Corona Virus Basic Introduction

This slides tell us about corona virus

1. Coronavirus 1 PRESENTED BY: SHUBHAM P. KOLGE M. PHARM FIRST YEAR PHARMACOLOGY UNDER GUIDANCE OF: SWATI R. DHANDE ASSISTANT PROFESSOR. PHARMACOLOGY DEPARTMENT

2. Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus closely related to the SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) The disease is the cause of the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak. It is primarily spread between people via respiratory droplets from infected individuals when they cough or sneeze. Time from exposure to onset of symptoms is generally between 2 and 14 days. Spread can be limited by handwashing and other hygiene measures. People may have few symptoms or develop fever, cough, and shortness of breath this cases can progress to pneumonia and multi-organ failure. 2

3. The mortality rate is around 2%. More than 2,300 deaths have been reported in Mainland China, and 15 deaths in other parts of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) and U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommend that persons who suspect that they are carrying the virus wear a surgical face mask and seek medical advice by calling a doctor rather than directly visiting a clinic in person. The WHO has declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). As of 19 February 2020, only Mainland China was listed as an area with known ongoing community spread of the disease. 3

4. What is coronavirus? Coronaviruses area large family of viruses found in both animals and humans Some infect people and are known to cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). 4

5. What is a ‘novel’ coronavirus? A novel coronavirus ( coV ) is a new strain of coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. The new or novel coronavirus, now called COVID-19, had not previously detected before the outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 5

6. About structure They look like a tennis ball with all these spikes sticking out of it. Depending on the type of spikes, it allows that virus to attach to certain places. So some viruses, hey have this spike that attaches to your nose. So basically you just get a common cold. But the SARS virus and this new virus that has the spike that allows it to attach to the cells in your lung and when it attaches there, it puts in information to make photocopies of itself 6

7. Where did it come from? Most of the coronavirus live in animals. In Wuhan there was a fish market where they selling live animals and the and the thought is that the virus was in live animal, then it crossed into human 7

8. Discovery Coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. The earliest ones discovered were infectious bronchitis virus in chickens and two viruses from the nasal cavities of human patients with the common cold that were subsequently named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43. Other members of this family have since been identified, including SARS- CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS- CoV in 2012, SARS-CoV-2 (formerly known as 2019-nCoV) in 2019; Most of these have been involved in serious respiratory tract infections. 8

9. Terminology The World Health Organization on 11 February 2020 announced that "COVID-19" will be the official name of the disease. World Health Organization chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said "co" stands for "corona", "vi" for "virus" and "d" for "disease", while "19" was for the year, as the outbreak was first identified on December 31. Tedros said the name had been chosen to avoid references to a specific geographical location (i.e. China), animal species or group of people in line with international recommendations for naming aimed at preventing confusion. 9

10. Name and morphology The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin corona meaning crown. Proteins that contribute to the overall structure of all coronaviruses are Spike (S), Envelope (E), Membrane (M), Nucleoprotein (N). In the specific case of the SARS coronavirus, a defined receptor-binding domain on S mediates the attachment of the virus to its cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Some coronaviruses also have a shorter spike-like protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE). 10

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12. Replication 12

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14. Transmission Human to human transmission of coronaviruses is primarily thought to occur among close contacts via respiratory droplets generated by sneezing and coughing. 14

15. Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS- CoV ) Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63, New Haven coronavirus) Human coronavirus HKU1 Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS- CoV ), previously known as novel coronavirus 2012 and HCoV -EMC Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), previously known as 2019-nCoV or "novel coronavirus 2019" 15 Strains of human coronaviruses

16. Signs and symptoms 16

17. Causes The disease is caused by the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), previously referred to as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The virus is thought to have an animal origin. It is primarily spread between people via respiratory droplets from the coughs and sneezes. Officials in Shanghai confirmed several transmission modes, including direct transmission, contact transmission and aerosol transmission, the latter two involving transmission when someone touches a surface contaminated with tainted respiratory droplets and inhalation of air contaminated with tainted respiratory droplets. 17

18. RECOMMENDATIONS AND ADVICE FOR THE PUBLIC Avoiding close contact with people suffering from acute respiratory infections. Frequent hand-washing, especially after direct contact with ill people or their environment. Avoiding unprotected contact with farm or wild animals. People with symptoms of acute respiratory infection should practice cough etiquette (maintain distance, cover coughs and sneezes with disposable tissues or clothing, and wash hands). Within healthcare facilities, enhance standard infection prevention and control practices in hospitals, especially in emergency departments. 18

19. Incubation Period The length of the incubation period is estimated to be between two and ten days by the World Health Organization and between two and 14 days by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A study had found rare cases where the incubation period was as long as 24 days. 19

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22. Report 22

23. Prevention 23

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25. Treatment 25 antiviral or retroviral medications. breathing support like mechanical ventilation. steroids to reduce lung swelling. blood plasma transfusions.

26. 26 The Chinese government approved the use of the antiviral Favilavir on 16 February in their country to combat COVID-19. However the drug will require approval from the World Health Organization and clearance from the Philippine FDA to do the same in the Philippines. The Department of Health has said that under government regulatory guidelines, the drug can't be used to treat asymptomatic cases.

27. Detection 27

28. Rumours or Rubbish things 28

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31. Conclusion COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 Virus enter into nose and get into the lungs and replicates. Shows symptoms like fever, cough and shortness of breath. Recent treatment available for this virus is ‘ Remdesivir ’ which is under clinical trial 31

32. References https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnkQUgamT_k by Dhruv Rathee 32

33. ‘Together we can Prevent Corona Virus’ 33 Thank You