Creating an inclusive school in Tamil.pdf
anburajamecse
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63 slides
Feb 10, 2025
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About This Presentation
Creating an inclusive school in Tamil.pdf
Slide Content
1
jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;
nrd;idnrd;idnrd;idnrd;id
Course Materials for B.Ed. Second Year
Course-10 Creating an Inclusive School
ghlq;fis njhFj;J toq;Fgth;ghlq;fis njhFj;J toq;Fgth;ghlq;fis njhFj;J toq;Fgth;ghlq;fis njhFj;J toq;Fgth;
myF myF myF myF ----1111 :::: ,ayhikiag; gw;wp Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;,ayhikiag; gw;wp Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;,ayhikiag; gw;wp Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;,ayhikiag; gw;wp Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;
Kidth;. gp.Rg;gpukzpad;> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;
mmmmyF yF yF yF ----2222 :::: fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;
jpUkjp. rp.V.n[ae;jp> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;
myF myF myF myF ----3333 :::: ,ayhikapd; khjphpfs,ayhikapd; khjphpfs,ayhikapd; khjphpfs,ayhikapd; khjphpfs;
jpUkjp. rp.V.n[ae;jp> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;
myF myF myF myF ----4444 :::: cs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tp
jpUkjp. j.K.Qhdnrse;jup> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau; ;;;
myF myF myF myF ----5555 :::: cs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lq;fSk;q;fSk;q;fSk;q;fSk;
Kidth;.J.ngh.rutzd;> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;
fy;tpj;fy;tpj;fy;tpj;fy;tpj;jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; eph;thfj;Jiwjpl;lkply; kw;Wk; eph;thfj;Jiwjpl;lkply; kw;Wk; eph;thfj;Jiwjpl;lkply; kw;Wk; eph;thfj;Jiw
jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;
nrd;idnrd;idnrd;idnrd;id ----
600 097
jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;
nrd;idnrd;idnrd;idnrd;id
Course Materials for B.Ed. Second Year
Course-10 Creating an Inclusive School
ghlq;fis njhFj;J toq;Fgth;ghlq;fis njhFj;J toq;Fgth;ghlq;fis njhFj;J toq;Fgth;ghlq;fis njhFj;J toq;Fgth;
myF myF myF myF ----1111 :::: ,ayhikiag; gw;wp Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;,ayhikiag; gw;wp Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;,ayhikiag; gw;wp Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;,ayhikiag; gw;wp Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;
Kidth;. gp.Rg;gpukzpad;> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;
mmmmyF yF yF yF ----2222 :::: fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy;
jpUkjp. rp.V.n[ae;jp> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;
myF myF myF myF ----3333 :::: ,ayhikapd; khjphpfs,ayhikapd; khjphpfs,ayhikapd; khjphpfs,ayhikapd; khjphpfs;
jpUkjp. rp.V.n[ae;jp> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;
myF myF myF myF ----4444 :::: cs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tp
jpUkjp. j.K.Qhdnrse;jup> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau; ;;;
myF myF myF myF ----5555 :::: cs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lq;fSk;q;fSk;q;fSk;q;fSk;
Kidth;.J.ngh.rutzd;> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;
fy;tpj;fy;tpj;fy;tpj;fy;tpj;jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; eph;thfj;Jiwjpl;lkply; kw;Wk; eph;thfj;Jiwjpl;lkply; kw;Wk; eph;thfj;Jiwjpl;lkply; kw;Wk; eph;thfj;Jiw
jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;jkpo;ehL Mrphpah; fy;tpapay; gy;fiyf;fofk;
nrd;idnrd;idnrd;idnrd;id ----
600 097
2
myFmyFmyFmyF ---- 1: ,ayhikiag; gw;wp; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;,ayhikiag; gw;wp; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;,ayhikiag; gw;wp; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;,ayhikiag; gw;wp; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fsFwpf;Nfhs;fsFwpf;Nfhs;fsFwpf;Nfhs;fs;:;:;:;:
,e;j myfpd,e;j myfpd,e;j myfpd,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; khzth;fs;>Kbtpy; khzth;fs;>Kbtpy; khzth;fs;>Kbtpy; khzth;fs;>
1. ,ayhikiag; gw;wp; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;
2. ,ayhikapd; gz;Gfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
3. ,ayhikapd; gy;NtW tiffs; gw;wp tifg;gLj;Jjy;.
Kd;Diu:Kd;Diu:Kd;Diu:Kd;Diu:
fy;tp ngWtJ xt;nthU Foe;ijapd; mbg;gil chpikahFk;. NkYk;
xt;nthU Foe;ijAk; NghJkhd msT fy;tp ngw mth;fSf;F t ha;g;Gfs;
mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; kdpjNeak; kpf ;f ,e;jpa ehl;by;
rpwg;gpay;G Foe;ijfSf;fhd fy;tp tha;g;Gfs; NghJkhd mstpy; nfhLf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W njhd;Wnjhl;L typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fUj;ij Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;
“rpwg;gpay;Gf; Foe;ijfs; fy;tpia Nehf;fp tu ,aytpy;iy vdpy; fy;tp jhd;
mth;fis Nehf;fpr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;” vd;W typAWj;jpAs;shh;.
,ayhik,ayhik,ayhik,ayhik(Disability)
xU kdpjDf;F Vw;gl;bUf;Fk; ghjpg;gpdhy; mtDf;Fr; ru hrhp kdpjidg; Nghy;
nray;gLtjpy; Vw;gLk; rpukk; my;yJ ghjpg;G.
CWghLCWghLCWghLCWghL (Impairment)
xUtuJ cstpay; kw;Wk; clypay; rhh;e;j cWg;Gfspd; ,og;G my;yJ mjd;
mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghLfspy; Vw;gLk; khWgl;l jd;ik. ,g;ghjpg;G vd;gJ
epue;jukhfNth my;yJ jw;fhypfkhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.
,ayhikapd; nghJg; gz;Gfs; ,ayhikapd; nghJg; gz;Gfs; ,ayhikapd; nghJg; gz;Gfs; ,ayhikapd; nghJg; gz;Gfs; (General Characteristics of Disabilities)
( cly; cWg;Gfs; ,ay;G epiyapypUe;J gpwo;e;J fhzg;gLtjhFk;. cjhuzk;
gpsTgl;l Nky; md;dk;> if fhy;fs; ,y;yhkypUj;jy;.
( cly; cWg;G CWghLfspd; ghjpg;ig mjhtJ Cdj;jpd; msit jFe;j
rhjdq;fs;> fUtpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs; nfhz;L Fiwj;jplyhk;.
( Cdj;jpd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ,lh;ghLfis r%fj;jpd; trjp tha;g;Gfs;
nfhz;L ntFthf Fiwj;jplyhk;.
( kuG hPjpahfTk;> tsUk; epiyfspYk; Vw;glyhk;.
( clYWg;G CWghLfspd; tpistha; Njhd;WtjhFk;.
myFmyFmyFmyF ---- 1: ,ayhikiag; gw;wp; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;,ayhikiag; gw;wp; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;,ayhikiag; gw;wp; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;,ayhikiag; gw;wp; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fsFwpf;Nfhs;fsFwpf;Nfhs;fsFwpf;Nfhs;fs;:;:;:;:
,e;j myfpd,e;j myfpd,e;j myfpd,e;j myfpd; Kbtpy; khzth;fs;>Kbtpy; khzth;fs;>Kbtpy; khzth;fs;>Kbtpy; khzth;fs;>
1. ,ayhikiag; gw;wp; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;
2. ,ayhikapd; gz;Gfs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.
3. ,ayhikapd; gy;NtW tiffs; gw;wp tifg;gLj;Jjy;.
Kd;Diu:Kd;Diu:Kd;Diu:Kd;Diu:
fy;tp ngWtJ xt;nthU Foe;ijapd; mbg;gil chpikahFk;. NkYk;
xt;nthU Foe;ijAk; NghJkhd msT fy;tp ngw mth;fSf;F t ha;g;Gfs;
mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; kdpjNeak; kpf ;f ,e;jpa ehl;by;
rpwg;gpay;G Foe;ijfSf;fhd fy;tp tha;g;Gfs; NghJkhd mstpy; nfhLf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W njhd;Wnjhl;L typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fUj;ij Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;
“rpwg;gpay;Gf; Foe;ijfs; fy;tpia Nehf;fp tu ,aytpy;iy vdpy; fy;tp jhd;
mth;fis Nehf;fpr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;” vd;W typAWj;jpAs;shh;.
,ayhik,ayhik,ayhik,ayhik(Disability)
xU kdpjDf;F Vw;gl;bUf;Fk; ghjpg;gpdhy; mtDf;Fr; ru hrhp kdpjidg; Nghy;
nray;gLtjpy; Vw;gLk; rpukk; my;yJ ghjpg;G.
CWghLCWghLCWghLCWghL (Impairment)
xUtuJ cstpay; kw;Wk; clypay; rhh;e;j cWg;Gfspd; ,og;G my;yJ mjd;
mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghLfspy; Vw;gLk; khWgl;l jd;ik. ,g;ghjpg;G vd;gJ
epue;jukhfNth my;yJ jw;fhypfkhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.
,ayhikapd; nghJg; gz;Gfs; ,ayhikapd; nghJg; gz;Gfs; ,ayhikapd; nghJg; gz;Gfs; ,ayhikapd; nghJg; gz;Gfs; (General Characteristics of Disabilities)
( cly; cWg;Gfs; ,ay;G epiyapypUe;J gpwo;e;J fhzg;gLtjhFk;. cjhuzk;
gpsTgl;l Nky; md;dk;> if fhy;fs; ,y;yhkypUj;jy;.
( cly; cWg;G CWghLfspd; ghjpg;ig mjhtJ Cdj;jpd; msit jFe;j
rhjdq;fs;> fUtpfs; kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs; nfhz;L Fiwj;jplyhk;.
( Cdj;jpd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ,lh;ghLfis r%fj;jpd; trjp tha;g;Gfs;
nfhz;L ntFthf Fiwj;jplyhk;.
( kuG hPjpahfTk;> tsUk; epiyfspYk; Vw;glyhk;.
( clYWg;G CWghLfspd; tpistha; Njhd;WtjhFk;.
3
( gapw;rp kw;Wk; Kidg;G ,y;iynadpy; Cdj;jpd; msT gbg;gbahf mjpfhpf;f
tha;g;Gz;L.
( jFe;j gapw;rp kw;Wk; fy;tpr;#oy; %yk; CdKw;wth;fSf;F kWtho;T
mspj;jplyhk;.
,ayhikapd; fhuzq;fs; ,ayhikapd; fhuzq;fs; ,ayhikapd; fhuzq;fs; ,ayhikapd; fhuzq;fs; (Causes of disability)
( clypid ed;F gaDs;s Kiwapy; ,af;Fjypy; FiwghLfs;.
( Foe;ij Nghy; NgRjy;.
( NkYk; #o;epiyf; fhuzpfshYk; Cdk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Kf;fpakhf
mtw;Ws; kdntOr;rp rhhe;j fhuzpfs; ngUk; gq;Ftfpf;fpd;wd.
( Neha;fs; mjhtJ NghypNah> gf;ftjhk; kw;Wk; %isf;fha; r;ry;
Nghd;wifshYk; Njhd;wyhk;.
( jha; fUTw;W ,Uf;Fk; NghJ vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; kUe;Jfspd; jhf;fk;.
( nraw;if Kiw fUTWjypdhYk; Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L.
nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL (Hearing Impairment)
mwpKfk; mwpKfk; mwpKfk; mwpKfk;
ek; Ik;Gyd;fspy; nrtp> czh;jy; mwpit miltjw;fhd top kl;Lky;yhky;>
ek;ikr; Rw;wp elg;gitfisf; Nfl;L tpopg;Gzh;T milaTk ; itf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;
nkhopiaf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> Ngr;rhw;wiyg; ngWtjw;Fk; xU rpwe;j fUtpahfr;
nray;gLfpd;wJ. xUth; jd; nrtp czh; jd;ikia ,of;Fk; nghOJ> mtuhy;
nkhopf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;Fk; ekJ r%fj;Jld; xj;Jg ;Nghf Kbahky; gy
rpukq;fisr; re;jpf;f NehpLfpwJ.
nrtpj;jpwd; vd;gJ> xUthpd; Rw;Wg;Gwr; #o;epiyfspy; Vw;gLk; xypia
cs;thq;FtJk;> mt;nthypapd; jd;ikfisg; Ghpe;J nfhz;L mt;xypf;Fhpath; kw;Wk;
mt;nthypf;FhpaJ vJ vd;W njhpe;J nfhs;tJk; MFk;.
nrtpj;jpwd; ghjpf;fgl;l Foe;ijfSf;Ff; Nfl;gjpy;> NgRtjpy;> jfty;
ghpkhw;wk; nra;J nfhs;tjpy; mjpfr; rpukk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,f;FiwghLila
Foe;ijfsplk; mjpfk; NgRk; jpwd; fhzKbahJ.
nrtpj;jpnrtpj;jpnrtpj;jpnrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs; wd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs; wd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs; wd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs;
nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;by; Kf;fpakhd %d;W tiffs; cs;sd> mit : nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;by; Kf;fpakhd %d;W tiffs; cs;sd> mit : nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;by; Kf;fpakhd %d;W tiffs; cs;sd> mit : nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;by; Kf;fpakhd %d;W tiffs; cs;sd> mit :
1. xypiaf; flj;jh epiy nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL (Conductive loss) - ntspf;fhjpy;
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G.
( gapw;rp kw;Wk; Kidg;G ,y;iynadpy; Cdj;jpd; msT gbg;gbahf mjpfhpf;f
tha;g;Gz;L.
( jFe;j gapw;rp kw;Wk; fy;tpr;#oy; %yk; CdKw;wth;fSf;F kWtho;T
mspj;jplyhk;.
,ayhikapd; fhuzq;fs; ,ayhikapd; fhuzq;fs; ,ayhikapd; fhuzq;fs; ,ayhikapd; fhuzq;fs; (Causes of disability)
( clypid ed;F gaDs;s Kiwapy; ,af;Fjypy; FiwghLfs;.
( Foe;ij Nghy; NgRjy;.
( NkYk; #o;epiyf; fhuzpfshYk; Cdk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Kf;fpakhf
mtw;Ws; kdntOr;rp rhhe;j fhuzpfs; ngUk; gq;Ftfpf;fpd;wd.
( Neha;fs; mjhtJ NghypNah> gf;ftjhk; kw;Wk; %isf;fha; r;ry;
Nghd;wifshYk; Njhd;wyhk;.
( jha; fUTw;W ,Uf;Fk; NghJ vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; kUe;Jfspd; jhf;fk;.
( nraw;if Kiw fUTWjypdhYk; Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L.
nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL (Hearing Impairment)
mwpKfk; mwpKfk; mwpKfk; mwpKfk;
ek; Ik;Gyd;fspy; nrtp> czh;jy; mwpit miltjw;fhd top kl;Lky;yhky;>
ek;ikr; Rw;wp elg;gitfisf; Nfl;L tpopg;Gzh;T milaTk ; itf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;
nkhopiaf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> Ngr;rhw;wiyg; ngWtjw;Fk; xU rpwe;j fUtpahfr;
nray;gLfpd;wJ. xUth; jd; nrtp czh; jd;ikia ,of;Fk; nghOJ> mtuhy;
nkhopf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;Fk; ekJ r%fj;Jld; xj;Jg ;Nghf Kbahky; gy
rpukq;fisr; re;jpf;f NehpLfpwJ.
nrtpj;jpwd; vd;gJ> xUthpd; Rw;Wg;Gwr; #o;epiyfspy; Vw;gLk; xypia
cs;thq;FtJk;> mt;nthypapd; jd;ikfisg; Ghpe;J nfhz;L mt;xypf;Fhpath; kw;Wk;
mt;nthypf;FhpaJ vJ vd;W njhpe;J nfhs;tJk; MFk;.
nrtpj;jpwd; ghjpf;fgl;l Foe;ijfSf;Ff; Nfl;gjpy;> NgRtjpy;> jfty;
ghpkhw;wk; nra;J nfhs;tjpy; mjpfr; rpukk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,f;FiwghLila
Foe;ijfsplk; mjpfk; NgRk; jpwd; fhzKbahJ.
nrtpj;jpnrtpj;jpnrtpj;jpnrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs; wd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs; wd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs; wd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs;
nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;by; Kf;fpakhd %d;W tiffs; cs;sd> mit : nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;by; Kf;fpakhd %d;W tiffs; cs;sd> mit : nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;by; Kf;fpakhd %d;W tiffs; cs;sd> mit : nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;by; Kf;fpakhd %d;W tiffs; cs;sd> mit :
1. xypiaf; flj;jh epiy nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL (Conductive loss) - ntspf;fhjpy;
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G.
4
2. Gyd; czh;T> euk;G rhh;e;j nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL (Sensory neural hearing loss) -
cl;nrtpapy; cs;s euk;Gfs;> nrtpg;giw kw;Wk; vYk;G r pijTfspdhy;
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs;.
3. xypiaf; flj;jh epiy> Gyd; czh;T> euk;G Mfpait ,ize; j FiwghL
(Mixed hearing loss) - ntspr;nrtp kw;Wk; cl;nrtpapy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G.
,t;tifahd ghjpg;Gfisf; fz;lwpa MbNah kPl;lh; (Audio Meter) vd;w fUtp
gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mstPl;L Kiwia MbNah fpuhk; (Audiogram) vd;W
miof;fpNwhk;.
Foe;ijfspd; nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; mwpFwpfs; Foe;ijfspd; nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; mwpFwpfs; Foe;ijfspd; nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; mwpFwpfs; Foe;ijfspd; nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; mwpFwpfs;
1 %d;wb J}uj;jpw;Fs; rj;jkhff; iffisj; jl;Lk;nghOJ Fo e;ij
jpLf;fplhjpUj;jy;.
1 rj;jk; tUk; jpiria Nehf;fpg; ghh;f;fhjpUj;jy;.
1 Ghpe;J nfhs;tjpy; mjpf jhkjk; Vw;gLjy;.
1 Mrphpaiu kPz;Lk; ghlg;gFjpiaf; $wr;nrhy;yp tw;GWj;Jjy;.
1 Mrphpah; NgRk;NghJ Kfghtidfis cw;W Nehf;Fjy;;.
1 gpwh; $Wtijf; ftdpj;jy;> Nfl;ltw;iwg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ik Nghd;w
jpwd;fs; kpff; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLjy;.
1 NgRk; nghOJ mjpfj; jLkhw;wk; Vw;gLjy;> thrpg;Gj; jpwdpy; kpf Nkhrkhd
epiy cUthjy;.
1 NgRgth; gf;fk; jiyiar; rha;j;Jf; Nfl;ly;.
1 Fuy; xypapy; tpj;jpahrk;> cr;rhpg;gpy; tpj;jpahrk;.
1 ngaiur; nrhy;yp miof;Fk; NghJ jpUk;ghky; ,Uj;jy;> fijfs; Nfl;gjpy;
mjpf tpUg;gkpd;ik.
1 fhjpy; mbf;fb rPo; tbjy;.
1 Mrphpah; nrhy;tij vOJk;NghJ rfkhzth;fspd; cjtpia eh Ljy;.
nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL Vw;glf; fuzq;fs; nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL Vw;glf; fuzq;fs; nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL Vw;glf; fuzq;fs; nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL Vw;glf; fuzq;fs;
m. guk;giuf; fhuzpfs; (kugZ rhu;e;j fhuzpfs;)
M. guk;giu my;yhj fhuzpfs; (kugZ rhuhf; fhuzpfs;)
m. guk;giuf; fhuzpm. guk;giuf; fhuzpm. guk;giuf; fhuzpm. guk;giuf; fhuzpfs; fs; fs; fs;
neUq;fpa cwTKiwj; jpUkzk;>
kugZf;fspy; Vw;gLk; Fiwfs;>
2. Gyd; czh;T> euk;G rhh;e;j nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL (Sensory neural hearing loss) -
cl;nrtpapy; cs;s euk;Gfs;> nrtpg;giw kw;Wk; vYk;G r pijTfspdhy;
Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs;.
