coryza/common

This is a complete common cold infection note including pathophysiology, prevention, and causes. Made by Mr. Wadza Bless (MAVERICK). MMCNTC

1. Chapter two communicable diseases Coryza / common cold(catarrh)

2. WHAT IS CORYZA The common cold/coryza is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the respiratory mucosa of the nose, sinuses. The contagious disease is medically referred to as a viral upper respiratory tract infection. CATARRH : The term catarrh, or postnasal drip, describes inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose and throat and the buildup of mucus in the back of the nose, throat, or sinuses as a response to the immune system reacting to an infection or irritation, which causes the respiratory linings to swell and produce mucous.

3. CAUSES OF COMMON COLD It is most often caused by infection with rhinoviruses (50-80%) and It may also be due to infection by; Influenza viruses Parainfluenza viruses Respiratory syncytial virus Enteroviruses Adenovirus. Meta-pneumovirus

4. Cont Rhinovirus multiplies best at temperatures found in the nose. Rhinovirus infection rates peak from September to November and March to May. Children are at higher risk with about 6 - 12 attacks per year while an adult experiences 2 - 4 per year, the infection occurs most during falls, winter and spring.

5. TRANSMISSION OF COMMON COLD Typically via Airborne droplets (aerosols). Direct contact with infected nasal secretions on contaminated objects. Hand to hand and hand to body contact.

6. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The URT performs vital functions; To warm, humidify, and filter air through several compartments (i.e., Nares/vestibules, nasal cavity/meatus, nasopharynx, oropharynx, and pharynx) before the air reaches the lungs. This microbes are pathogenic in nature, affecting humans asymptomatically (immunological drive). Foreign materials(pollen, dust, food allergens, microbes from the outside make their way into the respiratory tract, and or microbes move from their biome to another during ecological succession.

7. Patho Herein, the URT serve as an ecological niche for several but different microbes in it's various compartments. Some of which include : Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus anginosus group. Some of the microbes have developed special adaptations hence the propensity. Ciliated epithelial cells direct mucus flow toward the esophagus to remove trapped particles, which is known as mucociliary clearance.

8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The body reacts (release of prostaglandins and histamin causing inflammatory process) to the presence of these bodies. As a defense mechanism, mucous membranes become engorged with blood, tissues swell causing congestion of the sinuses and most likely the eustachian tube. Sneezing, coughing and others like sour throat occurs when this bodies irritates the epithelial linings of the respiratory walls. Glands and goblet cells in attempt to expel them produce more mucous secretions that traps large, small particles and pathogen accounting for the postnasal drip.

9. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Symptoms of the common cold may appear two days after exposure and last for about three weeks. Cough may linger for sometime even as other symptoms resolve. Children and infants might be feverish in some cases but usually rare in adults. Runny nose (Nasal discharge may have a yellow- or green-colored tint). Stuffy nose Muscle ache Headache (usually mild) Body aches(usually mild) Fatigue(usually mild)

10. Loss of appetite sometimes Sneezing Cough Sore throat Chest congestion, discomfort (mild to moderate) Nasal congestion Watery eyes NB : Symptoms might last longer in people who smoke. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS CONT

11. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis is by; Physical examination and presenting history; Swelling in the nostrils. Stuffy nose. Red, irritated throat. Swollen lymph nodes (lumps) in the neck. Clear lungs. Sputum smear. NB: There's no approved biochemical test for common cold.

12. NB; Both antibiotics and antiviral medications are in effective against most viruses that cause the common cold. A cold normally last up to ten (10) days; however symptoms may stay longer as said earlier. Saline drops and spray can be used in relieving symptoms. You can relieve headache or fever using Aspirin, Paracetamol or Ibuprofen. Do not give Aspirin to children under age 16. Nasal decongestants may also help to relieve the symptoms. For children 6 months or younger, give only acetaminophen. For children older than 6 months, give either acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Multivitamin tablets may also be taken to improve quick recovery. MEDICAL TREATMENT

13. NURSING MANAGEMENT - NUTRITION Although there is really no way of treating or curing the common cold, the following measures may help ease the symptoms: Drink plenty fluids and keep well hydrated. Water, juice, clear broth or warm lemon water with honey helps loosen congestion and prevents dehydration, being dehydrated when infected can may you feel worse. Soothe a sore throat. A saltwater gargle — 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon salt dissolved in an 8-ounce glass of warm water — can temporarily relieve a sore or scratchy throat. Children younger than 6 years are unlikely to be able to gargle properly. Steam inhalation helps ease the symptoms in some people. You can also try ice chips, sore throat sprays, hard candy.

14. Honey in hot tea may help with coughs. Eat lots of vitamin rich fruits and vegetables regularly so that your immune system remains strong. NURSING MANAGEMENT - NUTRITION

15. REST AND SLEEP Rest. Your body needs rest to heal. Adjust your sleeping position. When you lie horizontally, your mucus will be at a standstill. This can result in congestion and cough. When you go to bed, try propping your head up with pillows to help gravity work better for you. Sleeping at a sloped angle allows the fluid in your sinuses to keep flowing to avoid congestion and other cold symptoms. Meditate. Keep stress at bay so your body can focus on keeping your immune system in check. Daily meditation breaks can ease stress and help you stay calm: Just close your eyes and focus on your breathing for a few minutes (or longer if you can swing it!). Take warm baths before bed.

16. EDUCATION

17. PREVENTION OF COMMON COLD As there are so many cold causing viruses and substances, it has been difficult for scientist to develop a vaccine. However, there are so many precautions that can be taken to avoid catching the common cold. Some of these include; Avoid close contact with someone infected with common cold. Eat lot of vitamin rich fruits and vegetables regularly so that your immune system remains strong. When sneezing or coughing, make sure it's done into a tissue. Discard the tissue carefully, safely and wash your hands. If someone sneezes into your hands make sure to wash them with soap and water immediately.

18. PREVENTION OF COMMON COLD

19. COMPLICATIONS OF COMMON COLD

20. PROGNOSIS OF COMMON COLD