COVID-19 in chidren management and prevention.pptx

COVID-19 in chidren management and prevention

1. COVID 19

2. Introduction COVID- 19, caused by the SARS- CoV- 2 virus, has had a significant impact on global health, including in India. While children typically exhibit milder forms of the disease, they can still experience severe complications, including Multi- System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS- C). Definition COVID- 19 is a respiratory illness caused by the SARS- CoV- 2 virus, primarily transmitted via respiratory droplets. Incidence: In India, pediatric COVID- 19 cases surged during the second wave, with varying severity. Children often present with mild symptoms but can develop severe complications like MIS- C.

3. Causes The disease is caused by the SARS- CoV- 2 virus, which primarily spreads through respiratory droplets from infected individuals. Classification Mild: Asymptomatic or mild fever, cough, fatigue, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Moderate: More prominent respiratory symptoms (tachypnea, low oxygen levels). Severe: Respiratory distress, hypoxia, need for oxygen therapy, or mechanical ventilation. MIS- C: A severe, inflammatory condition affecting multiple organs that can occur after COVID- 19 infection.

4. Pathophysiology The virus enters through the respiratory tract, binding to ACE2 receptors on cells. This initiates an inflammatory response that can lead to organ damage. In severe cases, cytokine storms and hyperinflammation contribute to complications like pneumonia and multi- organ failure. Clinical Manifestations Mild: Fever, cough, sore throat, fatigue, loss of smell or taste. Moderate: Tachypnea, oxygen desaturation, chest pain. Severe: Respiratory failure, multi- organ failure, shock, need for mechanical ventilation.

5. MIS- C: Fever, rash, conjunctivitis, gastrointestinal symptoms, hypotension, and shock. Diagnosis RT- PCR Test: Gold standard for detecting SARS- CoV- 2. CT scan of Chest: To detect pneumonia in severe cases. Complete Blood Count (CBC): To assess for signs of infection or inflammation. Management Mild Cases: Symptomatic treatment (fever control, hydration). Moderate to Severe Cases: Oxygen therapy, antiviral medications (Remdesivir), steroids, and supportive care. MIS- C: Immunomodulatory therapy (IVIG), corticosteroids, anticoagulation.

6. Nursing Management Nursing management focuses on symptomatic care, prevention of complications, and infection control. Assessment Subjective Data Complaints of fever, fatigue, sore throat, body ache, or difficulty breathing. History of exposure to a person with confirmed COVID- 19. Objective Data Fever, cough, shortness of breath. Loss of taste or smell. Rash, conjunctivitis, or swollen lymph nodes in severe cases. Laboratory findings (if available): Positive RT- PCR or rapid antigen test.

7. Elevated inflammatory markers (CRP, ferritin, D- dimer) in MIS- C. Nursing Diagnoses Ineffective Airway Clearance related to respiratory infection and inflammation. Hyperthermia related to viral infection. Anxiety (Child/Family) related to the fear of the disease and isolation. Impaired Gas Exchange related to alveolar damage in severe cases. Risk for Fluid Volume Deficit related to fever and reduced intake. Risk for Infection related to exposure and weakened immune response.

8. Goals The child will maintain effective respiratory function with normal oxygen levels. The child will maintain hydration and nutritional status. Fever will be managed, and comfort will be improved. Anxiety will be reduced, and the family will demonstrate understanding of the care plan. The child will remain free of complications such as MIS- C or severe respiratory distress. Nursing Interventions Respiratory Support Manage Fever and Symptoms Maintain Hydration and Nutrition Monitor and Manage Complications

9. Infection Control Psychosocial Support Educate Caregivers Evaluation The child maintains normal oxygen saturation and respiratory function. Fever is resolved, and hydration is adequate. Complications like MIS- C are prevented or managed effectively. The family demonstrates understanding of the care plan and infection control measures. The child recovers without long- term complications.

10. Complications Complications of Covid in children include: Croup Bronchiolitis Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Myocarditis Acute kidney failure Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS- C). Prevention and Control Levels of Prevention Primordial: Promote hygiene and improve ventilation. Primary: Vaccination, mask use, and distancing. Secondary: Early testing and isolation; contact tracing. Tertiary: Oxygen, nutrition, and MIS- C management.

11. Control Measures Include children in vaccine drives. Implement school health screening. Combat misinformation and provide mental health support.