3. xypiaf; flj;jh epiy> Gyd; czh;T> euk;G Mfpait ,ize; j FiwghL
(Mixed hearing loss) - ntspr;nrtp kw;Wk; cl;nrtpapy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;G.
,t;tifahd ghjpg;Gfisf; fz;lwpa MbNah kPl;lh; (Audio Meter) vd;w fUtp
gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mstPl;L Kiwia MbNah fpuhk; (Audiogram) vd;W
miof;fpNwhk;.
Foe;ijfspd; nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; mwpFwpfs; Foe;ijfspd; nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; mwpFwpfs; Foe;ijfspd; nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; mwpFwpfs; Foe;ijfspd; nrtpj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; mwpFwpfs;
1 %d;wb J}uj;jpw;Fs; rj;jkhff; iffisj; jl;Lk;nghOJ Fo e;ij
jpLf;fplhjpUj;jy;.
1 rj;jk; tUk; jpiria Nehf;fpg; ghh;f;fhjpUj;jy;.
1 Ghpe;J nfhs;tjpy; mjpf jhkjk; Vw;gLjy;.
1 Mrphpaiu kPz;Lk; ghlg;gFjpiaf; $wr;nrhy;yp tw;GWj;Jjy;.
1 Mrphpah; NgRk;NghJ Kfghtidfis cw;W Nehf;Fjy;;.
1 gpwh; $Wtijf; ftdpj;jy;> Nfl;ltw;iwg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ik Nghd;w
jpwd;fs; kpff; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLjy;.
1 NgRk; nghOJ mjpfj; jLkhw;wk; Vw;gLjy;> thrpg;Gj; jpwdpy; kpf Nkhrkhd
epiy cUthjy;.
1 NgRgth; gf;fk; jiyiar; rha;j;Jf; Nfl;ly;.
1 Fuy; xypapy; tpj;jpahrk;> cr;rhpg;gpy; tpj;jpahrk;.
1 ngaiur; nrhy;yp miof;Fk; NghJ jpUk;ghky; ,Uj;jy;> fijfs; Nfl;gjpy;
mjpf tpUg;gkpd;ik.
1 fhjpy; mbf;fb rPo; tbjy;.
1 Mrphpah; nrhy;tij vOJk;NghJ rfkhzth;fspd; cjtpia eh Ljy;.
nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL Vw;glf; fuzq;fs; nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL Vw;glf; fuzq;fs; nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL Vw;glf; fuzq;fs; nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghL Vw;glf; fuzq;fs;
m. guk;giuf; fhuzpfs; (kugZ rhu;e;j fhuzpfs;)
M. guk;giu my;yhj fhuzpfs; (kugZ rhuhf; fhuzpfs;)
m. guk;giuf; fhuzpm. guk;giuf; fhuzpm. guk;giuf; fhuzpm. guk;giuf; fhuzpfs; fs; fs; fs;
neUq;fpa cwTKiwj; jpUkzk;>
kugZf;fspy; Vw;gLk; Fiwfs;>
5
kugZf;fspy; Vw;gLk; rpijTfs; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; ,f; FiwghL
Vw;glyhk;
M. guk;giu my;yhj fhuzpfs; M. guk;giu my;yhj fhuzpfs; M. guk;giu my;yhj fhuzpfs; M. guk;giu my;yhj fhuzpfs;
1 tpgj;jpd; %yk; cl;nrtpapy; Vw;gLk; fl;b> ghjpg;G.
1 %isf;Fr; nry;Yk; nrtp; euk;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; gpwtpf; FiwghLfs;.
1 %isapy; nkhop tsh;r;rpf;F chpa gFjpapy; Vw;gLk; fhak;.
1 mjpfkhd rj;jq;fisf; Nfl;ly;.
1 taJ Kjph;thy; Vw;gLk; euk;Gj; jsh;r;rp.
1 jha; fUTw;wpUf;Fk; NghJ kQ;rs; fhkhiy Neha; Vw;gLjy;.
1 jha; fUTw;wpUf;Fk; NghJ caph;r;rj;Jf;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw.
nnnnrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLs;s Foe;ijfSf;F cjTk; Jizf;fUtpfs ; rtpj;jpwd; FiwghLs;s Foe;ijfSf;F cjTk; Jizf;fUtpfs; rtpj;jpwd; FiwghLs;s Foe;ijfSf;F cjTk; Jizf;fUtpfs; rtpj;jpwd; FiwghLs;s Foe;ijfSf;F cjTk; Jizf;fUtpfs;
1 xypg;ghd;> miog;G kzp> xyp vOg;Gk; ,irf;fUtp> buk;.
1 Gtp tiuglq;fs; kw;Wk; Gtpf;Nfhsk;.
1 Nfspf;ifr; rpj;jpuq;fs;.
1 kpd; ml;ilfs;.
1 tz;z tiuglq;fs;.
1 nrtpj; Jizf;fUtpfs;.
1 fzpdp nkd;nghUl;fs;> epiyf;fz;zhb.
1 xyp vOg;Gk; nghk;ikfs;.
1 MbNah kPl;lh;.
1 thrpg;Gg; Gj;jfq;fs;.
nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLilNahh; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhd topKiwfs; nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLilNahh; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhd topKiwfs; nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLilNahh; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhd topKiwfs; nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLilNahh; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhd topKiwfs;
nrtpj;jpwd; ,og;ig ,sk; tajpNyNa fz;Lgpbj;J> nrtpj; jpwd; ,og;gpw;F
Vw;g> jFe;j nrtpj;Jizf; fUtpia mt;tajpNyna mzptpj;J > xypfis cw;Wf;
Nfl;fg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; kw;Wk; #o;epiyapYs;s xypfis NtWgLj;jTk;
gapw;rpaspj;jy;.
nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLila khzth;fs;> ,ay;ghf tho KbAk; v d;w
vz;zj;ijg; ngw;Nwhh;fsplKk; Mrphpah;fsplKk; tsh;j;jy;.
nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLila Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tpaspg;gjpy; Mrphpnrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLila Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tpaspg;gjpy; Mrphpnrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLila Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tpaspg;gjpy; Mrphpnrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLila Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tpaspg;gjpy; Mrphpah;fspd; gq;F ah;fspd; gq;F ah;fspd; gq;F ah;fspd; gq;F
1 nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLila Foe;ijfis tFg;giwapy; Mrphpai u ed;F
ghh;f;Fk; tifapy; mkur; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
kugZf;fspy; Vw;gLk; rpijTfs; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; ,f; FiwghL
Vw;glyhk;
M. guk;giu my;yhj fhuzpfs; M. guk;giu my;yhj fhuzpfs; M. guk;giu my;yhj fhuzpfs; M. guk;giu my;yhj fhuzpfs;
1 tpgj;jpd; %yk; cl;nrtpapy; Vw;gLk; fl;b> ghjpg;G.
1 %isf;Fr; nry;Yk; nrtp; euk;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; gpwtpf; FiwghLfs;.
1 %isapy; nkhop tsh;r;rpf;F chpa gFjpapy; Vw;gLk; fhak;.
1 mjpfkhd rj;jq;fisf; Nfl;ly;.
1 taJ Kjph;thy; Vw;gLk; euk;Gj; jsh;r;rp.
1 jha; fUTw;wpUf;Fk; NghJ kQ;rs; fhkhiy Neha; Vw;gLjy;.
1 jha; fUTw;wpUf;Fk; NghJ caph;r;rj;Jf;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw.
nnnnrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLs;s Foe;ijfSf;F cjTk; Jizf;fUtpfs ; rtpj;jpwd; FiwghLs;s Foe;ijfSf;F cjTk; Jizf;fUtpfs; rtpj;jpwd; FiwghLs;s Foe;ijfSf;F cjTk; Jizf;fUtpfs; rtpj;jpwd; FiwghLs;s Foe;ijfSf;F cjTk; Jizf;fUtpfs;
1 xypg;ghd;> miog;G kzp> xyp vOg;Gk; ,irf;fUtp> buk;.
1 Gtp tiuglq;fs; kw;Wk; Gtpf;Nfhsk;.
1 Nfspf;ifr; rpj;jpuq;fs;.
1 kpd; ml;ilfs;.
1 tz;z tiuglq;fs;.
1 nrtpj; Jizf;fUtpfs;.
1 fzpdp nkd;nghUl;fs;> epiyf;fz;zhb.
1 xyp vOg;Gk; nghk;ikfs;.
1 MbNah kPl;lh;.
1 thrpg;Gg; Gj;jfq;fs;.
nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLilNahh; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhd topKiwfs; nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLilNahh; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhd topKiwfs; nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLilNahh; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhd topKiwfs; nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLilNahh; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhd topKiwfs;
nrtpj;jpwd; ,og;ig ,sk; tajpNyNa fz;Lgpbj;J> nrtpj; jpwd; ,og;gpw;F
Vw;g> jFe;j nrtpj;Jizf; fUtpia mt;tajpNyna mzptpj;J > xypfis cw;Wf;
Nfl;fg; gapw;rpaspj;jy; kw;Wk; #o;epiyapYs;s xypfis NtWgLj;jTk;
gapw;rpaspj;jy;.
nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLila khzth;fs;> ,ay;ghf tho KbAk; v d;w
vz;zj;ijg; ngw;Nwhh;fsplKk; Mrphpah;fsplKk; tsh;j;jy;.
nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLila Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tpaspg;gjpy; Mrphpnrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLila Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tpaspg;gjpy; Mrphpnrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLila Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tpaspg;gjpy; Mrphpnrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLila Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tpaspg;gjpy; Mrphpah;fspd; gq;F ah;fspd; gq;F ah;fspd; gq;F ah;fspd; gq;F
1 nrtpj;jpwd; FiwghLila Foe;ijfis tFg;giwapy; Mrphpai u ed;F
ghh;f;Fk; tifapy; mkur; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
6
1 Mrphpah;fs;> khzth;fis Neubahfg; ghh;j;Jg; ghlk; elj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mg;nghOJjhd; Mrphpahpd; cly;> cjl;lirtpidg; ghh;j;J Ghpe;J nfhs;s
,aYk;.
1 Mrphpah;fs; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fis mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. Kf;fpakhf fhl;rpg;glq;fis ( Visual Pictures) mjpfkhf
fhz;gpj;jy;.
1 mjpfkhd Ngr;Rj;jpwd; gapw;rp mspj;jy;.
1 Gjpa ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ cz;ikg; nghUs;fis it j;Jg; ghlk;
fw;gpj;jy;.
1 mjpfkhd ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ fUk;gyifapy; vOj p ghlg;
nghUl;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
1 ciuahly; Kiwapy; Ngr;Rj;jpwid tsh;j;jy;.
1 ghh;it %yk; ngwf;$ba mDgtq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
1 epiyf;fz;zhbiag; gad;gLj;jpg; Ngr;Rg; gapw;rp mspj;jy;.
1 vOj;Jg; gapw;rpfis thrpg;Gj;jpwDld; nray;gLj;j Mrphpah; Kaw;rpj;jy;.
1 vspikahd thf;fpaq;fisf; nfhLj;Jg; gbf;fr; nra;jy;.
1 ehlfk; kw;Wk; ciuahly; Kiwapy; ghlq;fis khzth;fSf;F vspjhff;
fw;f top nra;jy;.
1 ghlk; fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ nrtpj;Jizf; fUtpfis khzth;fs; Kiwg;gb
gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fsh vd;W ftdpj;jy;.
1 mjpfkhf tz;z tiuglq;fs; kw;Wk; kpd;dl;ilfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
1 jdpj; jpwd;fisAk;> gilg;ghw;wiyAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; th a;g;Gfis
cUthf;fpj; jUjy;.
Ngr;Rj; jpwd; FiwghL Ngr;Rj; jpwd; FiwghL Ngr;Rj; jpwd; FiwghL Ngr;Rj; jpwd; FiwghL
kdpj ,dj;ij kw;w caphpdq;fspypUe;J cah;j;jpf; fhl;LtJ> mt;tpdj;jplk;
fhzg;gLk; Ngr;Rj;jpwd; mFk;. xU Foe;ijapd; nkhopahd J> koiy xypapy;
njhlq;fp $l;nlhypfis cr;rhpg;gJ> nrhw;nwhlu;fshf xy pg;gJ> rpf;fyhd KO
thf;fpaj;ijf; $Wjy; MfpaitahFk;. Ngr;Rj; jpwdhdJ xy p> thf;fpa mikg;G
Mfpait ed;whf ,Ue;jhy;jhd; rpwg;Gw mikAk.; NgRtjw;F ,d;wpaikahj jpwd;
Nfl;lyhFk;. nrtpj;jpwd; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfsplk; Ngr;Rj;jpwd; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Ngr;Rj;Ngr;Rj;Ngr;Rj;Ngr;Rj;jpwd; FiwghL Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; jpwd; FiwghL Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; jpwd; FiwghL Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; jpwd; FiwghL Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1 rhpahd %is tsh;r;rpapd;ik.
1 tha;> ehf;F> njhz;il ,tw;wpd;; mirTfspy; fl;Lghbd;ik.
1 $r;rk;> kw;Wk; mr;r czh;Tfs;.
1 cjLfs; gpsTgl;bUj;jy;.
1 Mrphpah;fs;> khzth;fis Neubahfg; ghh;j;Jg; ghlk; elj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mg;nghOJjhd; Mrphpahpd; cly;> cjl;lirtpidg; ghh;j;J Ghpe;J nfhs;s
,aYk;.
1 Mrphpah;fs; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fis mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. Kf;fpakhf fhl;rpg;glq;fis ( Visual Pictures) mjpfkhf
fhz;gpj;jy;.
1 mjpfkhd Ngr;Rj;jpwd; gapw;rp mspj;jy;.
1 Gjpa ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ cz;ikg; nghUs;fis it j;Jg; ghlk;
fw;gpj;jy;.
1 mjpfkhd ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ fUk;gyifapy; vOj p ghlg;
nghUl;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
1 ciuahly; Kiwapy; Ngr;Rj;jpwid tsh;j;jy;.
1 ghh;it %yk; ngwf;$ba mDgtq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
1 epiyf;fz;zhbiag; gad;gLj;jpg; Ngr;Rg; gapw;rp mspj;jy;.
1 vOj;Jg; gapw;rpfis thrpg;Gj;jpwDld; nray;gLj;j Mrphpah; Kaw;rpj;jy;.
1 vspikahd thf;fpaq;fisf; nfhLj;Jg; gbf;fr; nra;jy;.
1 ehlfk; kw;Wk; ciuahly; Kiwapy; ghlq;fis khzth;fSf;F vspjhff;
fw;f top nra;jy;.
1 ghlk; fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ nrtpj;Jizf; fUtpfis khzth;fs; Kiwg;gb
gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fsh vd;W ftdpj;jy;.
1 mjpfkhf tz;z tiuglq;fs; kw;Wk; kpd;dl;ilfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
1 jdpj; jpwd;fisAk;> gilg;ghw;wiyAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; th a;g;Gfis
cUthf;fpj; jUjy;.
Ngr;Rj; jpwd; FiwghL Ngr;Rj; jpwd; FiwghL Ngr;Rj; jpwd; FiwghL Ngr;Rj; jpwd; FiwghL
kdpj ,dj;ij kw;w caphpdq;fspypUe;J cah;j;jpf; fhl;LtJ> mt;tpdj;jplk;
fhzg;gLk; Ngr;Rj;jpwd; mFk;. xU Foe;ijapd; nkhopahd J> koiy xypapy;
njhlq;fp $l;nlhypfis cr;rhpg;gJ> nrhw;nwhlu;fshf xy pg;gJ> rpf;fyhd KO
thf;fpaj;ijf; $Wjy; MfpaitahFk;. Ngr;Rj; jpwdhdJ xy p> thf;fpa mikg;G
Mfpait ed;whf ,Ue;jhy;jhd; rpwg;Gw mikAk.; NgRtjw;F ,d;wpaikahj jpwd;
Nfl;lyhFk;. nrtpj;jpwd; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfsplk; Ngr;Rj;jpwd; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Ngr;Rj;Ngr;Rj;Ngr;Rj;Ngr;Rj;jpwd; FiwghL Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; jpwd; FiwghL Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; jpwd; FiwghL Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; jpwd; FiwghL Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1 rhpahd %is tsh;r;rpapd;ik.
1 tha;> ehf;F> njhz;il ,tw;wpd;; mirTfspy; fl;Lghbd;ik.
1 $r;rk;> kw;Wk; mr;r czh;Tfs;.
1 cjLfs; gpsTgl;bUj;jy;.
7
( ehf;F jbj;jpUj;jy;.
( jpf;F tha; Vw;gLjy;.
( mjPj koiyg;Ngr;R.
( kpff; Fiwthd nrhw;fisNa mwpe;J ,Uj;jy;.
( NgRk; nray; tsh;r;rpapy; jhkjk;.
Ngr;Rj; jpwd; ghjpg;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; mwpFwpfs; Ngr;Rj; jpwd; ghjpg;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; mwpFwpfs; Ngr;Rj; jpwd; ghjpg;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; mwpFwpfs; Ngr;Rj; jpwd; ghjpg;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; mwpFwpfs;
( njhlh;e;J NgRtjpy; Vw;gLk; rpukk;.
( NgRk;NghJ ,ilNa xU nrhy;iyr; nrhy;y ePz;l Neuk; Mf;Fjy;.
( Ngr;Rj;jpwd; FiwAilNahh;fspy; rpyh; nrhw;fisr; nrhy;Yk; NghJ rpy
vOj;Jf;fis mOj;jkhf cr;rhpj;jy;.
( vg;nghOJk; mr;rj;JlDk;> gjw;wj;JlDk; fhzg;gLth;.
Ngr;Rj; jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs; Ngr;Rj; jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs; Ngr;Rj; jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs; Ngr;Rj; jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs;
1. cr;rhpg;gpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; cr;rhpg;gpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; cr;rhpg;gpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; cr;rhpg;gpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; (Aritculation)
( Nrh;j;jy;.
( rpjWjy;, jphpj;Jf; $Wjy;.
( xd;Wf;Fg; gjpyhf NtW xd;iwg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
( tpl;LtpLjy;.
2. Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs;
( Fuy; njhdpapy; Vw;wk; / jho;T.
( mOj;jk;.
3. Ngr;R rusj;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Ngr;R rusj;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Ngr;R rusj;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Ngr;R rusj;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs;
( jpf;Fjy;.
( Xir jhWkhwhf ,Uj;jy;.
( gak;.
1.1.1.1. cr;rhpg;gpy;cr;rhpg;gpy;cr;rhpg;gpy;cr;rhpg;gpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; cs;s FiwghLfs; cs;s FiwghLfs; cs;s FiwghLfs;
gpsTg;gl;l cjLfs; (Cleft lips) cs;s Foe;ijfs; jpUj;jkhf
cr;rhpg;gjw;Fr; rpukg;glyhk;. ,t;tpjf; Fiwfis kUj;Jt rpfpr;irapd;
%yk; rhp nra;ayhk;. Ngr;ir xUq;fpizf;Fk; ikaq;fs; % isapy;
cs;sd. ,k;ikaq;fspy; VNjDk; ghjpg;G Vw;gl;lhYk; Ngr;rpd; jd;ik
ghjpf;fg;gLk;. ,jw;F b];Mh;j;jphpah (Disarthria) vd;W ngah;.
2.2.2.2. Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs;
( ehf;F jbj;jpUj;jy;.
( jpf;F tha; Vw;gLjy;.
( mjPj koiyg;Ngr;R.
( kpff; Fiwthd nrhw;fisNa mwpe;J ,Uj;jy;.
