COST-EFFETIVE and Energy Efficient BUILDINGS ptx

Built environment is known for its capacity, capability, role, relevance and importance to change the quality of life of the occupants and communities. Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle through designing, construction, operation. It calls for making buildings green and sustainable.

1. Making Buildings Cost- Effective Through Innovative Architectural Design, Energy efficiency, Water efficiency, Material Efficiency ,Construction Technology, Construction Management Jit Kumar Gupta mail- [email protected]

2. Context of Buildings-- Resources/ environment

3. BUILDINGS --AS CONSUMERS OF RESOURCES Built environment– significantly impact environment /consumption of resources/generators of waste/climate change/rising temperature: 16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal. 25% of wood harvested. 30% of consumption of raw material. 50% of global energy consumption. 35% of world's CO2 emission 40% of Municipal solid waste. 50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use. 30% of residents having sick building syndrome --70% of global warming outcome of ; --built environment & transportation -- Majority of existing buildings --- low concern for energy conservation.

4. Changing construction perceptions

5. Implications of Built Environment

6. Designing cost-effective Buildings A building design is said to be to be cost-effective if it-- - has a lower whole life cost, including -- low initial design and construction cost -- low operational and maintenance cost -- low parts replacement cost -- High disposal cost or salvage value and -- Large useful life of system or building -- without compromising with the quality of life --Using minimum resources --Consumes minimum energy -- consume minimum water - Generates its own energy -- generating minimum waste. - providing high indoor quality -Making users healthy and productive .

7. Designing cost-effective Buildings Building Design -- most powerful tool to achieve cost- effectiveness – Buildings need to be designed by adopting integrated approach to design which include; Optimizing the macro climate- climatic zone Optimizing the local climate Optimizing the Orientation- Optimizing the Solar movement-- to maximizes use of free solar energy for heating /lighting- Generating electricity Optimizing Wind direction-air flow Optimizing site planning--- planning with nature, making best use of site climate/ site potential, orientation, landscaping Optimizing space planning in building- Optimizing Design of Building envelop- Height, openings, projections, shading devices -- with minimum energy implication Designing buildings which facilitates the use of cost-effective materials and cost effective technologies .

8. Promoting Economy through Good Design Good Architectural design based on following principles— Buildings to be the product of site- driven by its shape, size, dimensions, physical features, surroundings, accessibility, location, neighborhood, views , architects vision etc Doing a detailed analysis of the site through a SWOT Making best use of the strength of the site Overcoming through design all the prevailing weaknesses Respecting site and the existing physical features Avoiding tempering with the site through minimizing disturbance Avoiding cutting the existing trees, flora and fauna- making them integral part of designing of building Minimising cutting and filling of the site Making best use of materials available on the site In case of rebuilding- using maximum demolished material in the new building In the contoured site- try to plan along the contours and not across the contours- to avoid cutting and filling

9. Promoting Economy through Good Design Good Architectural design based on following principles— Define clearly the goals/agenda of building right in the beginning. Building performance must be monitored even after building is made operational. Design a compact building with minimum footprints Workout building details right in the beginning Involve all professionals right in the beginning for designing and detailing Avoid changes/alterations during construction Design buildings based on specified norms and standards to avoid their over/under-designing Adopt a shape which leads to minimum length and area of walls With maximum usable area Building must achieve high space efficiency-- carpet area x100/gross area--- with minimum area under walls, circulation and amenities Evolving design having-- low wall area/ plinth area ratio Evolving design on optimum structural grid Plan room sizes based on the available product sizes of flooring- to avoid wastage

10. Reducing Construction Cost- Design Design with least amount of wastage & negative spaces. Stick to right/ obtuse angles and simple room shapes to minimize complexity of construction . Where design is form based- avoid negative spaces or spaces having acute angles Build multi- storied construction- because per square foot of foundation and roofing costs are high . Don't increase room ht.- instead of area/adopt Volume Design Lean- Decrease self -load of building Don't design for additional floors if not required Use same flooring in rooms/ toilets-reduce wastage. Plan Electrical/Plumbing- services carefully- . Don't compromise on quality--reduce requirements to fit your budget Look at life-cycle cost rather than initial cost to achieve real cost effectiveness- Initial cost only 10%, operational cost- 90%

