Copy-of-ReadWrite-Q1-6-Cr-Reasoning.pptx

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1. CRITICAL READING AS REASONING

2. Read the statements carefully, and determine if they are TRUE or FALSE, then write your answers on the blanks provided before each number. _____________1. Critical reading is simply recognition of the text’s meaning and restating it in your own words. _____________2. Critical reading examines the author’s choice of content, language and structure. _____________3. Critical reading teaches the readers to accept all the presented facts without further examination.

3. _____________4. A statement of fact can be verified through experimentation, personal observation or credible sources. ___________5. A statement of opinion needs further evidence and other valid supporting details to be proven true.

4. REASONING – Accdg . To Merriam-Webster Dictionary, reasoning is an act of giving statements for justification and explanation. It is the ability of someone to defend something by giving out reasons.

5. Critical reading advances the understanding of the reader by not taking the text by its face value. It studies the composition’s every nook and cranny until you find the author’s inconsistencies, oversights, limitations and other reasonable arguments that is often overlooked by a normal reader.

6. Goals of Critical Reading Prentice Hall has enumerated the following critical reading skills: 1. The ability to distinguish between fact and opinion 2. The ability to identify the author’s purpose 3. The ability to make inferences 4. The ability to recognize the author’s tone 5. The ability to recognize persuasive techniques

7. FORMULATING EVALUATIVE STATEMENTS Evaluative statements about a text are formulated after having read the text carefully and critically, grasping the essence of the text and checking for possible fallacies in the argument.

8. Evaluative statement is used in giving a sound judgement – a judgement that can be backed up or supported by valid reasons or proofs. It is the writer’s way of explaining why a strength is a strength and a weakness a weakness based on the evidences gathered.

9. You may compose your evaluative statements in two steps: 1. Formulating assertions about the content and the properties of a text 2. Formulating a meaningful counterclaim in response to a claim made in the text

10. 1. FORMULATING ASSERTIONS ABOUT THE CONTENT AND THE PROPERTIES OF A TEXT In this step, you have to examine which ideas are facts or opinions , make inferences or conclusions, and assess the overall quality of the text. ASSERTIONS – are declarative sentences that claim something is either true or false. Example: The sampaguita’s roots are used for medical purposes, such as an aesthetic and a sedative. The sampaguita belongs to the genus Jasminum of the family Oleaceace .

11. *Four Common Types of Assertion Fact – statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research . Example: According to experts, seawater contains high amounts of minerals such as sodium, chloride, sulphate , magnesium and calcium. (The first sample sentence is classified as a fact since the mineral contents of seawater can be tested and proven through experiments and researches .)

12. *Four Common Types of Assertion 2. Convention – a way in which something is done, similar to traditions and norms. Conventions depend on historical precedents, laws, rules, usage, and customs. Example: Seawater is classified as a heterogenous and homogenous mixture. (The second sample sentence is a convention because the classification of seawater is based on the classification system made by scientists and is acceptable to the scientific community.)

13. *Four Common Types of Assertion 3. Opinion – it is based on facts, but is difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness. Results from ambiguities, the more ambiguous a statement, the more difficult it is to verify. Example: Swimming in seawater is the best activity to refresh and relax your mind, body, and soul. (The third sample sentence is an opinion since the claim is difficult to prove. The truthfulness of the claim may be true to some but not to others.)

14. *Four Common Types of Assertion 4. Preference – based on personal choice, they are subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked. Example: I love to make frequent trips to places with seawater rather than those without it. (The last sample sentence is a preference because it expresses the personal choice of the writer to places with seawater over those places without it.)

15. 2. FORMULATING A MEANINGFUL COUNTERCLAIM IN RESPONSE TO A CLAIM MADE IN THE TEXT COUNTERCLAIM – is the opposition you make about the claim of a writer. - are claims made to rebut a previous claim. - they provide a contrasting perspective. - it shows you are examining different perspectives and not just passively accepting the writer’s claim. - shows that you have thoroughly considered the topic, and are willing to engage different viewpoints from your own, thus remaining objective. - also helps you clarify what your personal position is on the topic.