( NgRk; nray; tsh;r;rpapy; jhkjk;.
Ngr;Rj; jpwd; ghjpg;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; mwpFwpfs; Ngr;Rj; jpwd; ghjpg;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; mwpFwpfs; Ngr;Rj; jpwd; ghjpg;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; mwpFwpfs; Ngr;Rj; jpwd; ghjpg;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; mwpFwpfs;
( njhlh;e;J NgRtjpy; Vw;gLk; rpukk;.
( NgRk;NghJ ,ilNa xU nrhy;iyr; nrhy;y ePz;l Neuk; Mf;Fjy;.
( Ngr;Rj;jpwd; FiwAilNahh;fspy; rpyh; nrhw;fisr; nrhy;Yk; NghJ rpy
vOj;Jf;fis mOj;jkhf cr;rhpj;jy;.
( vg;nghOJk; mr;rj;JlDk;> gjw;wj;JlDk; fhzg;gLth;.
Ngr;Rj; jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs; Ngr;Rj; jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs; Ngr;Rj; jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs; Ngr;Rj; jpwd; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs;
1. cr;rhpg;gpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; cr;rhpg;gpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; cr;rhpg;gpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; cr;rhpg;gpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; (Aritculation)
( Nrh;j;jy;.
( rpjWjy;, jphpj;Jf; $Wjy;.
( xd;Wf;Fg; gjpyhf NtW xd;iwg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
( tpl;LtpLjy;.
2. Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs;
( Fuy; njhdpapy; Vw;wk; / jho;T.
( mOj;jk;.
3. Ngr;R rusj;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Ngr;R rusj;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Ngr;R rusj;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Ngr;R rusj;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs;
( jpf;Fjy;.
( Xir jhWkhwhf ,Uj;jy;.
( gak;.
1.1.1.1. cr;rhpg;gpy;cr;rhpg;gpy;cr;rhpg;gpy;cr;rhpg;gpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; cs;s FiwghLfs; cs;s FiwghLfs; cs;s FiwghLfs;
gpsTg;gl;l cjLfs; (Cleft lips) cs;s Foe;ijfs; jpUj;jkhf
cr;rhpg;gjw;Fr; rpukg;glyhk;. ,t;tpjf; Fiwfis kUj;Jt rpfpr;irapd;
%yk; rhp nra;ayhk;. Ngr;ir xUq;fpizf;Fk; ikaq;fs; % isapy;
cs;sd. ,k;ikaq;fspy; VNjDk; ghjpg;G Vw;gl;lhYk; Ngr;rpd; jd;ik
ghjpf;fg;gLk;. ,jw;F b];Mh;j;jphpah (Disarthria) vd;W ngah;.
2.2.2.2. Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs; Fuypy; cs;s FiwghLfs;
8
Fuy;tis mikg;gpy; VNjDk; FiwghL ,Ug;gpDk; my;yJ
Fuy;tisiar; rhptu gad;gLj;jtpy;iynadpDk; Fuy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
• Fuy; njhdpapy; Vw;wk; Fuy; njhdpapy; Vw;wk; Fuy; njhdpapy; Vw;wk; Fuy; njhdpapy; Vw;wk; / jho;T jho;T jho;T jho;T
Fuy; tskhf ,Ug;gjw;Fj; njhdp mstpd; nrwpT> typik> Fuypd;
,ay;G Mfpa %d;Wk; Kf;fpa fhuzpfshFk;. Fuy; ehz;fspd ; topNa nrd;W
tUk; fhw;W jhd;> ekJ Fuypd; Vw;w ,wf;fj;ij eph;zapf;fpwJ.
• mOj;jk; mOj;jk; mOj;jk; mOj;jk;
,ay;ghfg; NgRk;nghOJ rpy xypfSf;Fj; Njitapy;yhky; m Oj;jk;
nfhLj;J cr;rhpj;jy;.
3.3.3.3. Ngr;R rusNgr;R rusNgr;R rusNgr;R rusj;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; j;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; j;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; j;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs;
• jpf;Fjy; jpf;Fjy; jpf;Fjy; jpf;Fjy;
Ngr;rpd; rusj;jpy; jil Vw;gLk;NghJ ‘jpf;Fjy;’ Vw;gLfpwJ.
nrhd;dijNa jpUk;gr; nrhy;Yjy;> rpytw;iw ePl;Ljy; Nghd;witAk; jpf;Fk;
nghOJ fhzg;gLk;.
• Xir jhWkhwhf ,Uj;jy; Xir jhWkhwhf ,Uj;jy; Xir jhWkhwhf ,Uj;jy; Xir jhWkhwhf ,Uj;jy;
NgRk; NghJ ifahs Ntz;ba fhy ,ilntsp Kiwiaf;
ifahshky; ,Uj;jy;> Ngr;rpy; mjpNtfk; fhl;Ljy;> NgRk; Ntfj;jpy; tha;
FsWjy; Nghd;wit fhuzkhfj; jhWkhwhd Xir vOg;Gth;.
• gak; gak; gak; gak;
rpy Neuq;fspy; msTf;fjpkhd gaj;jpd; fhuzkhfg; Ngr;Rf;FiwghL
Vw;gLfpwJ.
fw;wypy; Vw;gLk; ,lh;ghLfs; fw;wypy; Vw;gLk; ,lh;ghLfs; fw;wypy; Vw;gLk; ,lh;ghLfs; fw;wypy; Vw;gLk; ,lh;ghLfs;
( Mrphpah; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fisg; Ghpe;J NgRtjpy; Vw;gLk; rpukk;.
( ghlq;fisg; gbg;gjpy; rpf;fy;.
( Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpw;Fs; gbf;f ,ayhik.
( Mrphpah; fw;gpj;jiyg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s topfhl;Lk; nray ;fisr; nra;a
,ayhik.
( jpf;fpj; jpf;fpg; NgRtjhy; Fuy;tsk; Fd;wpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
Fuy;tis mikg;gpy; VNjDk; FiwghL ,Ug;gpDk; my;yJ
Fuy;tisiar; rhptu gad;gLj;jtpy;iynadpDk; Fuy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
• Fuy; njhdpapy; Vw;wk; Fuy; njhdpapy; Vw;wk; Fuy; njhdpapy; Vw;wk; Fuy; njhdpapy; Vw;wk; / jho;T jho;T jho;T jho;T
Fuy; tskhf ,Ug;gjw;Fj; njhdp mstpd; nrwpT> typik> Fuypd;
,ay;G Mfpa %d;Wk; Kf;fpa fhuzpfshFk;. Fuy; ehz;fspd ; topNa nrd;W
tUk; fhw;W jhd;> ekJ Fuypd; Vw;w ,wf;fj;ij eph;zapf;fpwJ.
• mOj;jk; mOj;jk; mOj;jk; mOj;jk;
,ay;ghfg; NgRk;nghOJ rpy xypfSf;Fj; Njitapy;yhky; m Oj;jk;
nfhLj;J cr;rhpj;jy;.
3.3.3.3. Ngr;R rusNgr;R rusNgr;R rusNgr;R rusj;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; j;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; j;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs; j;jpy; cs;s FiwghLfs;
• jpf;Fjy; jpf;Fjy; jpf;Fjy; jpf;Fjy;
Ngr;rpd; rusj;jpy; jil Vw;gLk;NghJ ‘jpf;Fjy;’ Vw;gLfpwJ.
nrhd;dijNa jpUk;gr; nrhy;Yjy;> rpytw;iw ePl;Ljy; Nghd;witAk; jpf;Fk;
nghOJ fhzg;gLk;.
• Xir jhWkhwhf ,Uj;jy; Xir jhWkhwhf ,Uj;jy; Xir jhWkhwhf ,Uj;jy; Xir jhWkhwhf ,Uj;jy;
NgRk; NghJ ifahs Ntz;ba fhy ,ilntsp Kiwiaf;
ifahshky; ,Uj;jy;> Ngr;rpy; mjpNtfk; fhl;Ljy;> NgRk; Ntfj;jpy; tha;
FsWjy; Nghd;wit fhuzkhfj; jhWkhwhd Xir vOg;Gth;.
• gak; gak; gak; gak;
rpy Neuq;fspy; msTf;fjpkhd gaj;jpd; fhuzkhfg; Ngr;Rf;FiwghL
Vw;gLfpwJ.
fw;wypy; Vw;gLk; ,lh;ghLfs; fw;wypy; Vw;gLk; ,lh;ghLfs; fw;wypy; Vw;gLk; ,lh;ghLfs; fw;wypy; Vw;gLk; ,lh;ghLfs;
( Mrphpah; $Wk; fUj;Jf;fisg; Ghpe;J NgRtjpy; Vw;gLk; rpukk;.
( ghlq;fisg; gbg;gjpy; rpf;fy;.
( Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpw;Fs; gbf;f ,ayhik.
( Mrphpah; fw;gpj;jiyg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s topfhl;Lk; nray ;fisr; nra;a
,ayhik.
( jpf;fpj; jpf;fpg; NgRtjhy; Fuy;tsk; Fd;wpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
9
Ngr;Rj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bid epf;Fk; topfNgr;Rj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bid epf;Fk; topfNgr;Rj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bid epf;Fk; topfNgr;Rj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bid epf;Fk; topfs; : s; : s; : s; :
1 ngw;Nwhh;fs; rhpahd cr;rhpg;NghL vspa nkhopia ,yf;fzg; gpioapd;wp>
Foe;ijfNshL ciuahb mth;fisAk; NgRtjw;F Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
1 jfty; njhlh;G rhjdq;fis xU Kd;khjphpahfg; Ngr;Rj;jpwid tsh;g;gjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
1 kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
1 Ngr;R epGzhpd; MNyhridapd; mbg;gilapy; Ngr;Rg; gapw;rp (Speech Therapy)
nfhLj;jy;.
FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahSk; mZFKiwfs; FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahSk; mZFKiwfs; FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahSk; mZFKiwfs; FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahSk; mZFKiwfs;
1 rhpahd cr;rhpg;Gld; epWj;jp> gyKiw kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; cr;rhpj;jy;.
1 nrhw;nwhlh;fisg; nghUs; tpsq;ff; $Wjy;.
1 rf khzth;fNshL ciuahLk; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpj; jUjy;.
1 nkhop gad;ghl;by; epfOk; jtWfisj; jpUj;Jtjd; %ykhfg ; Ngr;R
jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
1 RUf;fkhf> njspthf> Jy;ypakhf Fiwe;j Neuj;jpy; rhpahd Kiwapy;
NgRtjw;F gapw;rp mspj;jy;.
1 jpf;fpg; NgRk; Foe;ijfspd; gpur;rpidfspy; jdp mf;fiw vLj;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
1 gbg;gbahf NgRfpd;w kd cWjpia tsh;g;gjw;F cjTjy;.
1 FiwghL cs;s khzth;fis mbf;fb FOr; nraypy; <LgLj;jp mr;rk;>
$r;rk; Mfpatw;iw ePf;Fjy;.
1 eifr;RitahfTk;> Njhoik czh;TlDk; ciuahLk; ,dpikahd
tFg;giwr; #oiy cUthf;fpr; ruskhfg; Ngrr; nra;jy;.
ghh;itj;jpwghh;itj;jpwghh;itj;jpwghh;itj;jpwd; FiwghL d; FiwghL d; FiwghL d; FiwghL (Visual Impairment)
mwpKfk; mwpKfk; mwpKfk; mwpKfk;
ek; Ik;Gyd;fspy; (ghh;f;Fk;) fz;LzUk; jpwd; kl;LNk kpfr; rpwg;igg;
ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ghu;itapdhy; jhd; ek;ikr; Rw;wp elg;gitfis ehk;
rpwg;ghff; fhz KbfpwJ. mjdhy;jhd; “xU nghUisNah> egiuNah my;yJ xU
epfo;itNah (ntWk; thh;j;ijfshy;) tpsf;Ftijtpl mtw;iwf; fz;fshy; fhz;gJ
E}W Kiw ehk; ngw;w mwptpw;Fr; rkk;” vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mDgtq;fis
ngWtjw;F> ekf;Fg; ghh;f;Fk; jpwd; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> ghh;itapoe;j Foe;ijfs;
jq;fSila tho;tpy;> jq;fisr; Rw;wp elg;gitfis Neubahff; fhz Kbatpy;iy.
,jdhy; fz;ghh;itaw;w Foe;ijfspd; eyDf;fhf> mth;fSil a Njitfisg;
G+h;j;jp nra;a mth;fSf;Fj; jFe;j rpfpr;iraspf;f mth;fspd; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;j>
ehk; ftdj;Jld; Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Ngr;Rj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bid epf;Fk; topfNgr;Rj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bid epf;Fk; topfNgr;Rj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bid epf;Fk; topfNgr;Rj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bid epf;Fk; topfs; : s; : s; : s; :
1 ngw;Nwhh;fs; rhpahd cr;rhpg;NghL vspa nkhopia ,yf;fzg; gpioapd;wp>
Foe;ijfNshL ciuahb mth;fisAk; NgRtjw;F Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
1 jfty; njhlh;G rhjdq;fis xU Kd;khjphpahfg; Ngr;Rj;jpwid tsh;g;gjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
1 kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
1 Ngr;R epGzhpd; MNyhridapd; mbg;gilapy; Ngr;Rg; gapw;rp (Speech Therapy)
nfhLj;jy;.
FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahSk; mZFKiwfs; FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahSk; mZFKiwfs; FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahSk; mZFKiwfs; FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahSk; mZFKiwfs;
1 rhpahd cr;rhpg;Gld; epWj;jp> gyKiw kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; cr;rhpj;jy;.
1 nrhw;nwhlh;fisg; nghUs; tpsq;ff; $Wjy;.
1 rf khzth;fNshL ciuahLk; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpj; jUjy;.
1 nkhop gad;ghl;by; epfOk; jtWfisj; jpUj;Jtjd; %ykhfg ; Ngr;R
jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
1 RUf;fkhf> njspthf> Jy;ypakhf Fiwe;j Neuj;jpy; rhpahd Kiwapy;
NgRtjw;F gapw;rp mspj;jy;.
1 jpf;fpg; NgRk; Foe;ijfspd; gpur;rpidfspy; jdp mf;fiw vLj;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
1 gbg;gbahf NgRfpd;w kd cWjpia tsh;g;gjw;F cjTjy;.
1 FiwghL cs;s khzth;fis mbf;fb FOr; nraypy; <LgLj;jp mr;rk;>
$r;rk; Mfpatw;iw ePf;Fjy;.
1 eifr;RitahfTk;> Njhoik czh;TlDk; ciuahLk; ,dpikahd
tFg;giwr; #oiy cUthf;fpr; ruskhfg; Ngrr; nra;jy;.
ghh;itj;jpwghh;itj;jpwghh;itj;jpwghh;itj;jpwd; FiwghL d; FiwghL d; FiwghL d; FiwghL (Visual Impairment)
mwpKfk; mwpKfk; mwpKfk; mwpKfk;
ek; Ik;Gyd;fspy; (ghh;f;Fk;) fz;LzUk; jpwd; kl;LNk kpfr; rpwg;igg;
ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. Vnddpy; ghu;itapdhy; jhd; ek;ikr; Rw;wp elg;gitfis ehk;
rpwg;ghff; fhz KbfpwJ. mjdhy;jhd; “xU nghUisNah> egiuNah my;yJ xU
epfo;itNah (ntWk; thh;j;ijfshy;) tpsf;Ftijtpl mtw;iwf; fz;fshy; fhz;gJ
E}W Kiw ehk; ngw;w mwptpw;Fr; rkk;” vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j mDgtq;fis
ngWtjw;F> ekf;Fg; ghh;f;Fk; jpwd; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> ghh;itapoe;j Foe;ijfs;
jq;fSila tho;tpy;> jq;fisr; Rw;wp elg;gitfis Neubahff; fhz Kbatpy;iy.
,jdhy; fz;ghh;itaw;w Foe;ijfspd; eyDf;fhf> mth;fSil a Njitfisg;
G+h;j;jp nra;a mth;fSf;Fj; jFe;j rpfpr;iraspf;f mth;fspd; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;j>
ehk; ftdj;Jld; Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
10
ghh;itj;jpwd; ghjpg;gpd; tiffs; ghh;itj;jpwd; ghjpg;gpd; tiffs; ghh;itj;jpwd; ghjpg;gpd; tiffs; ghh;itj;jpwd; ghjpg;gpd; tiffs;
1. Fiwe;jsT ghh;itj;jpwd; (Low Vision)
2. KOikahfg; ghh;it ,og;G (Total Blindness)
1. Fiwe;jsT ghh;itj;jpwd; 1. Fiwe;jsT ghh;itj;jpwd; 1. Fiwe;jsT ghh;itj;jpwd; 1. Fiwe;jsT ghh;itj;jpwd;
Fiwe;jsT ghh;itj; jpwDilath;fs;> Nfl;;ly; kw;Wk; fh l;rp rhjdq;fs;>
mr;nrOj;Jf;fs; Mfpatw;iw vQ;rpAs;s ghh;itiag; (Residual Vision) gad;gLj;jpg;
fw;Fk; epiyapy; cs;sth; Mth;.
2. KOikahfg; ghh;it ,og;G 2. KOikahfg; ghh;it ,og;G 2. KOikahfg; ghh;it ,og;G 2. KOikahfg; ghh;it ,og;G
KOikahfg; ghh;itaw;wth;fs; (Totally Blind) nrtpg;Gyd; kw;Wk;
njhLGyd;fshy; kl;Lk; fw;Wf; nfhs;gth;fs; Mth;.
ghh;itapy; ghjpg;G ghh;itapy; ghjpg;G ghh;itapy; ghjpg;G ghh;itapy; ghjpg;G (Visual Impairment)
ghh;itapy; ghjpg;G vd;gJ fz;Neha;> tpgj;J kw;Wk; g pwtpapypUe;Nj ,Uf;Fk;
fz;zpd; ghh;itj; jd;ik Mfpa fhuzq;fshy; Vw;gl;l Fiw e;j ghh;itahFk;. rpy
ghh;it ghjpg;Gfisr; rpfpr;ir %yk; rhp nra;ayhk;.
ghh;itj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ghh;itj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ghh;itj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ghh;itj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
( fz;zpy; Giu
( itl;lkpd; V FiwT
( mk;ik Neha;
( tpgj;J
( guk;giu Neha;fs;
( Cl;lr;rj;J FiwghL
( %isapy; fl;b
( Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLk; rh;f;fiu Neha;
ghh;itf; FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahs Ntz;ba mZF Kiwfs; ghh;itf; FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahs Ntz;ba mZF Kiwfs; ghh;itf; FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahs Ntz;ba mZF Kiwfs; ghh;itf; FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahs Ntz;ba mZF Kiwfs;
( ghh;itf; FiwghLs;s Foe;ijfis tFg;gpd; Kd; thpirapy; mku itf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
( fz;fspy; Neubahf xspglhky; ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
( Jizf; fUtpfspy; cs;s vOj;Jf;fs; nghpjhfTk;> vjphkiw tz;zq;fisf;
nfhz;ljhfTk; jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ghh;itj;jpwd; ghjpg;gpd; tiffs; ghh;itj;jpwd; ghjpg;gpd; tiffs; ghh;itj;jpwd; ghjpg;gpd; tiffs; ghh;itj;jpwd; ghjpg;gpd; tiffs;
1. Fiwe;jsT ghh;itj;jpwd; (Low Vision)
2. KOikahfg; ghh;it ,og;G (Total Blindness)
1. Fiwe;jsT ghh;itj;jpwd; 1. Fiwe;jsT ghh;itj;jpwd; 1. Fiwe;jsT ghh;itj;jpwd; 1. Fiwe;jsT ghh;itj;jpwd;
Fiwe;jsT ghh;itj; jpwDilath;fs;> Nfl;;ly; kw;Wk; fh l;rp rhjdq;fs;>
mr;nrOj;Jf;fs; Mfpatw;iw vQ;rpAs;s ghh;itiag; (Residual Vision) gad;gLj;jpg;
fw;Fk; epiyapy; cs;sth; Mth;.