11. Economy through Good Design Promote Sharing--Adopt a system of building common walls between adjoining houses to economise on space, materials, time / structure For multi-storeyed buildings--- repeat floor plans one above other – with no change in structural components Keep/club your spaces that need plumbing --close together or above each other to minimize cost Design all public health services near to supply / drainage network to reduce length of pipes and cost Design Green Buildings – saves lot of water and electric energy- makes building cost- effective over entire life cycle Provide standard sized doors with limited variations- minimise sizes of doors provided Minimise number of doors All finishing/fittings- floor, windows, glass, paneling etc designed based on standard size products available in market- to minimise wastage etc-- Build to match standard material dimensions . Using pre-caste /pre-fabricated products to the extent possible- doors/ windows cupboards etc Avoid fancy/false/decorative structures in building

12. Economy through Good Design   Use Flexibility-Make rooms versatile to optimise space utilisation— -- example - do you really need a living room  --same space can serve many uses.  A guest room can be an expensive luxury Design spaces based on living and non-living areas- with living areas placed in the best possible orientation Avoid corridors to extent possible- Corridors can be dead spaces-- only used for moving between adjacent spaces -Avoid single loaded corridors- to optimize space Where unavoidable- provide optimum width of the corridors Think long term-- as cost of ownership spans may be many years. Some extra insulation and passive heating / cooling may be beneficial over length of your home ownership. .   Select your window placement well-- they are costly - in first cost and in energy loss---select standard window sizing. Keep bathrooms to a minimum, --- most expensive room per square foot in home. Try to design multi use bathrooms--- with private enclosures for shower, toilet and sink-- Make 3 people using one bathroom at same time . Ensure having a Good indoor quality of internal spaces Make optimum use of courtyards in narrow sites and in hot climate Make courtyard spaces multi-functional

13. Promoting Economy through Good Design Building envelop needs to be designed with care Avoid unnecessary projections and balconies- make buildings expensive and consume large amount of space. Openings- windows and doors need to be placed carefully- looking objectively the requirement of sunlight, air and ventilation. Sizes and placement of the windows need careful study- they are expensive Shading devices have to be carefully worked out and can be largely avoided based on careful study of the orientation and the site. Make best use of the vegetation and trees to shade and make buildings cool Avoid multi-layering of projections to protect openings Make best use of arches instead of Concrete lintels to reduce cost Use of Jallis to cover large/small openings can help in achieving dual purpose of providing light and ventilation besides avoiding large glass windows Avoid cladding of external walls and allow the natural materials to define the building envelop

14. Promoting Economy through Good Design Minimizing area under walls to make buildings lightweight and to increase carpet area.-- using pre-cast concrete blocks, reducing width of walls-7 1/2 “ instead of 9” walls/ pre-cast concrete blocks Use innovative technologies-- Rat-Trap brick walls to reduce quantity of material used Evolving design on optimum structural grid Use new cost- effective materials ---aerated cement concrete blocks to reduce the width of walls, weight of wall, number/ size of joints, use of cement etc Use local & contemporary materials Use materials in the natural form- avoid using additional layers on natural material Use materials having minimum maintenance cost Use UPVC or Aluminium Windows instead of teak wood, same goes for doors, use flush doors instead

15. Promoting Economy through Good Design Minimise provision of dead/storage spaces in the usable areas- make use of negative spaces- making multiple uses of space under the stairs etc Adopting Solar Passive Building Design makes building cost- effective over entire life-span Limiting the scope of building--Build What You Need Makes building effective, efficient and cost-effective. Adopting the approach-- less is more-- will always make buildings more compact and efficient Adopting the principle-Simple is beautiful - will always make buildings cost- effective Designing, thin , lean and smart makes a building cost-effective Plan for life-cycle cost and not initial cost

16. Defining- Green Buildings

17. BUILDINGS Cost -- Cost of Building --Initial Cost - Life Cycle- cost

18. COST OF BUILDING PROJECT-initial cost Initial Building Project cost comprises of : i Cost of Land, Land Registration, land survey ii Cost of Designing , plan approval iii Cost of developing Site iv Cost of Construction v Cost of Money vi Carrying Charges vi Government fees and Taxes vii Cost of Advertisement viii Legal expenses ix Cost of Supervision x Cost of Manpower and Security xi. Cost of Equipment and Furniture xii Transportation and Travel Charges xiii Cost of Making buildings Green, Energy efficient xiv Cost of Time xv Contractor’ Margin xvi Builder’s Margin xvii Miscellaneous and Unforeseen Charges

