CREAM FORMULATION AND EVALUATION

CREAM TYPES, PREPARATION, METHODOLOGY, EVALUATION

1. CREAM CREAM R. ARULKUMAR S. KARTHIKA

2. CONTENT DEFINITIONS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES IDEAL PROPERTIES TYPES BASES USED IN CREAM METHOD OF PREPARATION FORMULATION EVALUATION OF CREAMS

3. DEFINITIONS Creams are homogeneous, semi-solid or viscous preparations that possess a relatively fluid consistency and are intended for external application to the skin or certain mucous membranes for protective, therapeutic or prophylactic purposes especially where an occlusive effect is not necessary. They are semisolids usually consisting of solutions or dispersions of one or more medicaments in suitable bases. They are formulated using hydrophilic or hydrophobic bases to provide preparations that are essentially miscible with the skin secretion.

4. ADVANTAGES

5. DISADVANTAGES

6. IDEAL PROPERTIES:

7. TYPES OIL-IN-WATER (O/W) TYPE: WATER-IN-OIL (W/O) TYPE : COSMETIC CREAMS MEDICATED CREAMS

8. OIL-IN-WATER (O/W) TYPE: Dispersed phase-oil Continuous phase- water They are less greasy and more easily washed off using water. eg : Fluocinolone Acetonide Cream. WATER-IN-OIL (W/O) CREAMS: Dispersed phase- Water Continuous phase- Oil More difficult to handle. Hydrophobic and will be released more readily from a W/O cream than an O/W Cream. e.g.: Moisturizing & Cold cream

9. COSMETIC CREAMS: These creams are highly used in a variety of skin conditions ( dermatoses ). eg . Vanishing Creams , Foundation Creams, cold creams, Moisturizing creams, All purpose creams, Night creams, Skin protective and hand creams MEDICATED CREAMS: A cream is a semisolid emulsion containing suspended or dissolved medication. eg . Antibiotic creams, Antifungal creams, Zinc oxide cream.

10. CREAMS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS: 1. Cleansing and Cold Creams. 2. Foundation and Vanishing Creams. 3. Night and Message Creams. 4. Hand and Body Creams. 5. All-purpose Creams is Cleansing and Cold Creams

11. BASES USED IN CREAM

12. METHOD OF PREPARATION: TRITURATION : Used for finely divided insoluble powder particles or liquids insoluble powder are added by geometric dilution Liquids are added by making well in centre. Air pocket formation avoided.Involved the use of glass slab when small quantities are used Mortar and pestle used when we have large quantities .

13. LEVIGATION: Incorporation of insoluble coarse particles. Also known as “Wet grinding ”. Insoluble coarse powder is rubbed with molten base or liquid or a semi solid base. A considerable shearing force is applied to avoid grittiness.

14. FUSION METHOD: The fusion method is followed when the drugs and other solid are soluble in the ointment bases . The base is liquefied and the soluble components are dissolved in the molten base. The congeal mixture is then speculated or triturated to obtain a smooth texture. Care is taken to avoid thermal degradation of the base or other components during the fusion process.

15. MECHANICAL ADDITION: Water- removable creams are basically hydrophilic type emulsions. A hydrophilic emulsifying agent is included in the aqueous phase in order to obtain stable oil-in-water dispersion. Sodium lauryl sulfate is used in the preparation of hydrophilic ointment .

16. CLEANSING CREAMS : They are used for the purpose of removing makeup, surface grime (layer of dirt on skin) and secretions of skin from the face and throat respectively. Cleansing creams are of two types. They are: Bees wax-borax type / Emulsified type Liquefying type FORMULATION

17. Bees wax-borax type / Emulsified type: It is an oil-in water type of emulsion, in which high percentage of mineral oil is present. This mineral oil helps in imparting cleansing property. Phase inversion takes place due to evaporation of water after the creams are rubbed on the skin. The phase inversion (i.e., water in-oil type) helps in imparting the cleansing action.