2. KOikahfg; ghh;it ,og;G 2. KOikahfg; ghh;it ,og;G 2. KOikahfg; ghh;it ,og;G 2. KOikahfg; ghh;it ,og;G
KOikahfg; ghh;itaw;wth;fs; (Totally Blind) nrtpg;Gyd; kw;Wk;
njhLGyd;fshy; kl;Lk; fw;Wf; nfhs;gth;fs; Mth;.
ghh;itapy; ghjpg;G ghh;itapy; ghjpg;G ghh;itapy; ghjpg;G ghh;itapy; ghjpg;G (Visual Impairment)
ghh;itapy; ghjpg;G vd;gJ fz;Neha;> tpgj;J kw;Wk; g pwtpapypUe;Nj ,Uf;Fk;
fz;zpd; ghh;itj; jd;ik Mfpa fhuzq;fshy; Vw;gl;l Fiw e;j ghh;itahFk;. rpy
ghh;it ghjpg;Gfisr; rpfpr;ir %yk; rhp nra;ayhk;.
ghh;itj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ghh;itj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ghh;itj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ghh;itj;jpwd; Fiwghl;bw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
( fz;zpy; Giu
( itl;lkpd; V FiwT
( mk;ik Neha;
( tpgj;J
( guk;giu Neha;fs;
( Cl;lr;rj;J FiwghL
( %isapy; fl;b
( Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; Vw;gLk; rh;f;fiu Neha;
ghh;itf; FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahs Ntz;ba mZF Kiwfs; ghh;itf; FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahs Ntz;ba mZF Kiwfs; ghh;itf; FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahs Ntz;ba mZF Kiwfs; ghh;itf; FiwghLfisf; fisa Mrphpah; ifahs Ntz;ba mZF Kiwfs;
( ghh;itf; FiwghLs;s Foe;ijfis tFg;gpd; Kd; thpirapy; mku itf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
( fz;fspy; Neubahf xspglhky; ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
( Jizf; fUtpfspy; cs;s vOj;Jf;fs; nghpjhfTk;> vjphkiw tz;zq;fisf;
nfhz;ljhfTk; jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
11
1 fUk;gyifapy; vOJk;NghJ tha;nkhopahfr; nrhy;ypf; nfh z;Nl vOj
Ntz;Lk;.
1 nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlh;fis xypehlhtpy; gjpT nra;J> gpwF mjid ,af;fpj;
njhlh;e;J Nfl;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
1 fspkz; khjphpfisg; ggad;gLj;jp fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1 mwptpay; kw;Wk; r%ftpay; fw;gpj;jypy; njhL czh;T %y k; czh;e;J
nfhs;sf; $ba glq;fisj; jahh;nra;J gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
1 ghh;ittaw;w Foe;ijfis tpisahl;by; fye;Jnfhs;s Cf;Ft pf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1 fzpdp %yk; nghpa mr;Rg; gpujpfiisj; jahhpj;Jf; Fiwe ;j msT
ghh;itj;jpwd; cs;NshUf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
1 njhLGyd;> nrtpg;Gyd;> Rit czh;jpwd;> Efh;jy; Mfpatw ;iw mjpfkhfg;
gad;gLj;jpf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kdf;NfhshWkdf;NfhshWkdf;NfhshWkdf;NfhshW
mDgtq;fspypUe;J nghpJk; tpyfp fhzg;gLk; epiyNa kdf; NfhshW MFk;.
kdKjph;r;rpAilNahh;> ,yf;Ffis miltjpy; cs;s jilfisf ; fz;lwpe;J
ePf;Ftjd; %yk; kdKwpitAk; ,yf;Ffis rhpahfj; Njh;e;n jLg;gjd; %yk;
kdg;Nghul;lq;fisAk; jtph;g;gh;.
kdj;jpwik ,y;yhjth;fs; kdg;Nghul;lq;fis jtph;f;f jw;fhg;G elj;ijfis
gpd;gw;Wth;. rpy Neuq;fspy; Rw;Wr;#oy; mr;RWj;jyhy; kdneUf;fb Njhd;wp rkhspf;f
Kbahj mstpw;F kdepiy gpwo;T Vw;gl;L jPtpu kdNeha;f;F Mshth;. ,JnghJthf
jw;fhypfkhdjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;epiyf;F Ml;gl;Nlhiu jh d; ehk; kdf;NFhshW
cilatuhf fUJfpNwhk;.
kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa epiyia czh;j;Jk; mwpFwpfs;. kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa epiyia czh;j;Jk; mwpFwpfs;. kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa epiyia czh;j;Jk; mwpFwpfs;. kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa epiyia czh;j;Jk; mwpFwpfs;.
1 midj;J tsh;r;rp epiyfspYk; jhkjk;.
1 12 – 15 khjj;jpw;Fg; gpwFk; cl;fhuky; ,Uj;jy;.
1 ,uz;liu tajpw;Fg; gpwFk; elf;fhky; ,Uj;jy;.
1 ,uz;liu tajpw;Fg; gpwFk; Ngrhky; ,Uj;jy;.
1 6 tajpw;Fg; gpwFk;. jd;dpr;irahfr; rhg;gpLtjpy; > cil mzptjpy;> rpWePh;
kw;Wk; kyk; fopg;gjpy; kw;wth;fspd; cjtpia ehLjy;.
1 rf taJilNahhplk; tpisahLtjpy; rpukk;. mj;Jld; tpisa hLk; NghJ
mbf;fb mjPj Nfhgk; miljy;.
1 Ngr;Rfs; kw;Wk; tha;nkhopf; fl;lisfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjpy; rpukk;.
1 tha;nkhopf; fl;lisfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjpy; rpukk;.
1 xNu Kiwapy; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W fl;lisfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjp y; rpukk;.
1 fUk;gyifapy; vOJk;NghJ tha;nkhopahfr; nrhy;ypf; nfh z;Nl vOj
Ntz;Lk;.
1 nrhw;fs;> nrhw;nwhlh;fis xypehlhtpy; gjpT nra;J> gpwF mjid ,af;fpj;
njhlh;e;J Nfl;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
1 fspkz; khjphpfisg; ggad;gLj;jp fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1 mwptpay; kw;Wk; r%ftpay; fw;gpj;jypy; njhL czh;T %y k; czh;e;J
nfhs;sf; $ba glq;fisj; jahh;nra;J gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
1 ghh;ittaw;w Foe;ijfis tpisahl;by; fye;Jnfhs;s Cf;Ft pf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1 fzpdp %yk; nghpa mr;Rg; gpujpfiisj; jahhpj;Jf; Fiwe ;j msT
ghh;itj;jpwd; cs;NshUf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
1 njhLGyd;> nrtpg;Gyd;> Rit czh;jpwd;> Efh;jy; Mfpatw ;iw mjpfkhfg;
gad;gLj;jpf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kdf;NfhshWkdf;NfhshWkdf;NfhshWkdf;NfhshW
mDgtq;fspypUe;J nghpJk; tpyfp fhzg;gLk; epiyNa kdf; NfhshW MFk;.
kdKjph;r;rpAilNahh;> ,yf;Ffis miltjpy; cs;s jilfisf ; fz;lwpe;J
ePf;Ftjd; %yk; kdKwpitAk; ,yf;Ffis rhpahfj; Njh;e;n jLg;gjd; %yk;
kdg;Nghul;lq;fisAk; jtph;g;gh;.
kdj;jpwik ,y;yhjth;fs; kdg;Nghul;lq;fis jtph;f;f jw;fhg;G elj;ijfis
gpd;gw;Wth;. rpy Neuq;fspy; Rw;Wr;#oy; mr;RWj;jyhy; kdneUf;fb Njhd;wp rkhspf;f
Kbahj mstpw;F kdepiy gpwo;T Vw;gl;L jPtpu kdNeha;f;F Mshth;. ,JnghJthf
jw;fhypfkhdjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;epiyf;F Ml;gl;Nlhiu jh d; ehk; kdf;NFhshW
cilatuhf fUJfpNwhk;.
kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa epiyia czh;j;Jk; mwpFwpfs;. kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa epiyia czh;j;Jk; mwpFwpfs;. kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa epiyia czh;j;Jk; mwpFwpfs;. kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa epiyia czh;j;Jk; mwpFwpfs;.
1 midj;J tsh;r;rp epiyfspYk; jhkjk;.
1 12 – 15 khjj;jpw;Fg; gpwFk; cl;fhuky; ,Uj;jy;.
1 ,uz;liu tajpw;Fg; gpwFk; elf;fhky; ,Uj;jy;.
1 ,uz;liu tajpw;Fg; gpwFk; Ngrhky; ,Uj;jy;.
1 6 tajpw;Fg; gpwFk;. jd;dpr;irahfr; rhg;gpLtjpy; > cil mzptjpy;> rpWePh;
kw;Wk; kyk; fopg;gjpy; kw;wth;fspd; cjtpia ehLjy;.
1 rf taJilNahhplk; tpisahLtjpy; rpukk;. mj;Jld; tpisa hLk; NghJ
mbf;fb mjPj Nfhgk; miljy;.
1 Ngr;Rfs; kw;Wk; tha;nkhopf; fl;lisfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjpy; rpukk;.
1 tha;nkhopf; fl;lisfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjpy; rpukk;.
1 xNu Kiwapy; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W fl;lisfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjp y; rpukk;.
12
( jd; #oiyg; gw;wpj; njhpahjpUj;jy; kw;Wk; mwpahjpUj;jy;.
( tFg;giw epfo;r;rpfspy;; gq;F ngwhjpUj;jy;.
( gbg;gpy; Kd;Ndw;wkp;d;ik> ftdf;FiwT> mjpf kwjp Nghd;wit.
( tFg;gpy; xNu ,lj;jpy; clfhu ,ayhik.
( GJf;fUj;Jf;fis> nray;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; rpukk;.
kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpapy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpapy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpapy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpapy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F
( md;whl jdpegh; flikfisr; rhptur; nra;tjw;Fr; rpwg;ghrphpaiu mZfp
mj;jpwd;fisf; fw;gpf;fr; nra;jy;.
( Foe;ijfspd; jpwikf;F Vw;g;g ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s m idj;Jf;
fUj;JfisAk; tha;nkhopahf kl;Lk; ,d;wpr; nray; Kiw %y khfTk;
gbg;bahf tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( Foe;ijapd; kdtsh;r;rpf;F Vw;whw;Nghy; md;whl tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;Jk;
nghUl;fisf; nfhz;Nl fw;gpj;jy; ed;W.
( Foe;ijfSf;F ntw;wpiaj; juf;$ba tha;g;Gfisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;wpypUe;J
gapw;rpia Muk;gp;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
( vz;fisf; fw;wgpd; $l;ly;> fopj;jy; Mfpatw;iw fw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( clypd; ghfq;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; NghJ> KO cliyf; fh l;b> gpwF
clypd; gy ghfq;fis xt;nthd;whfr; nrhy;ypj; juyhk;. .
( xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L fl;lis thf;fpaq;fSf;F kpfhky; ghh; j;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
( epidthw;wiy tsh;f;Fk; gapw;rpfis mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( md;whl mbg;gilf; flikfis nra;af; fw;gpj;jy;.
%is Klf;FFthjk; my;yJ ngU%is ghy;]p %is Klf;FFthjk; my;yJ ngU%is ghy;]p %is Klf;FFthjk; my;yJ ngU%is ghy;]p %is Klf;FFthjk; my;yJ ngU%is ghy;]p (Cerebral Palsy)
%is Klf;Fthjk; vd;gJ euk;G Nfhshwpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neh ahFk;. Klf;f
Neha; vd;gJ ika euk;G kz;lyf; Fiwghl;bdhy; Vw;gLk; mrhjhuz euk;G
khw;wj;jpd; mirthFk;.
%is Klf;Fthjj;jpd; mwpFwpfs; %is Klf;Fthjj;jpd; mwpFwpfs; %is Klf;Fthjj;jpd; mwpFwpfs; %is Klf;Fthjj;jpd; mwpFwpfs; (Symptoms of Cerebral Palsy)
( Klf;F Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; vy;yh clYWg;GfSk; rhptu ,Ue;Jk;>
me;j cWg;Gfspdhy; gad;ghL; milahky; cly; Fiwghl;Lld ;
fhzg;gLtu;.
( ,J kl;Lkpd;wp Nkw;$wpa FiwghLfspdhy; rpyUf;F fz;> f hJ> kw;Wk;
Ngr;Rj; jpwdpYk; FiwghL Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L.
( jd; #oiyg; gw;wpj; njhpahjpUj;jy; kw;Wk; mwpahjpUj;jy;.
( tFg;giw epfo;r;rpfspy;; gq;F ngwhjpUj;jy;.
( gbg;gpy; Kd;Ndw;wkp;d;ik> ftdf;FiwT> mjpf kwjp Nghd;wit.
( tFg;gpy; xNu ,lj;jpy; clfhu ,ayhik.
( GJf;fUj;Jf;fis> nray;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; rpukk;.
kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpapy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpapy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpapy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F kdtsh;r;rp Fd;wpa Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpapy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F
( md;whl jdpegh; flikfisr; rhptur; nra;tjw;Fr; rpwg;ghrphpaiu mZfp
mj;jpwd;fisf; fw;gpf;fr; nra;jy;.
( Foe;ijfspd; jpwikf;F Vw;g;g ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s m idj;Jf;
fUj;JfisAk; tha;nkhopahf kl;Lk; ,d;wpr; nray; Kiw %y khfTk;
gbg;bahf tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( Foe;ijapd; kdtsh;r;rpf;F Vw;whw;Nghy; md;whl tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;Jk;
nghUl;fisf; nfhz;Nl fw;gpj;jy; ed;W.
( Foe;ijfSf;F ntw;wpiaj; juf;$ba tha;g;Gfisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;wpypUe;J
gapw;rpia Muk;gp;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
( vz;fisf; fw;wgpd; $l;ly;> fopj;jy; Mfpatw;iw fw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( clypd; ghfq;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; NghJ> KO cliyf; fh l;b> gpwF
clypd; gy ghfq;fis xt;nthd;whfr; nrhy;ypj; juyhk;. .
( xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L fl;lis thf;fpaq;fSf;F kpfhky; ghh; j;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
( epidthw;wiy tsh;f;Fk; gapw;rpfis mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
( md;whl mbg;gilf; flikfis nra;af; fw;gpj;jy;.
%is Klf;FFthjk; my;yJ ngU%is ghy;]p %is Klf;FFthjk; my;yJ ngU%is ghy;]p %is Klf;FFthjk; my;yJ ngU%is ghy;]p %is Klf;FFthjk; my;yJ ngU%is ghy;]p (Cerebral Palsy)
%is Klf;Fthjk; vd;gJ euk;G Nfhshwpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neh ahFk;. Klf;f
Neha; vd;gJ ika euk;G kz;lyf; Fiwghl;bdhy; Vw;gLk; mrhjhuz euk;G
khw;wj;jpd; mirthFk;.
%is Klf;Fthjj;jpd; mwpFwpfs; %is Klf;Fthjj;jpd; mwpFwpfs; %is Klf;Fthjj;jpd; mwpFwpfs; %is Klf;Fthjj;jpd; mwpFwpfs; (Symptoms of Cerebral Palsy)
( Klf;F Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; vy;yh clYWg;GfSk; rhptu ,Ue;Jk;>
me;j cWg;Gfspdhy; gad;ghL; milahky; cly; Fiwghl;Lld ;
fhzg;gLtu;.
( ,J kl;Lkpd;wp Nkw;$wpa FiwghLfspdhy; rpyUf;F fz;> f hJ> kw;Wk;
Ngr;Rj; jpwdpYk; FiwghL Vw;gl tha;g;Gz;L.
13
( tpiwg;ghd jir mikg;G kw;Wk; ,af;f xUq;fpizg;G ,d;w p
fhzg;gLtu;.
( czT kw;Wk; ePiu KOq;Ftjpy; rpukg;gLjy;.
( clypy; xU gf;f cWg;Gfis kl;Lk; cgNahfpj;jy;.
( Kf;fpakhf fz; kw;Wk; if fhy;fs; rkepiyapd;wpf; fhzg; gLth;.
Mifahy; ,th;fSf;Ff; fy;tp fw;gpj;jpy; jPtpug; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLfpwJ.
( ,f;FiwghLilath;fs; kPJ ngw;Nwhh;fs; kw;Wk; Mrphpah;fs; jdpf;ftdk;
nrYj;jp> Kiwahd Njfg;gapw;rpfis mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. fy; tp
fw;gpg;gjpYk; jdpf;ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
%is Klf;Fthjj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; %is Klf;Fthjj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; %is Klf;Fthjj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; %is Klf;Fthjj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
(Causes of Cerebral Palsy)
( Foe;ij gpwg;gpd; NghJ Vw;gLk; rpf;fyhy; Foe;ijapd; %isf;F epy
epkplq;fs; Mf;]p[d; fpilf;fhky; NghFjy;.
( gpwe;j Foe;ijf;FF jPtpu kQ;rs; fhkhiy ((((Severe Jaundice) ,Uj;jy;.
( fh;g;g fhyj;jpy; jha;f;F jl;lik (German Measles) Nghd;w itu]; njhw;W
Neha;fs; Vw;gLjy;.
( gpwe;j Foe;ijapd; %isapy; ,uj;jf; frpT Vw;gLjy;.
( Foe;ijapd; jiyg;gFjpapy; fhak; Vw;gLjy;.
gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; FiwghL gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; FiwghL gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; FiwghL gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; FiwghL (Multiple Disability)
gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; FiwghL vd;gJ xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l Fiwg hLfis
nfhz;bUj;jy; MFk;.
gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; ,ay;Gfs; gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; ,ay;Gfs; gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; ,ay;Gfs; gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; ,ay;Gfs; (Characteristics of Multiple Disability)
( xJf;fg;gl;ljhf czu;tu;.
( r%fj;jpy; ahUlDk; Nruhky; tpyfpr; nry;th;.
( ahuhtJ mth;fis fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nfhz;Ltu Kad;why; jq ;fsJ
rpdj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jth;.
( jdf;Fj;jhNd fhak; Vw;gLj;jp nfhs;Sk; tifapy; nray;gLth;.
( taJf;F Vw;w Kjph;r;rp jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;j khl;lhu;fs;.
( rhpahd kdntOr;rpia ntspg;gLj;j jaq;Fth;.
( Raguhkhpg;G jpwdpYk;> r%fj;jpwdpYk; FiwTg;gl;L fhzg;gLth;.
( tpj;jpahrkhd cly; Njhw;wk; nfhz;bUg;gh;.
( tpiwg;ghd jir mikg;G kw;Wk; ,af;f xUq;fpizg;G ,d;w p
fhzg;gLtu;.
( czT kw;Wk; ePiu KOq;Ftjpy; rpukg;gLjy;.
( clypy; xU gf;f cWg;Gfis kl;Lk; cgNahfpj;jy;.
( Kf;fpakhf fz; kw;Wk; if fhy;fs; rkepiyapd;wpf; fhzg; gLth;.
Mifahy; ,th;fSf;Ff; fy;tp fw;gpj;jpy; jPtpug; gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLfpwJ.
( ,f;FiwghLilath;fs; kPJ ngw;Nwhh;fs; kw;Wk; Mrphpah;fs; jdpf;ftdk;
nrYj;jp> Kiwahd Njfg;gapw;rpfis mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. fy; tp
fw;gpg;gjpYk; jdpf;ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
%is Klf;Fthjj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; %is Klf;Fthjj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; %is Klf;Fthjj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; %is Klf;Fthjj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
(Causes of Cerebral Palsy)
( Foe;ij gpwg;gpd; NghJ Vw;gLk; rpf;fyhy; Foe;ijapd; %isf;F epy
epkplq;fs; Mf;]p[d; fpilf;fhky; NghFjy;.