19. What constitutes Initial Cost of Building Life Cycle Cost of building depends upon: I Cost of land ii Cost of construction iii Cost of maintenance and iv Cost of parts replacement cost v. Disposal cost or salvage value, and vi Useful life of system or building Building cost viewed --in both -- short term & long term Building cost also evaluated -- Initial Cost & Life Time Cost Short Time Cost includes-- Initial Cost of Construction of building Long Term Cost component --- whole life cost. -- To promote economy in building– Life cycle cost of building will be critical

20. Buildings- life cycle costs Operating Cost 89% Maintenance/ Consumables 1% Initial Cost 10%

21. Building Year awarded Built-in Area ( sq.ft ) Rating Achieved % Increase in cost Payback (Yrs) CII-Godrej GBC, Hyderabad 2003 20,000 Platinum 18 % 7 years ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon 2004 1,70,000 Platinum 15 % 6 years Wipro, Gurgaon 2005 1,75,000 Platinum 8 % 5 years Technopolis, Kolkata 2006 72,000 Gold 6% 3 years Spectral Services Consultants Office, Noida 2007 15,000 Platinum 8% 4 years Kalpataru Square 2008 3,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years Suzlon One Earth, Pune 2010 8,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years Cost of Green Buildings-Indian Experience Cost showing a decreasing trend over the years Incremental Cost lower-- if base design has already factored normal Green features

22. Designing Cost -Effective Buildings 1. Adopting integrated approach to building design 2. Design based on Climate Macro Climate – Regional climate; Meso Climate – local climate Micro Climate- -Site climate -- based on site characteristics, 3. Orientation -- to optimize light , heat gain/ heat loss 4. Sun movement- - to maximizes use of free solar energy for heating /lighting 5. Wind direction- --using air movement for ventilation/ cooling 6. Planning of Building- - optimize site, size, shape, planning spaces, allocating uses, placing rooms, circulation, promoting building efficiency, promoting natural sunlight, air / ventilation 7. Designing Building Envelop- -– Mass – space relationships/ solids/voids, positioning –openings/projections, shading devices, height, shape of building, natural lighting and ventilations etc 8. Materials- low embodied energy; locally ; natural form, lightweight 9.-Technology- cost effective/material efficient/speedier/energy efficient 10. ndoor Air Quality-Creating optimum living conditions for occupants --

23. Daylighting Local materials Indian Way of approaching design Rediscovery of Indian ethos We worship 5 elements of Nature (Panchabhutas) Prithvi (Earth) Sustainable Sites Jal (Water) Water Efficiency Agni (Energy) Energy Efficiency Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality Akash (Sky) Daylight Views Water body

24. Focus Areas: Green Buildings

25. Integrated Design Process Five Climatic Zones In India- Hot and Dry Warm and Humid Moderate / Temperate Cold (Cloudy/Sunny) Composite All green buildings need not-- to be same All zones have specific requirements regarding: --light, --heat, --ventilation and --thermal comfort Different zones require different design strategies regarding --building envelop, --HVAC, -- Lighting , -- Fenestration, -- Performance standards

26. INDIAN CLIMATIC ZONES

27. MANAGING SITE- MIN. CUTTING &FILLING

28. Understanding/Valuing Sun

29. Orientation- building’s positioning relation to -sun --wind patterns. Techniques- for improving thermal comfort inside building. Orientation- critical for planning /Designing Buildings -Optimizes heating / cooling needs throughout building .

30. Understanding Orientation

31. Building Envelope

32. Solar shading  .

33. Efficiency of Building Envelope

34. Site Planning-impact of buildings- minimizing Building Footprints

35. Planning for spaces in buildings

36. TOWER OF SHADOWS

37. BUILDINGS Cost --Energy efficiency

38. Optimising Energy

39. Cost effective strategy for energy efficiency Least cost impact Some cost impact Highest cost impact Climate responsive architectural design Efficient building envelope Daylight harvesting Integration of natural sources for cooling & heating in building design. Offset energy demand from the grid by installing on-site renewable energy Energy efficient equipment Lights Fans Air- conditioners Efficient building Operation & Maintenance through BMS (Building Management System) & Smart Metering

40. Window-wall ratio (WWR) Window-wall ratio;-- ratio of window area to exterior wall area of facade.-- important for determining energy performance of building. -- Windows -cause energy loss twice more the wall-impact heating, cooling, lighting, ventilation. -Size/number of windows - designed according to climatic conditions. --In addition to- interior/exterior shading/ high-performance glazing system --Windows reduce undesirable solar heat gains through windows