18. (ii) Liquefying Type: This type of creams consist of a mixture of oil and water which are translucent in nature. They are translucent in nature .they are anhydrous creams with thixotropic character i.e., they liquefy when applied on skin.

19. COLD CREAMS: These types of creams are water-in-oil type of emulsion. They produce cooling sensation by the evaporation of water, after application of cream to the skin. Hence, they are known as cream. They should possess emollient action and the layer left on the skin after application should be non-occlusive.

20. VANISHING AND FOUNDATION CREAMS: These creams are also referred to as 'Day Creams' as they are applied during day times. They are oil in water type of emulsion. When applied on the surface of skin, they spread as thin oil less film which is not visible to the naked eye. Hence, they are called as vanishing creams. They are used to hold powder on the skin as well as to improve adhesion.

21. Foundation Creams: They provide emollient base or foundation to the skin. They are applied before applying face powder or other preparations of make-up. Ingredients: Ingredients are similar to that of vanishing creams.

22. NIGHT AND MASSAGE CREAMS: (a) Night Creams: The preparations which are applied during night time and removed in the morning are called night creams. (b) Massage Creams: The preparations which are gently applied and rubbed on the skin through massage technique are called massage creams. Skin becomes dry due to the following reason: When stratum corneum is exposed to low humidity, excessive loss of water takes place which attributes to dryness of skin. When the lower layer of epidermis does not hydrate properly. When the skin is in contact with soap or solutions of detergent for long time.

23. Hand and Body Creams: Due to exposure of skin to water, soaps and detergents many times a day, removal of lipids and other secretions from the skin occurs. Cold and dry winds are responsible for chapping of the skin. Chapping occurs due to loss of moisture from the skin, which is also associated with cracking. Water is sufficient enough to treat the dryness of the skin, but evaporation of water takes place rapidly, which again, makes the skin dry and no emollient effect is produced. In case, if hands are immersed in water for longer time then abnormal hydration takes place.

24. This hydration will lead to swelling of cells in stratum corneum , which ultimately results in rupturing of cells. Hence, hand and body creams are formulated with suitable emollient, which not only make water available but also regulates the water take-up by the cells of stratum corneum .

25. ALL-PURPOSE CREAMS/SPORTS CREAMS: These creams are used by sport persons and also by people who do outdoor activities. Hence, they are called as sport creams. They are oily in nature but non-greasy type. They provide protective film to the skin. They make the rough surfaces of the skin smooth.

26. When it is applied in more quantity, it act as (a) Nourishing agent (b) Protective cream in order to protect the skin from sunburn. (c) Night cream. (d) Cleansing cream When it is applied in less quantity, it act as (a) Hand creams (b) (b) Foundation creams

27. EVALUATION OF CREAMS 1. Determination of pH 2. Primary skin irritation test: 3. Visual appearance 4. Viscosity in cps v/s shear rate in sec-1. 5. Spreadability 6. Stability studies 7. Reheological studies 8. Thermal behavior 9. Saponification value 10. Acid value

28. 11 . In-vitro methods: (a) Tensile strength tester (b) Hargen's Gas Bearing Electro dynamometer (GBE) (c) Occlusive potential of ingredients. (d) Gravimetric analytical method. (e) Thermal analytical methods. (f) Electrical methods .

29. 12. In-vivo methods: (a) Transpirometry (b) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (c) Optical microscopy and macro photography. (d) Skin friction (e) Sensitivity tests.

30. Text book of Cosmetic Formulations: Gaurav Kumar Sharma Jayesh Gadiya , Meenakshi Dhanawat . P.51-66 Sarfaraz K. Niazi , “ Handbook of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Formulations : Semisolid Products” V-4, Informa Healthcare, New York , London . Tanesh Sahu , Tarun Patel et al., Skin Cream as Topical Drug Delivery System: A Review . Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences 2016; 4(5): 149-154 Compounding and Dispensing by john F. Marriot , Keith A. Wilson Christopher A Langley & Dawn Belcher pg.147-151