( gpwe;j Foe;ijf;FF jPtpu kQ;rs; fhkhiy ((((Severe Jaundice) ,Uj;jy;.
( fh;g;g fhyj;jpy; jha;f;F jl;lik (German Measles) Nghd;w itu]; njhw;W
Neha;fs; Vw;gLjy;.
( gpwe;j Foe;ijapd; %isapy; ,uj;jf; frpT Vw;gLjy;.
( Foe;ijapd; jiyg;gFjpapy; fhak; Vw;gLjy;.
gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; FiwghL gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; FiwghL gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; FiwghL gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; FiwghL (Multiple Disability)
gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; FiwghL vd;gJ xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l Fiwg hLfis
nfhz;bUj;jy; MFk;.
gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; ,ay;Gfs; gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; ,ay;Gfs; gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; ,ay;Gfs; gd;Kf nrayhw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; ,ay;Gfs; (Characteristics of Multiple Disability)
( xJf;fg;gl;ljhf czu;tu;.
( r%fj;jpy; ahUlDk; Nruhky; tpyfpr; nry;th;.
( ahuhtJ mth;fis fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nfhz;Ltu Kad;why; jq ;fsJ
rpdj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jth;.
( jdf;Fj;jhNd fhak; Vw;gLj;jp nfhs;Sk; tifapy; nray;gLth;.
( taJf;F Vw;w Kjph;r;rp jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;j khl;lhu;fs;.
( rhpahd kdntOr;rpia ntspg;gLj;j jaq;Fth;.
( Raguhkhpg;G jpwdpYk;> r%fj;jpwdpYk; FiwTg;gl;L fhzg;gLth;.
( tpj;jpahrkhd cly; Njhw;wk; nfhz;bUg;gh;.
14
clypaf;fj; jpwd;fs; Njitg;gLk; tpisahl;Lfspy; gq;Nfw;w Kbahky;
jtpg;gh;.
KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:
,t;tyfpy; ,ayhikiag; gw;wpAk;> ,ayhikapd; gy;NtW ti ffs; gw;wpAk;>
mtu;fSf;F vt;thW fy;tpaspg;gJ gw;wpAk; tpupthf mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk;.
rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;
1. ,ayhikapd; gz;Gfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
2. ,ayhikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wp Muha;f.
3. ,ayhikapd; gy;NtW tiffs; gw;wp tpthpf;f.
clypaf;fj; jpwd;fs; Njitg;gLk; tpisahl;Lfspy; gq;Nfw;w Kbahky;
jtpg;gh;.
KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:
,t;tyfpy; ,ayhikiag; gw;wpAk;> ,ayhikapd; gy;NtW ti ffs; gw;wpAk;>
mtu;fSf;F vt;thW fy;tpaspg;gJ gw;wpAk; tpupthf mwpe;J nfhz;Nlhk;.
rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;
1. ,ayhikapd; gz;Gfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
2. ,ayhikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wp Muha;f.
3. ,ayhikapd; gy;NtW tiffs; gw;wp tpthpf;f.
15
myFmyFmyFmyF---- 2: fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;: fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;: fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;: fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:
,t;tyfpd; Kbtpy; fw;NghH
1. fw;wy; ,ayhik vd;w fUj;jpid tpsf;Fth;.
2. fw;wy; ,ayhikapd; mwpFwpfisg; gl;baypLth;.
3. gy;NtW fw;wy; ,ayhikfisg; tpthpg;gH.
4. fw;wy; ,ayhikfisf; nfhz;l Foe;ijfis milahsk; fhz ;gh;.
5. xUq;fpize;j fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij fye;jhNyhrpg;gh;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
fw;wy; FiwghL vd;gJ euk;gpay; mbg;gilapyhd nray;Kiwr ; rpf;fyhFk;.
,r;nray;Kiw gpur;rpidahdJ fw;wy; mbg;gil jpwd;fshd gbj;jy;> vOJjy;>
fzf;fpLjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; FWf;fPL nra;fpwJ. ,it cah; kl;l jpwd;fshd
xUq;fikj;jy;> fhyj;jpl;lkpLjy;> fUj;jpay; fhuzkwpjy;> FWfpa fhy my;yJ
ePz;l fhy epidTj;jpwd; kw;Wk; ftdj;ij Fwpf;fPL nra;fpwJ.
fy;tpr; nray;ghLfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;L> ,f;FiwahdJ FLk;g k;> ez;gh;fs;
kw;Wk; gzpGhpAk; ,lj;jpYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. RUq;f $wpd; fw;wy;
FiwghL cs;Nshh; ruhrhp Ez;zwpTj;jpwd; ngw;wtuhf ,Ug ;gh;. ,it jdpeghpd;
jpwdpw;Fk; miltpw;Fk; ,ilntspia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. Mifah y; jhd; fw;wy;
FiwghL “kiwf;fg;gl;l jpwikfs;” vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
,th;fs; ghh;g;gjw;F Kw;wpYk; ,ay;GepiyAlDk;> Gj;jp f;$h;ikAk;
gilj;jtuhf fhzg;gLth;;;;. ,Ug;gpDk>; xj;j tajpdUf;F epfuhd jpwikfis
ntspg;gLj;j ,ayhj epiy fhzg;gLk;.
nghUs;:nghUs;:nghUs;:nghUs;:
fw;wy; FiwghL vd;gJ Xh; tho;ehs; nrayhFk;. fw;wy; FiwghlhdJ kugpay;
my;yJ caphpay; my;yJ euk;gpay; fhuzq;fshNyh my;yJ f haq;fshy; Vw;gLk;
%iy nray;ghl;L gpur;rpidahFk;. ,J fw;wYf;F njhlh;gh d xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
nray;Kiwia ghjpf;Fk;;.
myFmyFmyFmyF---- 2: fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;: fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;: fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;: fw;wy; ,ayhikia Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;
Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:
,t;tyfpd; Kbtpy; fw;NghH
1. fw;wy; ,ayhik vd;w fUj;jpid tpsf;Fth;.
2. fw;wy; ,ayhikapd; mwpFwpfisg; gl;baypLth;.
3. gy;NtW fw;wy; ,ayhikfisg; tpthpg;gH.
4. fw;wy; ,ayhikfisf; nfhz;l Foe;ijfis milahsk; fhz ;gh;.
5. xUq;fpize;j fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij fye;jhNyhrpg;gh;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
fw;wy; FiwghL vd;gJ euk;gpay; mbg;gilapyhd nray;Kiwr ; rpf;fyhFk;.
,r;nray;Kiw gpur;rpidahdJ fw;wy; mbg;gil jpwd;fshd gbj;jy;> vOJjy;>
fzf;fpLjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; FWf;fPL nra;fpwJ. ,it cah; kl;l jpwd;fshd
xUq;fikj;jy;> fhyj;jpl;lkpLjy;> fUj;jpay; fhuzkwpjy;> FWfpa fhy my;yJ
ePz;l fhy epidTj;jpwd; kw;Wk; ftdj;ij Fwpf;fPL nra;fpwJ.
fy;tpr; nray;ghLfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;L> ,f;FiwahdJ FLk;g k;> ez;gh;fs;
kw;Wk; gzpGhpAk; ,lj;jpYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. RUq;f $wpd; fw;wy;
FiwghL cs;Nshh; ruhrhp Ez;zwpTj;jpwd; ngw;wtuhf ,Ug ;gh;. ,it jdpeghpd;
jpwdpw;Fk; miltpw;Fk; ,ilntspia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. Mifah y; jhd; fw;wy;
FiwghL “kiwf;fg;gl;l jpwikfs;” vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
,th;fs; ghh;g;gjw;F Kw;wpYk; ,ay;GepiyAlDk;> Gj;jp f;$h;ikAk;
gilj;jtuhf fhzg;gLth;;;;. ,Ug;gpDk>; xj;j tajpdUf;F epfuhd jpwikfis
ntspg;gLj;j ,ayhj epiy fhzg;gLk;.
nghUs;:nghUs;:nghUs;:nghUs;:
fw;wy; FiwghL vd;gJ Xh; tho;ehs; nrayhFk;. fw;wy; FiwghlhdJ kugpay;
my;yJ caphpay; my;yJ euk;gpay; fhuzq;fshNyh my;yJ f haq;fshy; Vw;gLk;
%iy nray;ghl;L gpur;rpidahFk;. ,J fw;wYf;F njhlh;gh d xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
nray;Kiwia ghjpf;Fk;;.
16
,it ifafg;gLj;jy;> xUq;fikj;jy;> kPl;Lzh;jy;> Ghpjy ; Nghd;wtw;iw
ghjpf;Fk; vz;zw;w FiwghLfis Fwpf;fpwJ. ,f;FiwghlhdJ jdpeghpd;
rpe;jidj;jpwidAk; fhuzfhhpak; mwpjiyAk; ghjpf;fpwJ.
fw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs;:fw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs;:fw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs;:fw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs;:
1. b];nyf;rpah
2. b];fpuh/gpah
3. b];fhy;Fypah
4. b];gpuhf;]pah
b];nyf;rpah:b];nyf;rpah:b];nyf;rpah:b];nyf;rpah:
,f;FiwghlhdJ fw;gthpd; gbf;Fk; jpwd; kw;Wk; nkh oprhh;e;j jpwid
ghjpf;fpwJ. ,J xt;nthU jdpegUf;Fk; khWgl;lJ. ,f;Fiw ghLilath;fs;
ruskhf thrpj;jy;> Ghpe;Jzh;jy;> kPl;Lzh;jy;> vOJjy;> NgRjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
Fiwghl;Lld; ,Ug;gh;. ,J nkhop mbg;gilapyhd fw;wy; F iwghL vd;Wk; rpy
rkaq;fspy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
fw;wy; FiwghLilNahh;fspilNa b];nyf;rpah vd;Dk; ngh Jthd fw;wy;
FiwghL ngUk;ghNyhhplk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. midj;J epiy Ez; zwpTj;jpwd;
cilNahh;f;Fk; ,f;FiwghL Vw;glyhk;. b];nyf;rpah vd;Dk; ,f;FiwghL gw;wpa
Neh;kiw vz;zkhtJ ,f;FiwghLilNahh; gd;Kf rpe;jid> ca h; Mf;fj;jpwd;
kw;Wk; nra;J fw;wypy; rpwe;J tpsq;Ftjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;.
mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:
1. nkJthf fw;Fk; jpwd;.
2. rpy thh;j;ijfis ftdpj;jypYk;> gbj;jypYk; rpukq;fis re;jpj;jy;.
3. vOj;J gpiofis ,ioj;jy;.
4. ifnaOj;jpy; rpukq;fs; Vw;glyhk;.
,it ifafg;gLj;jy;> xUq;fikj;jy;> kPl;Lzh;jy;> Ghpjy ; Nghd;wtw;iw
ghjpf;Fk; vz;zw;w FiwghLfis Fwpf;fpwJ. ,f;FiwghlhdJ jdpeghpd;
rpe;jidj;jpwidAk; fhuzfhhpak; mwpjiyAk; ghjpf;fpwJ.
fw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs;:fw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs;:fw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs;:fw;wy; Fiwghl;bd; tiffs;:
1. b];nyf;rpah
2. b];fpuh/gpah
3. b];fhy;Fypah
4. b];gpuhf;]pah
b];nyf;rpah:b];nyf;rpah:b];nyf;rpah:b];nyf;rpah:
,f;FiwghlhdJ fw;gthpd; gbf;Fk; jpwd; kw;Wk; nkh oprhh;e;j jpwid
ghjpf;fpwJ. ,J xt;nthU jdpegUf;Fk; khWgl;lJ. ,f;Fiw ghLilath;fs;
ruskhf thrpj;jy;> Ghpe;Jzh;jy;> kPl;Lzh;jy;> vOJjy;> NgRjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
Fiwghl;Lld; ,Ug;gh;. ,J nkhop mbg;gilapyhd fw;wy; F iwghL vd;Wk; rpy
rkaq;fspy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
fw;wy; FiwghLilNahh;fspilNa b];nyf;rpah vd;Dk; ngh Jthd fw;wy;
FiwghL ngUk;ghNyhhplk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. midj;J epiy Ez; zwpTj;jpwd;
cilNahh;f;Fk; ,f;FiwghL Vw;glyhk;. b];nyf;rpah vd;Dk; ,f;FiwghL gw;wpa
Neh;kiw vz;zkhtJ ,f;FiwghLilNahh; gd;Kf rpe;jid> ca h; Mf;fj;jpwd;
kw;Wk; nra;J fw;wypy; rpwe;J tpsq;Ftjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;.
mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:
1. nkJthf fw;Fk; jpwd;.
2. rpy thh;j;ijfis ftdpj;jypYk;> gbj;jypYk; rpukq;fis re;jpj;jy;.
3. vOj;J gpiofis ,ioj;jy;.
4. ifnaOj;jpy; rpukq;fs; Vw;glyhk;.
17
5. njhpe;j thh;j;ijfis kPl;Lzh;jypy; fbdkhf czh;jy;.
6. vOj;Jf;$l;b gbg;gjpy; fbdj;jd;ik.
,f;FiwghLila khzth;fSf;F gy;NtW fw;gpj;jy; Jizf;fUt pfs; kw;Wk;
nkd;nghUl;fis gad;gLj;jyhk;. ve;j fw;gpj;jy; Kiwia N jh;e;njLj;jhYk;
mtw;iw Neh;kiwahf Mrphpah;fs; czh;e;jhy; mit khzth; fspilNa
jd;dk;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;jp ntw;wpf;F toptFf;Fk;. mspf ;fg;gLk; gapw;rpahdJ
ghh;j;jy;> ftdpj;jy;> NgRjy;> njhLjy; Nghd;w gd;-GyZzh;T cs;slf;fpajhf
,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.
fw;Fk; Foe;ij vt;tifahd fw;Fk; jpwd; cilath; mjhtJ Fwpg;ghf fz;Lzh;e;J
fw;wy; my;yJ ftdpj;J fw;wy; my;yJ nra;Jf; fw;wy; %y k; fw;Fk; jpwd;
nfhz;ltuh vd Muha;e;J mtuth;f;F Vw;whh; Nghd;W fw;g pj;jy; cj;jpfis
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
fhl;rp %yk; fw;gth;:fhl;rp %yk; fw;gth;:fhl;rp %yk; fw;gth;:fhl;rp %yk; fw;gth;:
1. glq;fs; kw;Wk; gy;Y}lf nghUl;fis gad;gLj;Jjy;.
2. ghh;itapy; gLk;gb thh;j;ijfis xl;b itj;jy;.
3. gbg;gjw;F Kd;G glq;fis Gj;jfj;jpy; ghh;f;fyhk;;.
4. epidthw;wiy Nkk;gLj;Jk; tpisahl;L kw;Wk; Gjph;fis jUjy;.
5. kdtiug;glk; tiujy;.
6. gy;NtW tz;zq;fis gad;gLj;Jjy;.
7.7.7.7. fhl;rp nkd;nghUis gad;gLj;Jjy;.
nrtpg;Gynrtpg;Gynrtpg;Gynrtpg;Gyd; %yk; fw;gth;:d; %yk; fw;gth;:d; %yk; fw;gth;:d; %yk; fw;gth;:
1. fw;f Ntz;ba Gj;jfj;ij gw;wp NgRjy; my;yJ jfty;fis g bj;jy;.
2. tha;nkhopahf mspj;j mwpTWj;jy;fs; njspthf cs;sdth v d;W
cWjpgLj;Jjy;.
3. khzhf;fh; jfty;fis gjpT nra;J nfhz;L kPz;Lk; ftdpf; f toptif
nra;jy;.
4. rpwe;j nrtpGy cs;sPl;L nkd;nghUs; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
nra;Jfw;wy; %yk; fw;gth;:nra;Jfw;wy; %yk; fw;gth;:nra;Jfw;wy; %yk; fw;gth;:nra;Jfw;wy; %yk; fw;gth;:
1.1.1.1. kzypy; vOj;Jf;fis vOJjy;.
2.2.2.2. kuj;jhy; Md vz;fs; kw;Wk; vOj;Jf;fis gUg;nghUshf if ahSjy;.
3.3.3.3. jfty;fis mwpAk; NghNj kddk; nra;jy;.
b];fpuh/gpah:b];fpuh/gpah:b];fpuh/gpah:b];fpuh/gpah:
5. njhpe;j thh;j;ijfis kPl;Lzh;jypy; fbdkhf czh;jy;.
6. vOj;Jf;$l;b gbg;gjpy; fbdj;jd;ik.
,f;FiwghLila khzth;fSf;F gy;NtW fw;gpj;jy; Jizf;fUt pfs; kw;Wk;
nkd;nghUl;fis gad;gLj;jyhk;. ve;j fw;gpj;jy; Kiwia N jh;e;njLj;jhYk;
mtw;iw Neh;kiwahf Mrphpah;fs; czh;e;jhy; mit khzth; fspilNa
jd;dk;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;jp ntw;wpf;F toptFf;Fk;. mspf ;fg;gLk; gapw;rpahdJ
ghh;j;jy;> ftdpj;jy;> NgRjy;> njhLjy; Nghd;w gd;-GyZzh;T cs;slf;fpajhf
,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.
fw;Fk; Foe;ij vt;tifahd fw;Fk; jpwd; cilath; mjhtJ Fwpg;ghf fz;Lzh;e;J
fw;wy; my;yJ ftdpj;J fw;wy; my;yJ nra;Jf; fw;wy; %y k; fw;Fk; jpwd;
nfhz;ltuh vd Muha;e;J mtuth;f;F Vw;whh; Nghd;W fw;g pj;jy; cj;jpfis
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
fhl;rp %yk; fw;gth;:fhl;rp %yk; fw;gth;:fhl;rp %yk; fw;gth;:fhl;rp %yk; fw;gth;:
1. glq;fs; kw;Wk; gy;Y}lf nghUl;fis gad;gLj;Jjy;.
2. ghh;itapy; gLk;gb thh;j;ijfis xl;b itj;jy;.
3. gbg;gjw;F Kd;G glq;fis Gj;jfj;jpy; ghh;f;fyhk;;.
4. epidthw;wiy Nkk;gLj;Jk; tpisahl;L kw;Wk; Gjph;fis jUjy;.
5. kdtiug;glk; tiujy;.
6. gy;NtW tz;zq;fis gad;gLj;Jjy;.
7.7.7.7. fhl;rp nkd;nghUis gad;gLj;Jjy;.
nrtpg;Gynrtpg;Gynrtpg;Gynrtpg;Gyd; %yk; fw;gth;:d; %yk; fw;gth;:d; %yk; fw;gth;:d; %yk; fw;gth;:
1. fw;f Ntz;ba Gj;jfj;ij gw;wp NgRjy; my;yJ jfty;fis g bj;jy;.
2. tha;nkhopahf mspj;j mwpTWj;jy;fs; njspthf cs;sdth v d;W
cWjpgLj;Jjy;.
3. khzhf;fh; jfty;fis gjpT nra;J nfhz;L kPz;Lk; ftdpf; f toptif
nra;jy;.
4. rpwe;j nrtpGy cs;sPl;L nkd;nghUs; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
nra;Jfw;wy; %yk; fw;gth;:nra;Jfw;wy; %yk; fw;gth;:nra;Jfw;wy; %yk; fw;gth;:nra;Jfw;wy; %yk; fw;gth;:
1.1.1.1. kzypy; vOj;Jf;fis vOJjy;.
2.2.2.2. kuj;jhy; Md vz;fs; kw;Wk; vOj;Jf;fis gUg;nghUshf if ahSjy;.