16. * Following questions that will help you formulate a counterclaim What are the major points on which you and the author can disagree? What is their strongest argument? What did they say to defend their position? What are the weaknesses or shortcomings in their argument? Which lines from the text best support the counterclaim you have formulated

17. HEDGE – a word or phrase that minimizes negative impact of a criticism. When you are presenting your counterclaim, you are providing criticism since you are stating that the claim is not true. It is used to give a courteous tone in your writing. Could come in different forms such as: Modals – may, could, would, etc. Frequency adverbs – usually, generally, commonly Probability adverbs – probably, possibly, presumably Example: Obesity is caused by the bad food choices being offered by the food industry. *Obesity is probably caused by the bad food choices being offered by the food industry.

18. Steps in Writing a Counterclaim Step One – Ways to begin counterclaim paragraphs  Many people believe that . . .  It is often thought that . . .  It might seem as if . . .  While it is common . . .

19. Step Two – Ways to transition from the opposite side back to your opinion  What this argument fails to consider is . . .  This view sounds convincing at first but . . .  Although the core claim is valid, it suffers from the flaw in its . . .

20. Step Three – Write a counterclaim. Use one of the sentence starters in step one. Remember to transition back to your opinion. Use one of the sentences starters in step two.

21. DETERMINING TEXTUAL EVIDENCE EVIDENCE – is defined as the details given by the author to support his/her claim. Provided by the writer to substantiates the text. It reveals and builds on the position of the writer and makes the reading more interesting. Evidence is crucial in swaying the reader to your side. A jury or judge, for example, relies on evidence presented by a lawyer before makes a decision regarding a case.

22. Counterclaim example: It is often thought that social studies is the favorite academic class for junior high school students. However, what this argument fails to consider is that science allows for more hands-on activities. For example, when studying amphibians, you get to dissect a frog rather than just read about an event from the past.

23. *Evidence can include the following: FACTS AND STATISTICS (objectively validated information on your subject) OPINION FROM EXPERTS (leading authorities on a topic, such as researches or academics) PERSONAL ANECDOTES (generalizable, relevant, and objectively considered)

24. *Characteristics of a good evidence UNIFIED RELEVANT TO THE CENTRAL POINT SPECIFIC AND CONCRETE ACCURATE REPRESENTATIVE OR TYPICAL

25. *Some questions to help you determine evidence from the text What questions can you ask about the claims? What are the most important details in the paragraph? How does the given detail reinforce the claim? Are some details out-dated, inaccurate, exaggerated, or taken out of context? Are the sources reliable?

26. Activity No. 1 Identify the following assertions as statements of convention, fact, opinion, or preference. _______ 1. Import liberalization means allowing foreign goods to enter Philippine markets and directly compete with domestic products. _________________ 2. According to the Minister of Defense, NPA armed insurgents now total sum 16,000 men and women. _________________ 3. Roses grow best in soil made of ¾ clay and ¼ sand and loam. _________________ 4.The rose belongs to the genus Rosa of the family Rosaceae . _________________ 5. The export of cut rose can easily become one of the most lucrative businesses in the Philippines.

27. _____ 6. Many more will die because of political considerations and unwise aid-spending. _____ 7. Roses are more beautiful, smell sweeter and are easier to grow than any other flower. ______ 8. The previous government should have toughened its stand against the burgeoning insurgency. _______9. Eyewitness testimony is generally unreliable. ______10.Camel’s hair brushes are made of Siberian squirrel fur.

28. Activity 2: Read the given claim. Write your counterclaim based on the given claim. Claim: Hybrid cars are an effective strategy to fight pollution. Counterclaim: Many people believe that hybrid cars are an effective strategy to fight pollution. This view sounds convincing at first but instead of focusing on cars, which still encourages a culture of driving even if it cuts down on pollution, the nation should focus on building and encouraging the use of mass transit systems.

29. 1. Claim: Tracking devices on phones is a good idea because if you go somewhere your parents will know your whereabouts. Counterclaim: ______________________________________ 2. Claim: Being grounded is a good idea depending on what they did. Counterclaim: ______________________________________

30. THANK YOU