41. BUILDINGS Cost --Water efficiency

42. Approach Zero Water

43. Some cost impact Highest cost impact Least cost impact Cost effective strategy for water efficiency

44. Phytoremediation Wastewater treatment system Biological mechanism Treated water used for irrigation

45. Material Efficiency

46. Structure design efficiency Building / construction sector accounts for; -- Half of total Energy usage - Consumption of 1/3 rd of raw material - Causing depletion of natural resources -Undertaking - Optimization / selecting innovative structural systems --helps minimizing weight of structure- self load/dead load of buildings -helps minimize consumption of natural resources.-Structure- typical shapes/ cross-sections/ varieties - being developed to optimize use of Materials.  

47. Cost- effective energy efficient Materials Building materials considered 'green' include : -- rapidly renewable plant materials -- bamboo and straw,   stone, recycled stone, recycled metal , --- Non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable Products include-- - Recycled industrial goods-- minimize waste products from environment. -- Coal combustion products, foundry sand, -- Demolished debris in construction projects Green materials are: Made up of recycled content Containing natural/ renewable content Available Locally R educed transportation. Salvaged/refurbished or remanufactured Reusable or recycled Durable –must last longer than their conventional counterparts -- Use of energy efficient and eco-friendly equipments Materials assessed on the basis of-- -- Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) -- embodied energy, durability, recycled content, waste minimisation, and -- ability to be reused /recycled. .

48. Green Material - Fly Ash Bricks

49. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Autoclaved aerated concrete ( sand, calcined gypsum, lime (mineral), cement, water and Aluminum powder,) -- versatile - lightweight construction material used as blocks which are: - Lightweight - low density with --excellent insulation properties. -- good acoustic properties -- durable --- good resistance to sulphate attack ---- damage by fire /frost. -- used as inner leaf of a cavity wall. -- also used in outer leaf, -- when rendered in foundations. Autoclaved aerated concrete -- easily cut to any required shape .

50. UPVC( Unplastisized Polyvinyl chloride) doors and Windows The Vinyl windows --- excellent insulators : --Reduce heating / cooling loads by: - preventing thermal loss through frame / sash material -- not affected by - -weather/ air pollution / salt, acid rain/ industrial pollution ,pesticides ,smog, discoloration/ structural damage . user friendly Eco- Friendly ,-- readily accepted and safe .

51. Bamboo i . Strength at par with hard wood - -- Bamboo extremely strong natural fibre, on par with hardwoods-- when cultivated, harvested, prepared and stored properly -- Bamboo, like true wood, is a natural composite material with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures. -- Bamboo has higher compressive strength than wood, brick or concrete and a tensile strength that rivals steel ii High Flexibility - Bamboo highly flexible--during growth trained to grow in unconventional shapes. -- After harvest, may be bent /utilized in archways / curved areas. iii. Earthquake-resistance - Great capacity for shock absorption, -- makes it useful in earthquake- prone areas. iv. Lightweight - Bamboo extremely lightweight. -- Building with bamboo can be accomplished faster with simple tools than building with other materials. -Cranes /other heavy machinery rarely required. v . Cost-effective – Economical --- especially in areas where cultivated/ readily available. --Transporting cost also much lesser. -- Helps achieve cost effective construction.

52. Hollow blocks Hollow blocks allow ; Adoption of thinner walls Increased floor space, Air space of -- 25% block’s total area, Saves material. Lightweight - Less self-load of building- --- Use less material for jointing - Withstand earthquake better - Easy to install - -- Since blocks are precast, -- surface is smoother -- requires less  plastering  material. .

53. INNOVATIVE MATERIALS CLAY RED MUD BURNT BRICKS

54. Construction Technologies

55. APPROPRIAT Technologies FOR CONSTRUTION

56. Appropriate technology   -- originally Known as-- intermediate technology – evolved by economist  Ernst Friedrich-- “ Fritz Schumacher ” - - in his work  Small Is Beautiful-- O utcome of  energy crisis of 1970s Options for s olving local issues m ust   focuses-- on environment /   Sustainability  Issues& --technological choice made applicable-- must be based on ; --small- time operation, -- which is affordable -- labor-intensive, -- energy-efficient,  -- environmentally friendly --people-centric. Involving  locally solution -- Mahatma Gandhi   -- often cited as --"father" of appropriate technology movement .