3.3.3.3. jfty;fis mwpAk; NghNj kddk; nra;jy;.
b];fpuh/gpah:b];fpuh/gpah:b];fpuh/gpah:b];fpuh/gpah:
18
b];fpuh/gpah vd;w nrhy; b]; kw;Wk; fpuh/gpah vd;Dk ; fpNuf;f
nrhy;yhy; cUthdJ. ‘b];| vd;gJ‘fbdk;| vd;gjidAk;>‘fpuh/gpah| vd;gJ‘vOJjy;|
vd;gjidAk; Fwpf;Fk;. ,f;FiwahdJ ifnaOj;J jpwid ghjp f;Fk;.
,f;Fiwghl;lhy; ghjpj;j xUth; njsptw;w ifnaOj;J> xt;nthh; thpf;Fk; NghJkhd
,ilntsp> vOj;Jg; gpio Nghd;wit Vw;gLk;.
mwpFwpmwpFwpmwpFwpmwpFwpfs;fs;fs;fs;::::
1. njsptw;w ifnaOj;J.
2. thh;j;ijfSf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fSf;FkpilNa NghJkw;w ,ilntsp .
3. tprpj;ju kzpf;fl;L> fhfpjj;ij ifahSk; epiy.
4. nkJthf vOJjy;.
5. fhfpj;ij jpl;lkpl;L gad;gLj;Jjy;.
6. mrhjhud gpbahy; ifapy; typ my;yJ Gz; Vw;gLjy;.
7. xNu rkaj;jpy; rpe;jpj;jy; kw;Wk; vOjyhy; ngUQ;rpukk; Vw;gLjy;.
cj;jpfs;:cj;jpfs;:cj;jpfs;:cj;jpfs;:
1. b];fpuh/gpahthy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l khzth;fspd; if jirfi s tYthf;fp>
mth;fspd; clw;nraw;ghLfis Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapy; fspkz ;zpy;
tpisahlr; nra;tJ> Gs;spfs; my;yJ rpwpa NfhLfis xd;W Nrh;j;J
vOj;Jf;fis cUthf;Fjy;> Ml;fhl;b tpuiy my;yJ vOJNfhi y nfhz;L
vOj;Jf;fspd; jlk; mwpjy;.
b];fpuh/gpah vd;w nrhy; b]; kw;Wk; fpuh/gpah vd;Dk ; fpNuf;f
nrhy;yhy; cUthdJ. ‘b];| vd;gJ‘fbdk;| vd;gjidAk;>‘fpuh/gpah| vd;gJ‘vOJjy;|
vd;gjidAk; Fwpf;Fk;. ,f;FiwahdJ ifnaOj;J jpwid ghjp f;Fk;.
,f;Fiwghl;lhy; ghjpj;j xUth; njsptw;w ifnaOj;J> xt;nthh; thpf;Fk; NghJkhd
,ilntsp> vOj;Jg; gpio Nghd;wit Vw;gLk;.
mwpFwpmwpFwpmwpFwpmwpFwpfs;fs;fs;fs;::::
1. njsptw;w ifnaOj;J.
2. thh;j;ijfSf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fSf;FkpilNa NghJkw;w ,ilntsp .
3. tprpj;ju kzpf;fl;L> fhfpjj;ij ifahSk; epiy.
4. nkJthf vOJjy;.
5. fhfpj;ij jpl;lkpl;L gad;gLj;Jjy;.
6. mrhjhud gpbahy; ifapy; typ my;yJ Gz; Vw;gLjy;.
7. xNu rkaj;jpy; rpe;jpj;jy; kw;Wk; vOjyhy; ngUQ;rpukk; Vw;gLjy;.
cj;jpfs;:cj;jpfs;:cj;jpfs;:cj;jpfs;:
1. b];fpuh/gpahthy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l khzth;fspd; if jirfi s tYthf;fp>
mth;fspd; clw;nraw;ghLfis Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapy; fspkz ;zpy;
tpisahlr; nra;tJ> Gs;spfs; my;yJ rpwpa NfhLfis xd;W Nrh;j;J
vOj;Jf;fis cUthf;Fjy;> Ml;fhl;b tpuiy my;yJ vOJNfhi y nfhz;L
vOj;Jf;fspd; jlk; mwpjy;.
19
2. rpwpa mstpyhd vOj;J xg;gilg;Gfis mspj;jy;.
3. Fwpg;Gfs;> Njh;T kw;Wk; ghh;j;J vOJtjw;F Neuj;ij xJf;Fjy;.
4. xg;gilg;Gfs; my;yJ nray;jpl;lq;fs; Kd;djhfNt Muk;gpj;jy;.
5. xU rpy vOj;J gapw;rpfspy; FwpaPLfs; gad;gLj;j mDkjpj;jy;.
6. khzth;fSf;F ifnaOj;J Nehl;by; vOj gapw;rpaspj;jy;. khzth;fs;
jq;fsJ ifnaOj;jpid Nkk;gLj;j njhlh; gapw;rpapy; <Lg l Ntz;Lk;>
Vnddpy; mJ ek; md;whl tho;f;iff;F Njitg;gLk; Kf;fpa jpwdhFk;.
b];fhy;Fypah:b];fhy;Fypah:b];fhy;Fypah:b];fhy;Fypah:
fzpj fUj;Jf;fis fw;gjpy;> vz;fis Ghpe;J nfhs;tjpy; kw;Wk; jdpeghpd;
fw;wypy; b];fhy;Fypah ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. vz;fis $l;Ljy;> Neuk; ghh;j;J
nrhy;Yjy;> vz;fis xUq;fikj;jy;> fzpj FwpaPLfis Ghpe ;Jnfhs;tjpy;
khzth;fspilNa ,t;tifahd fw;wy; FiwghL ghjpg;gpid Vw ;gLj;JfpwJ.
mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:
1. fzpjj;jpy; ,lkjpg;G> vz; NfhLfs;> kpif kw;Wk; Fiw v z; Nghd;w
fUj;Jf;fis Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjpy; fbdk;.
2. fzpj gpur;rpidfis jPh;g;gjpy; fbdj;jd;ik czh;jy;.
3. jfty;fs; kw;Wk; rk;gtq;fis thpirg;gLj;Jtjpy; rpukq;fs; Vw;gLtJ.
4. gpd;dq;fis Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjpy; fbdk;.
5. gzk; kw;Wk; rpy;yiwfis ifahs;tjpy; rthy;fis re;jpj;jy;.
6. $l;ly;> fopj;jy;> ngUf;fy; my;yJ tFj;jypy; ifahYk; topKiwfis
milahsk; fhz;gjpy; rpukk;.
7. nkhoptbtpid fzpj mbg;gilapyhd nray;ghlhf khw;Wjy;.
8. ehl;fs;> thuq;fs;> khjq;fs; Nghd;w Neuj; njhlh;ghd fUj;Jf;fis
Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjpy; rpukk;.
9. fzpj gpur;rpidfis xUq;fikj;jypYk;> ePz;l tFj;jypYk; rpukk; Vw;gLjy;.
2. rpwpa mstpyhd vOj;J xg;gilg;Gfis mspj;jy;.
3. Fwpg;Gfs;> Njh;T kw;Wk; ghh;j;J vOJtjw;F Neuj;ij xJf;Fjy;.
4. xg;gilg;Gfs; my;yJ nray;jpl;lq;fs; Kd;djhfNt Muk;gpj;jy;.
5. xU rpy vOj;J gapw;rpfspy; FwpaPLfs; gad;gLj;j mDkjpj;jy;.
6. khzth;fSf;F ifnaOj;J Nehl;by; vOj gapw;rpaspj;jy;. khzth;fs;
jq;fsJ ifnaOj;jpid Nkk;gLj;j njhlh; gapw;rpapy; <Lg l Ntz;Lk;>
Vnddpy; mJ ek; md;whl tho;f;iff;F Njitg;gLk; Kf;fpa jpwdhFk;.
b];fhy;Fypah:b];fhy;Fypah:b];fhy;Fypah:b];fhy;Fypah:
fzpj fUj;Jf;fis fw;gjpy;> vz;fis Ghpe;J nfhs;tjpy; kw;Wk; jdpeghpd;
fw;wypy; b];fhy;Fypah ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. vz;fis $l;Ljy;> Neuk; ghh;j;J
nrhy;Yjy;> vz;fis xUq;fikj;jy;> fzpj FwpaPLfis Ghpe ;Jnfhs;tjpy;
khzth;fspilNa ,t;tifahd fw;wy; FiwghL ghjpg;gpid Vw ;gLj;JfpwJ.
mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:
1. fzpjj;jpy; ,lkjpg;G> vz; NfhLfs;> kpif kw;Wk; Fiw v z; Nghd;w
fUj;Jf;fis Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjpy; fbdk;.
2. fzpj gpur;rpidfis jPh;g;gjpy; fbdj;jd;ik czh;jy;.
3. jfty;fs; kw;Wk; rk;gtq;fis thpirg;gLj;Jtjpy; rpukq;fs; Vw;gLtJ.
4. gpd;dq;fis Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjpy; fbdk;.
5. gzk; kw;Wk; rpy;yiwfis ifahs;tjpy; rthy;fis re;jpj;jy;.
6. $l;ly;> fopj;jy;> ngUf;fy; my;yJ tFj;jypy; ifahYk; topKiwfis
milahsk; fhz;gjpy; rpukk;.
7. nkhoptbtpid fzpj mbg;gilapyhd nray;ghlhf khw;Wjy;.
8. ehl;fs;> thuq;fs;> khjq;fs; Nghd;w Neuj; njhlh;ghd fUj;Jf;fis
Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjpy; rpukk;.
9. fzpj gpur;rpidfis xUq;fikj;jypYk;> ePz;l tFj;jypYk; rpukk; Vw;gLjy;.
20
ccccjjjj;;;;j jjjppppffffssss;;;;: :::
1. md;whlr; nray;ghLfs; nfhz;L njhlq;Fjy; kw;Wk; gUg;n ghUl;fis
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
2. khzth;fspilNa Vw;gLk; gjw;wj;jpid jtph;j;jy;.
3. khzhf;fh; tpUk;Gk; fw;wy; topKiwia cUthf;Fjy;.
4. fzpj gpur;rpidia jPh;f;f xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l topKiwfis fw;gpj;jy;.
5. gpur;rpidfs; jPh;g;gjpy; jtWfs; ,ioj;jdh; vd;gjw;F khwhf khzhf;fh;fs;
Vw;gLj;Jk; gpioia Ghpe;J nfhs;s KidtJ.
6. xU rkaj;jpy; xNu xU fUj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
7. fzpj gpur;rpidfis kdf;fz;zpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j khzhf;fUf;F Mh;t%l;ly;.
8. md;whl tho;f;ifr; #oNyhL fzpj gpur;rpidfis jFe;j vL j;Jf;fhl;Lld;
njhlh;GgLj;Jjy;.
9. jhq;fs; nfhzh;e;j gpul;rpidf;fhd jPh;tpid thh;j;ij tbtpy; $wr;nra;jy;.
10. Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis jFe;j Kiwapy; tpsf;Fjy;.
11. khzth;fspd; Ghpe;Jzh;jiy Nrhjpf;f fzpjf; fUj;Jf;fis gpd;dpUe;J
Kd;dhf fw;gpf;f nra;jy;.
12. khzth;fis jk;ikj; jhNk fzpdp , fzpg;ghd; Nghd;witfis gad;gLj;j
mDkjpj;jy;.
13. khzth;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l gzpia Kbf;f $Ljy; Neuk; m spj;jy;.
14. rPuhd fzpj nkhopia tFg;giw kw;Wk; gs;spfspy; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
15. epidTf; FwpaPL> tpjpfs;> ml;ltiz kw;Wk; #j;jpuq;fis kddk; nra;a
cjTjy;.
16. khzth;fspd; Njit kw;Wk; jpwd;fSf;Nfw;g jFe;j cj;jpfis nghUj;Jjy;.
b];gpuhf;]pah:b];gpuhf;]pah:b];gpuhf;]pah:b];gpuhf;]pah:
b];gpuhf;]pah vd;w fw;wy; FiwghLilath;fs; jq;fs; g zpia nra;J
Kbg;gjpYk; cly; cWg;Gf;fspd; nray;ghl;bid xUq;fikj;j ypYk; rpukk;
Vw;gLfpwJ. clw;nraw;ghl;L jpwd;fNshL xg;gpLifapy; jk;NkhL gapy;gth;fspilNa
gpd;jq;fp fhzg;gLth;.
,f;FiwghLilNahH jir ,af;f fl;Lg;ghL> nkhop> efh;T kw;Wk;
xUq;fpizg;gpy; fbdj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jth;. b];gpuh f;]pah vd;Dk;
,f;FiwghlhdJ b];nyf;rpah kw;Wk; b];fhy;FypahNthL Nrh;e;J fhzg;gLk;.
ccccjjjj;;;;j jjjppppffffssss;;;;: :::
1. md;whlr; nray;ghLfs; nfhz;L njhlq;Fjy; kw;Wk; gUg;n ghUl;fis
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
2. khzth;fspilNa Vw;gLk; gjw;wj;jpid jtph;j;jy;.
3. khzhf;fh; tpUk;Gk; fw;wy; topKiwia cUthf;Fjy;.
4. fzpj gpur;rpidia jPh;f;f xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l topKiwfis fw;gpj;jy;.
5. gpur;rpidfs; jPh;g;gjpy; jtWfs; ,ioj;jdh; vd;gjw;F khwhf khzhf;fh;fs;
Vw;gLj;Jk; gpioia Ghpe;J nfhs;s KidtJ.
6. xU rkaj;jpy; xNu xU fUj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
7. fzpj gpur;rpidfis kdf;fz;zpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j khzhf;fUf;F Mh;t%l;ly;.
8. md;whl tho;f;ifr; #oNyhL fzpj gpur;rpidfis jFe;j vL j;Jf;fhl;Lld;
njhlh;GgLj;Jjy;.
9. jhq;fs; nfhzh;e;j gpul;rpidf;fhd jPh;tpid thh;j;ij tbtpy; $wr;nra;jy;.
10. Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis jFe;j Kiwapy; tpsf;Fjy;.
11. khzth;fspd; Ghpe;Jzh;jiy Nrhjpf;f fzpjf; fUj;Jf;fis gpd;dpUe;J
Kd;dhf fw;gpf;f nra;jy;.
12. khzth;fis jk;ikj; jhNk fzpdp , fzpg;ghd; Nghd;witfis gad;gLj;j
mDkjpj;jy;.
13. khzth;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l gzpia Kbf;f $Ljy; Neuk; m spj;jy;.
14. rPuhd fzpj nkhopia tFg;giw kw;Wk; gs;spfspy; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
15. epidTf; FwpaPL> tpjpfs;> ml;ltiz kw;Wk; #j;jpuq;fis kddk; nra;a
cjTjy;.
16. khzth;fspd; Njit kw;Wk; jpwd;fSf;Nfw;g jFe;j cj;jpfis nghUj;Jjy;.
b];gpuhf;]pah:b];gpuhf;]pah:b];gpuhf;]pah:b];gpuhf;]pah:
b];gpuhf;]pah vd;w fw;wy; FiwghLilath;fs; jq;fs; g zpia nra;J
Kbg;gjpYk; cly; cWg;Gf;fspd; nray;ghl;bid xUq;fikj;j ypYk; rpukk;
Vw;gLfpwJ. clw;nraw;ghl;L jpwd;fNshL xg;gpLifapy; jk;NkhL gapy;gth;fspilNa
gpd;jq;fp fhzg;gLth;.
,f;FiwghLilNahH jir ,af;f fl;Lg;ghL> nkhop> efh;T kw;Wk;
xUq;fpizg;gpy; fbdj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jth;. b];gpuh f;]pah vd;Dk;
,f;FiwghlhdJ b];nyf;rpah kw;Wk; b];fhy;FypahNthL Nrh;e;J fhzg;gLk;.
21
b];gpuhf;]pahtpd; tiffs;:b];gpuhf;]pahtpd; tiffs;:b];gpuhf;]pahtpd; tiffs;:b];gpuhf;]pahtpd; tiffs;:
1. Ideomotor dyspraxia:
jiyrPTjy; kw;Wk; cil cLj;Jjy; Nghd;w xU gb clw;nraw ;ghL
nra;tjpy; fbdj;jd;ik.
2. Ideational dyspraxia
gy;Nja;j;jy; Nghd;w njhlh;r;rpahd clw; ,af;f nray;ghLfis
nra;tjpy; fbdk.;;
3. Oromotor dyspraxia:
,J thh;j;ij mg;uhf;]pah vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. thh ;j;ij
cr;rhpg;Gf;Nfw;g
jir mirTfis xUq;fpizj;jy;.
4. Constructional dyspraxia:
,lk;rhh; njhlh;Gfis ifahs;tjpy; fbdj;jd;ik.
mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:
1. clw;rhh;e;j nray;ghLfis jpl;;lkpLjypy; fbdj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.
2. clypd; ,Ugf;f nray;ghLfis xUq;fpizg;gjpy; jpwdpd;ik.
3. fz;-if xUq;fpizg;gjpy; rpukk;.
4. jd;idr; rhh;e;j gzpfis xUq;fikf;Fk; jpwdpy; gpd;dile;j epiy.
5. fbfhur; rj;jk;> vOJf;Nfhiy jl;Ljy; Nghd;w rj;jj;jpdhy; cisr;ry;.
6. ,Wfpa fbdkhd cilfspdhy; vhpr;ry; czh;T.
cj;jpfs;:cj;jpfs;:cj;jpfs;:cj;jpfs;:
b];gpuhf;]pahthy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l khzth;fSf;F tFg;gi wf;F cs;NsAk;
ntspNaAk; cjtf;$ba rpy Fwpg;gpl;l cj;jpfshtd:
1. fhl;rp> Nfs;tp Nghd;w VNjDk; xd;iw nfhz;L fw;gpj;jy;.
2. mLj;jth; Kd;G jq;fsJ jpwikia ntspg;gLj;j tpUk;ghj ep iyapy;>
mj;jifa #oiy jtph;j;jy;.
3. tFg;giwapy;; nghUl;fis xNu ,lj;jpy; itg;gjpdhy; mtw ;iw vspjpy;
fz;lwpa cjTk;.
4. vOj;Jg; gapw;rpf;F khw;W topKiwfis ifahSjy;.
5. Njitahd Neuj;jpw;F jFe;j mwpTiwfis toq;Fjy;.
b];gpuhf;]pahtpd; tiffs;:b];gpuhf;]pahtpd; tiffs;:b];gpuhf;]pahtpd; tiffs;:b];gpuhf;]pahtpd; tiffs;:
1. Ideomotor dyspraxia:
jiyrPTjy; kw;Wk; cil cLj;Jjy; Nghd;w xU gb clw;nraw ;ghL
nra;tjpy; fbdj;jd;ik.
2. Ideational dyspraxia
gy;Nja;j;jy; Nghd;w njhlh;r;rpahd clw; ,af;f nray;ghLfis
nra;tjpy; fbdk.;;
3. Oromotor dyspraxia:
,J thh;j;ij mg;uhf;]pah vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. thh ;j;ij
cr;rhpg;Gf;Nfw;g
jir mirTfis xUq;fpizj;jy;.
4. Constructional dyspraxia:
,lk;rhh; njhlh;Gfis ifahs;tjpy; fbdj;jd;ik.
mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:mwpFwpfs;:
1. clw;rhh;e;j nray;ghLfis jpl;;lkpLjypy; fbdj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.
2. clypd; ,Ugf;f nray;ghLfis xUq;fpizg;gjpy; jpwdpd;ik.
3. fz;-if xUq;fpizg;gjpy; rpukk;.
4. jd;idr; rhh;e;j gzpfis xUq;fikf;Fk; jpwdpy; gpd;dile;j epiy.
5. fbfhur; rj;jk;> vOJf;Nfhiy jl;Ljy; Nghd;w rj;jj;jpdhy; cisr;ry;.
