood through Perception is just 'imagination' Rejects the existence of good or bad in the world  Rejects the existence of God

20.   Rejects the existence of separate soul. The living body is itself considered as soul. It is formed when earth, fire, water, air are combined and contains life, breath and consciousness.   Rejects the existence of Karma, reincarnation and afterlife   Does not believe in Dharma and Moksha   Believes that man should only strive for Kama (sensual pleasure) and Artha (wealth) to get pleasure.