CopyingitandIwillbethere8tb youcancall.pptx

It's psychology lecture about personality.

1. Personality

2. Outline Genetic and environmental influences Theories and approaches to personality Personality Assessment

3. IDENTICAL TWIN CORRELATION FRATERNAL TWIN CORRELATION Anxiety proneness 0.52 0.24 Aggression 0.43 0.14 Alienation 0.55 0.38 Impulse control 0.41 0.06 Emotional well-being 0.58 0.23 Traditionalism 0.50 0.47 Achievement orientation 0.36 0.07 TWINS REARED TOGETHER

4. IDENTICAL TWIN CORRELATION FRATERNAL TWIN CORRELATION Anxiety proneness 0.61 0.27 Aggression 0.46 0.06 Alienation 0.55 0.38 Impulse control 0.50 0.03 Emotional well-being 0.48 0.18 Traditionalism 0.53 0.39 Achievement orientation 0.36 0.07 TWINS REARED APART

5. Identical twin comparison Reared together Reared apart Anxiety proneness 0.52 0.61 Aggression 0.43 0.46 Alienation 0.55 0.55 Impulse control 0.41 0.50 Emotional well-being 0.58 0.48 Traditionalism 0.50 0.53 Achievement orientation 0.36 0.36

6. Adoption studies Correlations in “sociability” Biological mom (.15); adoptive mom (.01) Biological dad (.20); adoptive dad (.08)

7. So what are the non-shared environmental influences? Birth order? Later borns may be more likely to be accepting of radical scientific ideas

8. Theories and approaches to personaility

9. Freud

10. Psychoanalytic Theory Developed by Sigmund Freud, rests on three primary assumptions Psychic determinism Symbolic meaning Unconscious motivation

11. Freud’s Model of Personality Structure Freud thought that the psyche consisted of three components Id – basic instincts, operates on pleasure principle Ego – principal decision maker Superego – sense of morality Conflict between these causes distress

12. Defense mechanisms

13. Defense mechanism definition example Repression motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses Being unable to remember a traumatic event Denial motivated forgetting of distressing experiences Parent who receives child’s DS determination insists that it is incorrect Projection unconscious attribution of our negative qualities onto others Someone who has intense sexual impulses complains that so many people “want them” Displacement directing an impulse from a socially unaccepted target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target. Bad day at work, but yell at your kids Rationalization providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviours or failures Someone who experiences abuse thinking that they must have done something wrong to deserve the abuse Intellectualization Avoiding emotions by focusing on impersonal thoughts Cheated on so think “evolutionarily speaking men are supposed to be more promiscuous" Sublimation transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal. Frustration in your relationship so you pour your aggression into your work Reaction formation transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite. To deny feelings of rejection, a mother may be overindulgent toward her child

14. Freud’s psychosexual stages Birth- 1 year Oral Orally fixated persons react to stress by becoming intensely dependent on others for reassurance. 1-3 years Anal Anally fixated individuals—anal personalities—are prone to excessive neatness, stinginess, and stubbornness in adulthood. 3-6 years Phallic Phallic fixations can lead to adult personalities that are vain, exhibitionistic, and sexually aggressive. 6-11 years Latency Sexual instincts die down; the superego strengthens as children acquire new social values from same sex parents and peers. Adolescence Genital If serious problems weren’t resolved at earlier stages, difficulties with establishing intimate love attachments are likely.

15. Freud evaluated Very influential in thinking about personality, but there are major criticisms Unfalsifiable Failed predictions Questionable conception of unconscious Unrepresentative samples Emphasis on shared environment

16. Freud evaluated Very influential in thinking about personality, but there are major criticisms Unfalsifiable Failed predictions Questionable conception of unconscious Unrepresentative samples Emphasis on shared environment

17. Behavioural Views of the Causes of Personality

18. Social Learning Theories By [email protected] - Albert Bandura, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35957534

19. Behavioural and Social Learning Theories Evaluated Placed psychology on firmer scientific footing However… Radical behaviourists ’ ignoring of cognition is not supported by research Social learning ’ s emphasis on shared environment is not supported

20. Humanistic models of personality Rejected notion of determinism and embraced free will Proposed self-actualization as core motive in personality

21. Maslow: The Characteristics of Self-Actualized People

22. Humanistic Models Evaluated Maslow’s assumptions that self-actualized individuals tend to be creative and spontaneous may have led him to limit his search to historical figures who displayed these traits, and result in a confirmation bias.