6. ,Wfpa fbdkhd cilfspdhy; vhpr;ry; czh;T.
cj;jpfs;:cj;jpfs;:cj;jpfs;:cj;jpfs;:
b];gpuhf;]pahthy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l khzth;fSf;F tFg;gi wf;F cs;NsAk;
ntspNaAk; cjtf;$ba rpy Fwpg;gpl;l cj;jpfshtd:
1. fhl;rp> Nfs;tp Nghd;w VNjDk; xd;iw nfhz;L fw;gpj;jy;.
2. mLj;jth; Kd;G jq;fsJ jpwikia ntspg;gLj;j tpUk;ghj ep iyapy;>
mj;jifa #oiy jtph;j;jy;.
3. tFg;giwapy;; nghUl;fis xNu ,lj;jpy; itg;gjpdhy; mtw ;iw vspjpy;
fz;lwpa cjTk;.
4. vOj;Jg; gapw;rpf;F khw;W topKiwfis ifahSjy;.
5. Njitahd Neuj;jpw;F jFe;j mwpTiwfis toq;Fjy;.
22
6. b];gpuhf;]pah FiwghLila Foe;ijf;F jFe;j ghJfhg;ghd tpisahl;L
gFjpia mspj;jy;.
Fiwghl;Lila Foe;ijFiwghl;Lila Foe;ijFiwghl;Lila Foe;ijFiwghl;Lila Foe;ijia milahsk; fhZk; mZFKiwfs;:ia milahsk; fhZk; mZFKiwfs;:ia milahsk; fhZk; mZFKiwfs;:ia milahsk; fhZk; mZFKiwfs;:
,e;jpa kWtho;T fTd;rpy; (1995) MdJ jw;NghJ 5 tpOf; fhL Fiwghl;Lila
Foe;ijfs; $l fy;tp tha;g;Gfis gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjpy ; ,t;tifahd
Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tpaspf;f jFe;j cj;jpfis ifahSjy;:
1.mwpthh;e;j mZFKiw:1.mwpthh;e;j mZFKiw:1.mwpthh;e;j mZFKiw:1.mwpthh;e;j mZFKiw:
,t;tZFKiwahdJ Kw;wpYk; Foe;ijapd; mwpTj; jpwid
mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. kPj;jpwd; kpf;f khzth;fs;> ,ay;ghf fw;Fk; khzth;fs;>
nkJthf fw;Nghh;> kdepiy Fd;wpah;fs; Nghd;Nwhh; midtUk; ,t;tZFKiw %yk;
milahsk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
(v.fh.)
- Ez;zwpT <T 50-75 tiu cs;s midtUk; kdepiy Fd;wpat h;fs;
gl;baypy;; Nrh;f;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
- Ez;zwpT <T 25-50 tiu cs;Nshh; gapw;rp ngwf;$ba k depiy Fd;wpa
Foe;ijfshth;.
- Ez;zwpT <T 25f;Fs; Fiwthdth;fs; Kw;wpYk; kw;wth; fis
rhh;e;jth;fshth;.
2.Gyd;top mZFKiw:2.Gyd;top mZFKiw:2.Gyd;top mZFKiw:2.Gyd;top mZFKiw:
Gyd;top mZFKiwahdJ Gyd;fs; mbg;gilahdJ. ,t;tZFKiwap id
nfhz;L fz;ghh;it Fd;wpath;fs;> fhJ Nfl;Fk; jpwd; Fd ;wpath;> tha;Ngr
,ayhNjhiu milahsk; fhzyhk;. ,jpy; fz;ghh;it Fd;wpat h;fs; mwpTrhh;
FiwghLfspNyh (m) jfty; ghpkhw;wk; FiwghLfspNyh NruhNjhh;> kw;Nwhh; tifapy;
jfty; ghpkhw;wk; fhJ Nfshj Foe;ijfspd; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
fz;ghh;itaw;Nwhh;;, fhJ NfshNjhh; kw;Wk; mwpTrhh; nray;ghLfs; Fd;wpath;fs; xNu
tifahd fiyj;jpl;lj;ij gpd;gw;wyhk;.
3.jpwd; mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw:3.jpwd; mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw:3.jpwd; mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw:3.jpwd; mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw:
jfty;fis nray;Kiw gLj;Jtjpy; gy Foe;ijfs; rpukq;fis
re;jpf;fpd;wd. mth;fspd; Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; Gyd;fs; rhj huz epiy nfhz;l
NghjpYk; mth;fshy; rpy rkak; rhptu jfty;fis nray;Ki wg; gLj;j ,ayhj
epiy Vw;gLfpwJ. ,t;tifahd Foe;ijfs; ftdk;> Gyd;fhl; rp> epidthw;wy;
6. b];gpuhf;]pah FiwghLila Foe;ijf;F jFe;j ghJfhg;ghd tpisahl;L
gFjpia mspj;jy;.
Fiwghl;Lila Foe;ijFiwghl;Lila Foe;ijFiwghl;Lila Foe;ijFiwghl;Lila Foe;ijia milahsk; fhZk; mZFKiwfs;:ia milahsk; fhZk; mZFKiwfs;:ia milahsk; fhZk; mZFKiwfs;:ia milahsk; fhZk; mZFKiwfs;:
,e;jpa kWtho;T fTd;rpy; (1995) MdJ jw;NghJ 5 tpOf; fhL Fiwghl;Lila
Foe;ijfs; $l fy;tp tha;g;Gfis gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjpy ; ,t;tifahd
Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tpaspf;f jFe;j cj;jpfis ifahSjy;:
1.mwpthh;e;j mZFKiw:1.mwpthh;e;j mZFKiw:1.mwpthh;e;j mZFKiw:1.mwpthh;e;j mZFKiw:
,t;tZFKiwahdJ Kw;wpYk; Foe;ijapd; mwpTj; jpwid
mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. kPj;jpwd; kpf;f khzth;fs;> ,ay;ghf fw;Fk; khzth;fs;>
nkJthf fw;Nghh;> kdepiy Fd;wpah;fs; Nghd;Nwhh; midtUk; ,t;tZFKiw %yk;
milahsk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
(v.fh.)
- Ez;zwpT <T 50-75 tiu cs;s midtUk; kdepiy Fd;wpat h;fs;
gl;baypy;; Nrh;f;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
- Ez;zwpT <T 25-50 tiu cs;Nshh; gapw;rp ngwf;$ba k depiy Fd;wpa
Foe;ijfshth;.
- Ez;zwpT <T 25f;Fs; Fiwthdth;fs; Kw;wpYk; kw;wth; fis
rhh;e;jth;fshth;.
2.Gyd;top mZFKiw:2.Gyd;top mZFKiw:2.Gyd;top mZFKiw:2.Gyd;top mZFKiw:
Gyd;top mZFKiwahdJ Gyd;fs; mbg;gilahdJ. ,t;tZFKiwap id
nfhz;L fz;ghh;it Fd;wpath;fs;> fhJ Nfl;Fk; jpwd; Fd ;wpath;> tha;Ngr
,ayhNjhiu milahsk; fhzyhk;. ,jpy; fz;ghh;it Fd;wpat h;fs; mwpTrhh;
FiwghLfspNyh (m) jfty; ghpkhw;wk; FiwghLfspNyh NruhNjhh;> kw;Nwhh; tifapy;
jfty; ghpkhw;wk; fhJ Nfshj Foe;ijfspd; Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
fz;ghh;itaw;Nwhh;;, fhJ NfshNjhh; kw;Wk; mwpTrhh; nray;ghLfs; Fd;wpath;fs; xNu
tifahd fiyj;jpl;lj;ij gpd;gw;wyhk;.
3.jpwd; mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw:3.jpwd; mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw:3.jpwd; mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw:3.jpwd; mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw:
jfty;fis nray;Kiw gLj;Jtjpy; gy Foe;ijfs; rpukq;fis
re;jpf;fpd;wd. mth;fspd; Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; Gyd;fs; rhj huz epiy nfhz;l
NghjpYk; mth;fshy; rpy rkak; rhptu jfty;fis nray;Ki wg; gLj;j ,ayhj
epiy Vw;gLfpwJ. ,t;tifahd Foe;ijfs; ftdk;> Gyd;fhl; rp> epidthw;wy;
23
Nghd;wtw;wpy; gpd;jq;fpa epiy fhzg;gLth;. ,f;Foe;ijfs; fw;wy; FiwghLila
Foe;ijfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLth;.
4.r%f mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw4.r%f mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw4.r%f mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw4.r%f mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw:
FiwghLila khzth;fspilNa> rpy Foe;ijfs; czh;T G+h;t khd
gpur;rpidfis re;jpf;fpd;wdh;. ,f;Foe;ijfs; gpwiu Gwf;fzpg;gJ> kpfg; ghJfhg;G
Nghd;w elj;ij FiwghLfs; nfhz;ltuhf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ,f ;FiwghLfis
jfh;j;;jwpa Foe;ijfSf;F jFe;j r%f #oiy Vw;gLj;j Ntz ;Lk;.
FiwghLila khzth;fis ifahs;tjpy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F:FiwghLila khzth;fis ifahs;tjpy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F:FiwghLila khzth;fis ifahs;tjpy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F:FiwghLila khzth;fis ifahs;tjpy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F:
1. fw;wy; nray;ghLfis rpW gbepiyfshf gphpj;jy;.
2. njhlh;r;rpahf tpdhf;fis vOg;gp Ghpjiy Nrhjpj;jy;.
3. njhlh; gpz;Z}l;lk; mspj;jy;.
4. jfty;fis fhl;rpG+h;tkhfTk;> thh;j;ij %ykhfTk; mspj;jy;.
5. glq;fs;> tiuglk; Nghd;wtw;iw fw;gpj;jYf;F gad;gLj;Jjy;.
6. xt;nthUtUf;Fk; jdpj;jdp gapw;rpaspj;jy;.
7. rpy cj;jpfis vq;F> vg;nghOJ gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W njhpe;J itj;Jf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
8. Njitahd cgfuzq;fis mt;tg;NghJ gad;gLj;Jjy;.
9. ghlk; njhlq;FKd; mijg;gw;wpa KOtptuq;fis mspj;jy;.
10. vOj;J kw;Wk; tha;nkhop xg;gilg;Gfis mspj;jy;.
KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:
fw;wy; FiwghL vd;gJ Xh; euk;gpay; NfhshwhFk;. fw;w y; FiwghLila
Foe;ijfs; jk; rf Njhoh;fis tpl rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wdh ;. Mdhy; mth;fSf;F
gbj;jy;> vOJjy;> fhuzfhhpakwpjy;> epidT$h;jy; kw;Wk ; jfty;fis
xUq;fikj;jypy; rpukk; Vw;gLfpwJ. fw;wy; FiwghL vd;gJ Fzg;gLj;j ,ayhj Xh;
tho;ehs; gpur;rid. jFe;j MjuTk;> cj;jpfisAk; gad;gLj;jp Foe;ijfs; jq;fs;
Fiwghl;bypUe;J ntspNa te;J jq;fs; gs;sp tho;f;ifia mDgtpj;J ntw;wpfukhf
thoyhk;. ngw;Nwhh;fs; jq;fs; Foe;ijapd; fw;wy; Fiwghl;il milahsk; fz;L>
mth;fis cw;rhfg;gLj;jp> mth;jk; Foe;ijf;fhd fy;tp K iwia Ghpe;J
nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;
1. fw;wy; ,ayhikapd; gy;NtW tiffis tpsf;Ff.
2. fw;wy; ,ayhikAila khzhf;fiu milahsk; fhz;gjpd; Kf;fp aj;Jtj;ij
tpthpf;f.
Nghd;wtw;wpy; gpd;jq;fpa epiy fhzg;gLth;. ,f;Foe;ijfs; fw;wy; FiwghLila
Foe;ijfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLth;.
4.r%f mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw4.r%f mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw4.r%f mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw4.r%f mbg;gilapyhd mZFKiw:
FiwghLila khzth;fspilNa> rpy Foe;ijfs; czh;T G+h;t khd
gpur;rpidfis re;jpf;fpd;wdh;. ,f;Foe;ijfs; gpwiu Gwf;fzpg;gJ> kpfg; ghJfhg;G
Nghd;w elj;ij FiwghLfs; nfhz;ltuhf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ,f ;FiwghLfis
jfh;j;;jwpa Foe;ijfSf;F jFe;j r%f #oiy Vw;gLj;j Ntz ;Lk;.
FiwghLila khzth;fis ifahs;tjpy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F:FiwghLila khzth;fis ifahs;tjpy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F:FiwghLila khzth;fis ifahs;tjpy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F:FiwghLila khzth;fis ifahs;tjpy; Mrphpahpd; gq;F:
1. fw;wy; nray;ghLfis rpW gbepiyfshf gphpj;jy;.
2. njhlh;r;rpahf tpdhf;fis vOg;gp Ghpjiy Nrhjpj;jy;.
3. njhlh; gpz;Z}l;lk; mspj;jy;.
4. jfty;fis fhl;rpG+h;tkhfTk;> thh;j;ij %ykhfTk; mspj;jy;.
5. glq;fs;> tiuglk; Nghd;wtw;iw fw;gpj;jYf;F gad;gLj;Jjy;.
6. xt;nthUtUf;Fk; jdpj;jdp gapw;rpaspj;jy;.
7. rpy cj;jpfis vq;F> vg;nghOJ gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W njhpe;J itj;Jf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
8. Njitahd cgfuzq;fis mt;tg;NghJ gad;gLj;Jjy;.
9. ghlk; njhlq;FKd; mijg;gw;wpa KOtptuq;fis mspj;jy;.
10. vOj;J kw;Wk; tha;nkhop xg;gilg;Gfis mspj;jy;.
KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:
fw;wy; FiwghL vd;gJ Xh; euk;gpay; NfhshwhFk;. fw;w y; FiwghLila
Foe;ijfs; jk; rf Njhoh;fis tpl rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;wdh ;. Mdhy; mth;fSf;F
gbj;jy;> vOJjy;> fhuzfhhpakwpjy;> epidT$h;jy; kw;Wk ; jfty;fis
xUq;fikj;jypy; rpukk; Vw;gLfpwJ. fw;wy; FiwghL vd;gJ Fzg;gLj;j ,ayhj Xh;
tho;ehs; gpur;rid. jFe;j MjuTk;> cj;jpfisAk; gad;gLj;jp Foe;ijfs; jq;fs;
Fiwghl;bypUe;J ntspNa te;J jq;fs; gs;sp tho;f;ifia mDgtpj;J ntw;wpfukhf
thoyhk;. ngw;Nwhh;fs; jq;fs; Foe;ijapd; fw;wy; Fiwghl;il milahsk; fz;L>
mth;fis cw;rhfg;gLj;jp> mth;jk; Foe;ijf;fhd fy;tp K iwia Ghpe;J
nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;
1. fw;wy; ,ayhikapd; gy;NtW tiffis tpsf;Ff.
2. fw;wy; ,ayhikAila khzhf;fiu milahsk; fhz;gjpd; Kf;fp aj;Jtj;ij
tpthpf;f.
24
3. khzth;fspd; fw;wy; ,ayhikia Nghf;f Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;b a cj;jpfis
ghpe;Jiuf;f.
4. ,ayhikAila Foe;ijfis milahsk; fhZk; gy;NtW mZFKiwfis
tpsf;Ff.
5. ,ayhikAila khzhf;fiu ifahs;tjpy; Mrphpahpd; gq;fpid tpthjpf;f.
3. khzth;fspd; fw;wy; ,ayhikia Nghf;f Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;b a cj;jpfis
ghpe;Jiuf;f.
4. ,ayhikAila Foe;ijfis milahsk; fhZk; gy;NtW mZFKiwfis
tpsf;Ff.
5. ,ayhikAila khzhf;fiu ifahs;tjpy; Mrphpahpd; gq;fpid tpthjpf;f.
25
myFmyFmyFmyF---- 3: ,ayhikapd; khjphpfs3: ,ayhikapd; khjphpfs3: ,ayhikapd; khjphpfs3: ,ayhikapd; khjphpfs;
Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:
,t;tyfpd; Kbtpy; fw;NghH
1. ,ayhik khjphpfspd; fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Ftu;.
2. gy;NtW ,ayhik khjphpfis tpthpg;gu;.
3. ,ayhik khjphpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid fye;JiuahLtu;.
4. gy;NtW ,ayhik khjphpfspd; mk;rq;fis gFj;jhuha;tu;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;::::
,ayhikapd; khjphpahdJ Fiwghl;il tiuaWf;Fk; fUtpa hf jpfo;e;J>
Fiwghl;Lila kf;fspd; Njitia G+h;j;jp nra;fpwJ. xU r pyh; ,t;tif
khjphpahdJ ep[ tho;f;ifia gpujpgypg;gjhf ,y;iy vd;f pd;wdh;. vdpDk;
,k;khjphpfs; Fiwghl;Lilath;fspd; gpur;rpidfis Ghpe;J nfhs;s VJthf
mikfpwJ.
khjphpfs; ,uz;L mbg;gil jj;Jtq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. ,jd; Kjy;;
jj;JtkhdJ Fiwghl;Lila kf;fis r%fj;ij rhh;e;J tho;gt uhf fUJfpwJ.
mLj;j jj;JtkhdJ r%fk; vjph;ghh;f;Fk; kdpjdhf> Fiwghl;Lilath;fs; jpfo
Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUJfpwJ.
I) kUj;Jt khjphp:) kUj;Jt khjphp:) kUj;Jt khjphp:) kUj;Jt khjphp:
kUj;Jt khjphp vd;gJ Xh;; jdpkdpjdpd; cly;epiyahy ; cz;lhFk; xU
tifahd ,ayhikahFk;. ,J jdpkdpjd; tho;f;ifj; juj;jpy ; rpy
gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;Jk.; ,k;kUj;Jt khjphpahdJ “Fzg;gLj;Jjy;” vd;w
xd;iw kl;LNk Fwpf;Nfhshf nfhz;lJ> my;yJ jdpkdpjdpd; elj;ijapy;
khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; xd;whf jpfo;fpwJ. ,q;F ,ayhik cila kf;fs;
cly;eyf; FiwghLilatuhf tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. mth;f s; r%f Mjhak;>
tPL> fy;tp kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;Gfspy; gpwh; cjtpia ehl Ntz;bAs;sJ.
,k;khjphpia ‘jdpegh; khjphp| vd;Wk; miog;gh;. Vnddpy; ,t;tifahd khjphp
FiwghLila jdpegiu rKjhaj;NjhL ,iae;J xUq;fpize;J fh z toptif
nra;fpwJ. ,k;khjphpahdJ ,ayhikAila kf;fs; rKjhaj;ij tpl;L tpyfp
fhzg;gLtijAk;> mth;fSf;F Njitg;gLk; jdpf;ftdk; Fwpj ;Jk; gpwiu rhh;e;J
thOk; epiyiaAk; njs;sj; njspthf vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
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myFmyFmyFmyF---- 3: ,ayhikapd; khjphpfs3: ,ayhikapd; khjphpfs3: ,ayhikapd; khjphpfs3: ,ayhikapd; khjphpfs;
Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:Nehf;fq;fs;:
,t;tyfpd; Kbtpy; fw;NghH
1. ,ayhik khjphpfspd; fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Ftu;.
2. gy;NtW ,ayhik khjphpfis tpthpg;gu;.
3. ,ayhik khjphpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid fye;JiuahLtu;.