57. PREFABRICATED Buildings Prefabricated buildings are buildings, -- designed /constructed in factories in parts, -- as per modular design, - Transported & placed on site --joined through in-situ concrete or anchors. numerous prefab technologies used in India/ in different countries. National Building Code of India,-- -- prepared design standards for --various prefab Technologies being used in India.

58. Traditional on -site construction-Issues Majority of construction in India follow; -- traditional on-site pattern of construction. --Known as linear construction -- where every component constructed on site & -- also completed before  project moves to next phase. --Construction major implications in terms of -- time; -- cost, --quality, safety, noise, pollution, manpower

59. Traditional on -site construction-Issues Highly time consuming- time intensive Generating large scale waste- material inefficient Construction dictated by prevailing weather - Weather dependent Unsafe for workers deployed in construction. Large manpower needed for making / supervision- manpower intensive Large inventory of material- material intensive/Storage facilities Creation of accommodation for workers deployed at construction Loss/theft of material- Constructed/Individual/human oriented Large variation in quality- dependent on work force deployed Use of lot of water/energy – resource intensive- Grey Buildings Increased initial cost of construction- cost inefficient Uneconomical in cost/resources- c ost overrun Delayed return / Unpredictable project schedule- Construction inefficiency Limited application in hazardous areas Large site disruption ;Adverse impact on surroundings- Pollution intensive ;

60. Pre- fabrication/Modular Construction/off-site- Advantages Building in Hazardous Area Assured Quality Construction Material Efficiency Cost- Efficiency Green Construction Flexibility  Reduced Site Disruption Time Efficiency Safety

61. Light House Projects Climate Smart Buildings | LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban

62. Using Local Material In Natural Form

63. Chandigarh EXPERIMENT WITH LOW-COST HOUSES

64. Chandigarh way of Cost- effectiveness - Adopting design solutions providing for optimum utilization of space ; row housing -- to minimize area under walls; common walls-- between adjoining houses to economize on space and cost; using bricks, locally available ;using modular system of optimum grid of 8’-3”; using walls as structural elements to support roof; using Pre-cast battens and tiles for roof clubbing services within house /adjoining houses ; extensively using brick jallis for perforation minimizing size of openings--- -to economize on cost of wood and glass; using standard battened doors with cross braces; bringing large area under exposed brick work to minimize maintenance; variety achieved through recessed entry, small square windows, projecting structural walls, exposed roof battens Pre-cast gargoyles for draining rain water-- instead of cast iron rain water pipes; maximum height of room placed at 9’-6”; using simple floors -- made of plain cement; maintaining high quality of construction-- using quality bricks ; minimizing -- use of steel ,concrete and shuttering. Adopting a clustering approach in layout plan

65. COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE VICTORIA HALL KOLKATA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE FRONT FAÇADE ADORNED WITH DEEP SCREEN OF PRE-CAST CONCRETE, A SORT OF MINIATURE brise-soleil

66. COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE VICTORIA HALL KOLKATA SECRETARIAT

67. PEARL RIVER TOWER- GUANGZHOU, CHINA NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING YEAR OF COMPLETION- 2011 SITE AREA-10635SQ.M. PROJECT AREA- 214,100SQ.M. (2.3MILLION SQ.FT.) NO. OF STORIES- 71 HEIGHT OF BUILDING-309 M ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACHIEVED THROUGH --SOLAR PANELS/ PHOTO VOLTAIC CELLS -- WIND TURBINES -- DAY LIGHT HARVESTING -DOUBLE SKIN CURTAIN WALLS --CHILLED CEILING WATER UNDER FLOOR VENTILATION

68. Bahrain World Trade Center - Bahrain Generating 15% energy from windmills Two 2 40 meter twin sky scrapers joined by three windmill--, each 3 meters wide, attached to walkways ;designed / built by Atkins in city of Manama .

69. Rat trap masonry

70. FERROCEMENT TECHNOLOGY A thin walled composite concrete with a uniform distribution of reinforcement of chicken wire mesh and weld mesh, encapsulated in a rich cement mortar Drastic reduction in section thickness & reinforcement; by using an arch Geometry

71. MORE TECHNIQUES

72. MORE TECHNIQUES

73. Building Typologies-Plotted Development

74. Building Typologies-Flatted Development

75. Mixed Development- Plots/Flats