cosmetics general, history and uses ppt.pptx

Cosmetics general notes

1. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College Women in Ancient Egypt used kohl, kohl, which was made of “a mixture of metal, lead, copper, ash and burnt almonds ”. It contains a substance galena (lead sulphide— PbS ) to darken their eyelids, and Cleopatra is said to have bathed in milk to whiten and soften her skin. Greek women used poisonous lead carbonate (PbCO 3 ) to achieve a pale complexion- Venetian ceruse (A recipe from 1688 described the cosmetic as a mixture of water, vinegar, and lead. The cosmetic's use of white lead as a pigment caused lead poisoning, damaging the skin and causing hair loss. Usage over an extended period could cause death)- used by   Elizabeth I of England Clays were ground into pastes for cosmetic use in traditional African societies and indigenous Australians still use a wide range of crushed rocks and minerals to create body paint for ceremonies and initiations . Chinese people stained their fingernails with gum arabic , gelatin , beeswax and egg white from around 3000 BC. Cosmetics - History

2. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College Elizabeth I of England Venetian ceruse

3. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College Light pink cheeks were also desirable in Roman times. It was achieved by application of cinnabar and red lead. Cinnabar is the ore of mercury, and exposure can cause tremors, confusion and death. Cinnabar for pink cheeks

4. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College Dental cosmetics Cosmetic dentistry is generally used to refer to any dental work that improves the appearance of teeth, gums and/or bite . Primarily focuses on improvement in dental aesthetics in color , position, shape, size, alignment and overall smile appearance Common cosmetic dentistry types 1. Whitening Whitening is a safe, fast and easy process that is effective common cosmetic dental procedure . Whitening is often desirable when teeth become yellowed over time for a number of reasons. It is for lightening discolored teeth. Hydrogen peroxide is the active ingredient most commonly used in whitening products and is delivered as either hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide. Laser whitening is a teeth whitening technique in which gums are covered with a rubber cover and a bleaching chemical is applied on the teeth. A beam of argon laser, activates the bleaching chemical and lightens the teeth colour.

5. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College 2. Reshaping Tooth reshaping removes parts of the enamel to improve the appearance of the tooth. It may be used to correct or to alter the length, shape or position of teeth, as well as when there is tooth size discrepancy.  This procedure offers fast results and is called as enameloplasty

6. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College 3. Bonding Bonding  is a process in which an  enamel -like  dental composite  material is applied to a tooth's damaged surface, hardened and then polished. Teeth damaged by small to moderate decay, erosion, or small fractures can be repaired with direct composite restorations bonded to the teeth.  I nlays and onlays , is an alternative to a direct restoration which are used to repair decayed & cracked teeth. It is made out of composite, amalgam or glass , that is built up within the mouth Inlays and onlays are used in molars or premolars. The key comparison between them is the amount and part of the tooth that they cover. An inlay will cover the chewing surface between the cusps/biting surface. An onlay will cover one or more cusps. If all cusps and the entire surface of the tooth is covered this is then known as a crown . Inlays and onlays preserve as much healthy tooth as possible and are an alternative to crowns. Crowns can be made from metal, porcelain-fused-to-metal, resin, or ceramic. The lifespan of a composite veneer is approximately 10 years crown

7. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College A dental bridge is a temporary teeth or false teeth used to replace one or more missing teeth by joining an artificial tooth definitively to adjacent teeth or dental implants . The false teeth are called pontics Bridges require commitment to serious oral hygiene and carry risk. The average life of bridges is similar to that of crowns which is nearly ten years 4. Bridging Depending on the type of material used for bridging Metal based , noble based metals such as gold, or base metal alloys such as nickel chromium . 2. Non-metal based . They can be either resin ,fibre-reinforced composite, porcelain fused to metal, or ceramics which are either silica, alumina, or zirconia .

8. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College In dentistry, a veneer is a layer of material placed over a tooth. Veneers can improve the aesthetics of a smile and protect the tooth's surface from damage. There are two main types of material used to fabricate a veneer: composite and dental porcelain . A composite veneer may be directly placed (built-up in the mouth), or indirectly fabricated by a dental technician in a dental lab, and later bonded to the tooth, typically using a resin cement . The lifespan of a composite veneer is approximately 4 years Some people have worn away the edges of their teeth resulting in a prematurely aged appearance, while others may have malpositioned tooth/teeth that appear crooked. Multiple veneers can close these spaces , lengthen teeth that have been shortened by wear provide a uniform color , shape, and symmetry, and make the teeth appear straight 5 . Veneers

9. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College A gum lift is a cosmetic dental procedure that raises and shaping the gum line. This procedure involves reshaping the tissue and/or underlying bones to create the appearance of longer or symmetrical teeth, thereby making the smile more aesthetically pleasing. This procedure is typically done to reduce excessively gummy smiles or to balance out an asymmetrical gum line. 6 . G um lift

10. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College Shampoos Shampoo is a cleansing agent. It contains ingredients called surfactants and detergents that help remove oil, sweat, dirt, product buildup , and environmental pollutants from your hair Shampoo is used by applying it to wet hair, massaging the product into the scalp, and then rinsing it out The typical reason of using shampoo is to remove the unwanted build-up of sebum in the hair Specialty shampoos are used by people with dandruff, color -treated hair, infants and young children ("baby shampoo" is less irritating). There are also shampoos intended for animals that may contain insecticides or other medications to treat skin conditions or parasite infections Sapindus ( Soapnut tree) is a genus of about five to twelve species of shrubs and small trees in the Lychee family, Sapindaceae , native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the world. Its fruit pulp contains saponins which are a natural surfactant that creates a lather. Hibiscus flowers were also used

11. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College Shampoo is generally made by combining a surfactant, most often sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium laureth sulfate , with a co-surfactant, most often cocamidopropyl betaine in water Other essential ingredients include salt (sodium chloride), which is used to adjust the viscosity, a preservative and fragrance Many shampoos are pearlescent ( തിളക്കം ). This effect is achieved by the addition of tiny flakes of suitable materials, e.g. glycol distearate , which is basically a wax. Many shampoos also include silicone to provide conditioning benefits Sodium lauroamphoacetate is naturally derived from coconut oils and is used as a cleanser and counter-irritant. This is the ingredient that makes the product tear-free Citric acid is used as an antioxidant to preserve the oils in the product ( Conditioners , on the other hand, contain natural oils, proteins, and botanical extracts that help keep hair soft, shiny, and smooth)

12. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College Specialized shampoos Other special ingredients are generally included in shampoo formulations to maximize the qualities 1. Dandruff Shampoo Dandruff is a condition that causes dead skin to flake off the scalp. You might notice white flakes on your clothing, skin or even stuck in your hair. Manufacturers design dandruff shampoo with active ingredients such as fungicides such as zinc pyrithione , selenium disulfide , coal tar or salicylate derivatives to reduce this problem. Natural fungicides like tea tree oil, essential oils or herbal extracts are also used. These shampoos often have a medicinal smell and can be quite harsh, but are a life-saver if you’re suffering from dandruff 2. Color protection Shampoo Many companies have also developed color -protection shampoos suitable for colored hair; some of these shampoos contain gentle cleansers according to their manufacturers.

13. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College They are specially formulated for use on infants and young children by means of substituting chemicals which are less irritating to the eyes The primary  difference  is that  regular shampoos  have strong cleansing agents, while  baby shampoos  have mild cleansing agents like sodium trideceth sulfate , which is formulated to act as a low-irritation cleansing agent Also pH of baby shampoos are adjusted to 7 to reduce " tears“ 3. Baby shampoos

14. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College 4.Moisturizing Shampoo Dry hair can occur because of genetics, heat damage or because of the products that you use. A moisturizing shampoo restore all the moisture it needs. These shampoos may have a light and refreshing scent like coconut or fresh flowers, but unscented products are also available. With more moisture, your hair will look shinier and feel silkier. Though sulfates in shampoos are good in hair cleaning, the more they add up, the lower the moisturizing power. Multiple sulfates in your shampoo will clean your hair good but rip out the oils, leaving your hair with a poor moisture balance Hence moisturizing shampoos with gentle sulphates like tricedeth sulfates should be used to retain the moisture of hair Vegetable glycerin , aloe vera juice, castor oil, or honey to make the shampoo more moisturizing

15. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College 5 . Chelating Shampoo A chelating shampoo is specifically designed to remove heavy buildup from hard water minerals, pool water chemicals, and the regular hair product residue. Chelating shampoo is often used by swimmers because it reduces the damage that chlorine does to their hair. Chlorine can bleach the hair and weaken the follicles, which causes the hair to break off . Many chelating shampoos contain ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid or EDTA. EDTA attaches itself to any trace metal, so it is highly effective in these types of shampoos for removing them from your hair.

16. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College 6. Keratin Shampoo H air is made up almost entirely of keratin protein Shampoos with  keratin  provide an extra layer of protection and conditioning the  hair   , if it's been damaged by chemical treatment or product buildup . Specifically designed to boost volume, these shampoos contain natural and chemical ingredients like keratin protein from egg, coconut oil, avocado oil etc that restore protein to your hair. This gives you the appearance of stronger and thicker hair. It’s also a good choice for dry or damaged hair too . One bad mark on keratin shampoo is their use of formaldehyde, which is a known carcinogen .

17. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College 7. Clarifying shampoo Hair care experts recommend using a clarifying shampoo to get rid of buildup in your hair. Clarifying shampoo is designed for occasional use only and shouldn’t replace your daily cleanser Clarifying shampoo is used when hair needs deeper cleansing and therefore have heavy surfactants such as soap-like ingredients ; Ammonium-sodium lauryl sulfate I f a clarifying shampoo doesn’t say it’s color -safe on the label, then it’s likely not suitable for color -treated hair They are also not suitable for people having Dandruff, dermatitis , and psoriasis as the surfactants could also inadvertently worsen these conditions by drying out your scalp

18. Neethu Cyril, Assumption College Using shampoos too abundantly or frequently can lead to an accumulation of residue that can give your hair a coarse texture. Formaldehyde and some other ingrediants used in shampoos is a carcinogen Overuse can also dry the hair by preventing natural oils from hydrating the hair, which can make it more brittle. Shampoo residue can block the pores of the scalp, which can cause inflammation or breakouts. The residue can also become a perfect breeding ground for the formation of dandruff. If scented, the fragrance may irritate certain scalps. Disadvantages of Shampoo