23. Trait Models

24. Traits Relatively enduring dispositions that affect our behviour across situations

25. Traits There are over 17,000 English words that refer to personality traits (shy, stubborn, impulsive, greedy, etc.) Diligence Dedication Lyoalty Meticulousness Incorrutability Carefulness Commitment Etc. conscientiousness

26. The Big Five Model of Personalisty Uncovered using a lexical approach Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

27. The Big Five Model of Personalisty Uncovered using a lexical approach O penness to Experience C onscientiousness E xtraversion A greeableness N euroticism

28. The Big Five and behavioural and life outcomes Conscientiousness corelated with physical health and longer lifespan. Conscientiousness predicts exam performance and GPA Neuroticism negatively correlates with academic success, increased risk of mental health concerns Extroversion correlated with self-reported happiness Openness to experience related to lower levels of prejudice, more likely to use some drugs Agreeableness related to prosocial and helping behaviour

29. The Big Five and Culture The Big Five are identifiable in many cultures, including China, Italy, and Turkey, but openness doesn’t emerge in all cultures. In some countries a sixth factor has emerged (e.g. in China a factor related to Chinese tradition of group harmony In Germany and Finland a factor related to honesty In some countries all five don’t emerge. In one area of Bolivia only two emerged

30. Are traits stable?

31. Are traits stable?

32. Evaluating Trait models Walter Mischel (1968): traits don’t predict behaviour very well (~r = .3) traits are predictors of aggregate, not isolated behaviours Useful for describing individual differences Not useful for explanation

33. Personality Assessment

34. Phrenology “I have constantly found this prominence, in all inveterate thieves confined in prison, in all idiots with an irresistible propensity to steal, and in all those who, otherwise well endowed with intellect, take an inconceivable pleasure in stealing, and even feel incapable of resisting the passion which forces them to theft. One of my friends ... has this organ very large. When he sees scissors, knives, or other similar trifles, he feels a certain uneasiness ... until he has put those objects in his pockets”. (Franz Josef Gall, 1825/1965, p. 2) Public Domain, https:// commons.wikimedia.org /w/ index.php?curid =104465

35. Critique of Phrenology Relied too much on anecdotal evidence Avoided falsification Apparent disproof explained away (combo of other faculties) Did they even have the right 27 faculties? Nonetheless, proliferated, especially in America Public Domain, https:// commons.wikimedia.org /w/ index.php?curid =104465

36. Physiognomy

37. Physiognomy

38. Projective tests

39. Rorschach Inkblot Test response score interpretation “I see two dogs looking at each other” Pair response Self-centeredness “On the very top of the blot, I see a little heart shaped thing” Unusual detail response Obsessive compulsive tendencies “That white area in the lower middle sort of looks like the head of an alien” Space response Rebelliousness; anger

40. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) What’s going on in this picture?

41. Structured personality tests

42. MMPI and MMPI-2 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 567 true/false items ten basic scales, eight of which assess mental disorders

43. Empirical method of test construction Developed using empirical method of test construction, so it has low face validity ”I think newborn babies look very much like little monkeys” Contains three validity scales designed to detect various types of distorted responses L (Lie) detects impression management F (Frequency) detects malingering K (Correction) measures defensive responding

44. Rationally/Theoretically Constructed tests NEO-PI-R (measures the Big 5) The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

45. Rationally/Theoretically Constructed tests NEO-PI-R (measures the Big 5)- strong validity The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator extroversion introversion

46. Rationally/Theoretically Constructed tests NEO-PI-R (measures the Big 5)- strong validity The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator extroversion introversion

47. By Jake Beech - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https:// commons.wikimedia.org /w/ index.php?curid =30859659

48. Rationally/Theoretically Constructed tests The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator extroversion introversion

49. The P. T. Barnum Effect the tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions—descriptions that apply to everyone as accurate. Astrology Palmistry Tarot cards