4. gy;NtW ,ayhik khjphpfspd; mk;rq;fis gFj;jhuha;tu;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;::::
,ayhikapd; khjphpahdJ Fiwghl;il tiuaWf;Fk; fUtpa hf jpfo;e;J>
Fiwghl;Lila kf;fspd; Njitia G+h;j;jp nra;fpwJ. xU r pyh; ,t;tif
khjphpahdJ ep[ tho;f;ifia gpujpgypg;gjhf ,y;iy vd;f pd;wdh;. vdpDk;
,k;khjphpfs; Fiwghl;Lilath;fspd; gpur;rpidfis Ghpe;J nfhs;s VJthf
mikfpwJ.
khjphpfs; ,uz;L mbg;gil jj;Jtq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. ,jd; Kjy;;
jj;JtkhdJ Fiwghl;Lila kf;fis r%fj;ij rhh;e;J tho;gt uhf fUJfpwJ.
mLj;j jj;JtkhdJ r%fk; vjph;ghh;f;Fk; kdpjdhf> Fiwghl;Lilath;fs; jpfo
Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUJfpwJ.
I) kUj;Jt khjphp:) kUj;Jt khjphp:) kUj;Jt khjphp:) kUj;Jt khjphp:
kUj;Jt khjphp vd;gJ Xh;; jdpkdpjdpd; cly;epiyahy ; cz;lhFk; xU
tifahd ,ayhikahFk;. ,J jdpkdpjd; tho;f;ifj; juj;jpy ; rpy
gpur;rpidfis Vw;gLj;Jk.; ,k;kUj;Jt khjphpahdJ “Fzg;gLj;Jjy;” vd;w
xd;iw kl;LNk Fwpf;Nfhshf nfhz;lJ> my;yJ jdpkdpjdpd; elj;ijapy;
khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; xd;whf jpfo;fpwJ. ,q;F ,ayhik cila kf;fs;
cly;eyf; FiwghLilatuhf tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. mth;f s; r%f Mjhak;>
tPL> fy;tp kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;Gfspy; gpwh; cjtpia ehl Ntz;bAs;sJ.
,k;khjphpia ‘jdpegh; khjphp| vd;Wk; miog;gh;. Vnddpy; ,t;tifahd khjphp
FiwghLila jdpegiu rKjhaj;NjhL ,iae;J xUq;fpize;J fh z toptif
nra;fpwJ. ,k;khjphpahdJ ,ayhikAila kf;fs; rKjhaj;ij tpl;L tpyfp
fhzg;gLtijAk;> mth;fSf;F Njitg;gLk; jdpf;ftdk; Fwpj ;Jk; gpwiu rhh;e;J
thOk; epiyiaAk; njs;sj; njspthf vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
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26
,e;j kUj;Jt mZFKiwahdJ Fiwghl;Lld; ‘mrhjuzkhf| tpsq;Fk;
Foe;ijia ‘rhjhuz| epiyia milar; nra;tjhFk;. ,ayhikAila
Foe;ijfSf;F Nghf;Ftuj;J> r%f eyj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; rpwg;G Nrit Njitg;gLfpwJ.
,jid kdjpy; nfhz;Nl r%f Nrtfh;fs;> kUj;Jth;fs;> rpw e;j Mrphpah;fs;
Nghd;Nwhuhy; ,aq;fp tUk; rpwg;G fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> rpwg;G fy;tp> kUj;Jtkid>
rpwg;G gs;spfs; Nghd;wit ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd.
II) r%f khjphp:) r%f khjphp:) r%f khjphp:) r%f khjphp:
r%f ,ayhik vd;gJ ,ayhikAila ikf; Mypth; vd;gtuhy; 1983y;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. r%f khjphpahdJ ‘ehkpd;wp ek;ikg;gw;wp VJkpy;iy| vd;w
jhufke;jpuj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. ,J ,ayhikf;Fk;> Fiwghl;bw;Fk;
,ilNa cs;s NtWghl;il Fwpf;fpwJ.
FiwghlhdJ mrhjhuz epiy> cly; cWg;G> kdhPjpahd gpur ;rpidfis
cs;slf;fpaJ.
,k;khjphpahdJ ,ayhikAila kf;fSf;F rkchpik> Njitahd trjp
tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; re;jh;g;gq;fs; mspj;jhy; mth;fs; rKjhaj;jpw;F nghUshjhu
hPjpahf Mw;Wk; gq;fspg;Gj; jpwid kpfTk; FiwthfNt ,U f;Fk; vd;W rKjhak;
Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLtij vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ.
rKjha xUq;fikj;jy; nghUj;Nj ,ayhik jpfo;fpwJ vd ;fpwJ r%f khjphp.
,e;j kUj;Jt mZFKiwahdJ Fiwghl;Lld; ‘mrhjuzkhf| tpsq;Fk;
Foe;ijia ‘rhjhuz| epiyia milar; nra;tjhFk;. ,ayhikAila
Foe;ijfSf;F Nghf;Ftuj;J> r%f eyj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; rpwg;G Nrit Njitg;gLfpwJ.
,jid kdjpy; nfhz;Nl r%f Nrtfh;fs;> kUj;Jth;fs;> rpw e;j Mrphpah;fs;
Nghd;Nwhuhy; ,aq;fp tUk; rpwg;G fy;tp epWtdq;fs;> rpwg;G fy;tp> kUj;Jtkid>
rpwg;G gs;spfs; Nghd;wit ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd.
II) r%f khjphp:) r%f khjphp:) r%f khjphp:) r%f khjphp:
r%f ,ayhik vd;gJ ,ayhikAila ikf; Mypth; vd;gtuhy; 1983y;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. r%f khjphpahdJ ‘ehkpd;wp ek;ikg;gw;wp VJkpy;iy| vd;w
jhufke;jpuj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. ,J ,ayhikf;Fk;> Fiwghl;bw;Fk;
,ilNa cs;s NtWghl;il Fwpf;fpwJ.
FiwghlhdJ mrhjhuz epiy> cly; cWg;G> kdhPjpahd gpur ;rpidfis
cs;slf;fpaJ.
,k;khjphpahdJ ,ayhikAila kf;fSf;F rkchpik> Njitahd trjp
tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; re;jh;g;gq;fs; mspj;jhy; mth;fs; rKjhaj;jpw;F nghUshjhu
hPjpahf Mw;Wk; gq;fspg;Gj; jpwid kpfTk; FiwthfNt ,U f;Fk; vd;W rKjhak;
Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLtij vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ.
rKjha xUq;fikj;jy; nghUj;Nj ,ayhik jpfo;fpwJ vd ;fpwJ r%f khjphp.
27
r%f xUq;fikj;jypy; cs;s gpur;rid vd;gJ ,ayhikAilNa hh;
vjph;nfhs;Sk; gpur;ridfisNa Fwpf;Fk;.
elj;ijapay;:elj;ijapay;:elj;ijapay;:elj;ijapay;:
,J gak;> mwpahik kw;Wk; Fiwe;j vjph;ghh;g;Gfis Fwp f;Fk;.
R+o;epiyapay;:R+o;epiyapay;:R+o;epiyapay;:R+o;epiyapay;:
md;whl tho;tpy; mth;fs; re;jpf;Fk; rthy;fis Fwpf;Fk ;.
(v.fh.) filf;;F nry;tJ> NfhtpYf;F nry;tJ> Nghf;Ftuj;J> nghJ ,lq;fSf;F
nry;tJ.
epWtdtpay;:epWtdtpay;:epWtdtpay;:epWtdtpay;:
,J rl;lhPjpahd NtWghl;il Fwpf;Fk;> mjhtJ ,ayhik ci lath;fSf;F
xU rpy chpikfs; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. (v.fh.)
jpUkzk; nra;a mDkjpg;gjpy;iy> gs;spapy; Nrh;g;gjpy;;iy.
r%f khjphpapd;gb ,ayhik vd;gJ jdpegh; kl;LNk rhh;e ;jJ ,y;iy. ,J
R+o;epiyiaAk; rhh;e;jjhFk;. ,k;khjphpahdJ ,ayhik vd ;gJ r%f
fz;Nzhl;lj;ij nfhz;Nl mikfpwJ.
jftyfs;;> r%f elj;ijfs; Nghd;wit ,ay;ghd kw;Wk; ,a yhNjhUf;F
nghUj;jkhdjhf mike;jhy;> xt;nthh; jdpegUk; KOikahf t ho;tpy; gq;Nfw;fyhk;.
,r;r%f khjphpahdJ FiwghLila kf;fs; jhk; r%fj;NjhL ,iae;J
tho;tjw;fhd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jp jUfpwJ. ,J kl;Lky;yhJ ,r;r%f khjphpahdJ
mth;fis rKjhaj;jpy;; gpwh;f;F epfuhd rpwe;j Fbkfdhf jpfo chpikAs;sij
vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ.
III) kdpj chpik kh) kdpj chpik kh) kdpj chpik kh) kdpj chpik khjphp:jphp:jphp:jphp:
DRPI-d; gb “midj;J Fbkfd;fSf;Fk; rkchpik vd;w $w;Wgb>
,ayhikAilNahh;f;F: fy;tp> ngw;Nwhhplj;J rkchpik> nrhj;Jhpik> rl;l chpik>
murpay; chpik mjhtJ Xl;Lhpik> Ntiytha;g;G”.
,ayhikAila kf;fs; chpikf;F nrhe;jf;fhuh;fs;> ,th;f Sf;F Njitahd
chpikfis jLg;gJ mth;fis jdpikg;gLj;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. midj;J
jdpegh;fSk; jq;fs; chpikfis KOikahf czu Njitahd R+o; epiyia
rKjhak; mjhtJ Fwpg;ghf murhq;fk; cWJizahf ,Uj;jy; mt rpak;.
jw;NghJ ,ayhikAila kf;fs; jkf;F Njitahd Kd;Dhpikfi s
mDgtpg;gjw;F gyh; njhlh;r;rpahf NghuhbaNj ,jw;F fhuzkhFk;.
r%f xUq;fikj;jypy; cs;s gpur;rid vd;gJ ,ayhikAilNa hh;
vjph;nfhs;Sk; gpur;ridfisNa Fwpf;Fk;.
elj;ijapay;:elj;ijapay;:elj;ijapay;:elj;ijapay;:
,J gak;> mwpahik kw;Wk; Fiwe;j vjph;ghh;g;Gfis Fwp f;Fk;.
R+o;epiyapay;:R+o;epiyapay;:R+o;epiyapay;:R+o;epiyapay;:
md;whl tho;tpy; mth;fs; re;jpf;Fk; rthy;fis Fwpf;Fk ;.
(v.fh.) filf;;F nry;tJ> NfhtpYf;F nry;tJ> Nghf;Ftuj;J> nghJ ,lq;fSf;F
nry;tJ.
epWtdtpay;:epWtdtpay;:epWtdtpay;:epWtdtpay;:
,J rl;lhPjpahd NtWghl;il Fwpf;Fk;> mjhtJ ,ayhik ci lath;fSf;F
xU rpy chpikfs; toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. (v.fh.)
jpUkzk; nra;a mDkjpg;gjpy;iy> gs;spapy; Nrh;g;gjpy;;iy.
r%f khjphpapd;gb ,ayhik vd;gJ jdpegh; kl;LNk rhh;e ;jJ ,y;iy. ,J
R+o;epiyiaAk; rhh;e;jjhFk;. ,k;khjphpahdJ ,ayhik vd ;gJ r%f
fz;Nzhl;lj;ij nfhz;Nl mikfpwJ.
jftyfs;;> r%f elj;ijfs; Nghd;wit ,ay;ghd kw;Wk; ,a yhNjhUf;F
nghUj;jkhdjhf mike;jhy;> xt;nthh; jdpegUk; KOikahf t ho;tpy; gq;Nfw;fyhk;.
,r;r%f khjphpahdJ FiwghLila kf;fs; jhk; r%fj;NjhL ,iae;J
tho;tjw;fhd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jp jUfpwJ. ,J kl;Lky;yhJ ,r;r%f khjphpahdJ
mth;fis rKjhaj;jpy;; gpwh;f;F epfuhd rpwe;j Fbkfdhf jpfo chpikAs;sij
vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ.
III) kdpj chpik kh) kdpj chpik kh) kdpj chpik kh) kdpj chpik khjphp:jphp:jphp:jphp:
DRPI-d; gb “midj;J Fbkfd;fSf;Fk; rkchpik vd;w $w;Wgb>
,ayhikAilNahh;f;F: fy;tp> ngw;Nwhhplj;J rkchpik> nrhj;Jhpik> rl;l chpik>
murpay; chpik mjhtJ Xl;Lhpik> Ntiytha;g;G”.
,ayhikAila kf;fs; chpikf;F nrhe;jf;fhuh;fs;> ,th;f Sf;F Njitahd
chpikfis jLg;gJ mth;fis jdpikg;gLj;Jtjhf mikfpwJ. midj;J
jdpegh;fSk; jq;fs; chpikfis KOikahf czu Njitahd R+o; epiyia
rKjhak; mjhtJ Fwpg;ghf murhq;fk; cWJizahf ,Uj;jy; mt rpak;.
jw;NghJ ,ayhikAila kf;fs; jkf;F Njitahd Kd;Dhpikfi s
mDgtpg;gjw;F gyh; njhlh;r;rpahf NghuhbaNj ,jw;F fhuzkhFk;.
28
,ayhikAila kf;fis r%fj;NjhL xd;wpizf;f gyh; fLikah f
Nghuhbdh;> mth;fis milahsk; fz;L ghuhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,J r%f khjphpf;F kpfTk; neUq;fpa khjhpahFk;. ,J Kw; wpYk; kdpj
chpikia epiwNtw;Wtjpy; KOftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. rKjhakhd J gpwiu Nghd;w
,ayhikAilNahiuAk; midj;J nray;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jpf; n fhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
kdpj chpik mZFKiwapd; ,UKf;fpa $Wfs; mjpfhukspj;jy; kw;Wk;
nghWg;Gzh;r;rpahFk;.
mjpfhukspj;jy; vd;gJ ,ayhikAila kf;fspd; gq;fspg;i g> mjhtJ
gq;Fjhuh;fis Fwpf;Fk;. nghWg;Gilik vd;gJ chpikfis e piyehl;b juj;ij
cah;j;Jk; nghJ epWtdq;fspd; gzpahf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
IV) njhz;L khjphp:) njhz;L khjphp:) njhz;L khjphp:) njhz;L khjphp:
,k;khjphp nghUj;jtiuapy; ,ayhik cila egh;fs; ‘mf;fiw| kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;G ,uz;Lf;Fk; cl;gl;ltuhf fUjg;gLfpwhh;. ,t;tifahd sskf;fs; NgRjy;>
ghh;j;jy;> gbj;jy; my;yJ Ntiy nra;jy; Nghd;wit nra; a ,ayhJ. ahUila
cjtpAkpd;wp mth;fshy; jdpj;J tho ,ayhJ. mth;fspd; epiy kpfTk; ftiyf;F
cl;gl;lJ. mth;fSf;F rpwg;G Nritfs;> rpwg;G epWtdq;fs; my;yJ rpwg;G gs;sp
Njitg;gLfpwJ. ek;Kila cjtp> fUiz> eyd; kw;Wk; njhz;L s;sk;
Njitg;gLfpwJ.
KbT vLg;gjpy;
Fiwe;j
gq;fspg;G
Rakhf
jPh;khzpj;jypy;
re;jh;g;gkpd;ik
tuk;Gf;F
cl;gl;l fy;tp
mZfy;
r%f
eltbf;ifapy;
,Ue;J tpyf;F
rl;lj;jpy;
ghFghL
Ntiytha;g;Gf;F
mZfy;
kdpj chpik
kWg;G
MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
mZfy;
kdpj kdpj kdpj kdpj
chpikfs; chpikfs; chpikfs; chpikfs;
,ayhikAila kf;fis r%fj;NjhL xd;wpizf;f gyh; fLikah f
Nghuhbdh;> mth;fis milahsk; fz;L ghuhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,J r%f khjphpf;F kpfTk; neUq;fpa khjhpahFk;. ,J Kw; wpYk; kdpj
chpikia epiwNtw;Wtjpy; KOftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. rKjhakhd J gpwiu Nghd;w
,ayhikAilNahiuAk; midj;J nray;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jpf; n fhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
kdpj chpik mZFKiwapd; ,UKf;fpa $Wfs; mjpfhukspj;jy; kw;Wk;
nghWg;Gzh;r;rpahFk;.
mjpfhukspj;jy; vd;gJ ,ayhikAila kf;fspd; gq;fspg;i g> mjhtJ
gq;Fjhuh;fis Fwpf;Fk;. nghWg;Gilik vd;gJ chpikfis e piyehl;b juj;ij
cah;j;Jk; nghJ epWtdq;fspd; gzpahf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
IV) njhz;L khjphp:) njhz;L khjphp:) njhz;L khjphp:) njhz;L khjphp:
,k;khjphp nghUj;jtiuapy; ,ayhik cila egh;fs; ‘mf;fiw| kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;G ,uz;Lf;Fk; cl;gl;ltuhf fUjg;gLfpwhh;. ,t;tifahd sskf;fs; NgRjy;>
ghh;j;jy;> gbj;jy; my;yJ Ntiy nra;jy; Nghd;wit nra; a ,ayhJ. ahUila
cjtpAkpd;wp mth;fshy; jdpj;J tho ,ayhJ. mth;fspd; epiy kpfTk; ftiyf;F
cl;gl;lJ. mth;fSf;F rpwg;G Nritfs;> rpwg;G epWtdq;fs; my;yJ rpwg;G gs;sp
Njitg;gLfpwJ. ek;Kila cjtp> fUiz> eyd; kw;Wk; njhz;L s;sk;
Njitg;gLfpwJ.
KbT vLg;gjpy;
Fiwe;j
gq;fspg;G
Rakhf
jPh;khzpj;jypy;
re;jh;g;gkpd;ik
tuk;Gf;F
cl;gl;l fy;tp
mZfy;
r%f
eltbf;ifapy;
,Ue;J tpyf;F
rl;lj;jpy;
ghFghL
Ntiytha;g;Gf;F
mZfy;
kdpj chpik
kWg;G
MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
mZfy;
kdpj kdpj kdpj kdpj
chpikfs; chpikfs; chpikfs; chpikfs;
29
njhz;L epWtdj;jpd; Nkyhsh;fSk; gzpGhpgth;fSk; mth; fs; ngWk;
epjpTjtpfis rhptu gad;gLj;jp tho;f;if juk; cau topt if nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,ayhNjhhplk; ,uf;fk; fhl;Ltij fhl;bYk; mth;fs; rKjh aj;jpy; gpw
Fbkfd;fSf;F epfuhf fUJtNj rpwe;jJ.
V) ehfpapd) ehfpapd) ehfpapd) ehfpapd; nraypog;G khjphp:; nraypog;G khjphp:; nraypog;G khjphp:; nraypog;G khjphp:
,k;khjphpahdJ r%fthjp ‘ehfp| vd;gtuhy; ,ayhNjhiug; gw;wp gbf;f 1960-y;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ehd;F mbg;gil epfo;Tfis nfhz;lJ. mitahtd
1. jPtpu Neha;
2. FiwghLilath;fs;
3. nray;ghl;Lj; jil
4. ,ayhik
,ay;ghd epiyapypUe;J tpyfp clyhdJ gy;tifahd ,d;dy; fis
re;jpg;gij tpsf;FfpwJ. njhw;WNeha;> mtru rpfpr;ir k w;Wk; gpw Neha;fis
Fwpf;Fk;.FiwghL vd;gJ ekJ ,ay;ghd cly;epiyapy; Nrjk ; kw;Wk; jpBh;
khw;wj;ij Fwpf;Fk;. jPtpu Neha;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Fiwghlhf khWfpwJ. ,ayhik
vd;gJ cly; mstpNyh my;yJ kdjstpNyh Vw;gLk; jilia Fw pg;gjhFk;.
nraypog;G khjphpahdJ jdpkdpjDf;Fk; rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; ,i lNa cs;s
,iltpidia vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. NkYk; ehfpapd;; khjphpahdJ jdpegh; kw;Wk;
r%f xj;Jiog;G %yk; jdpeghpd; jPtpu Nehia Kw;wpYkhf mopf;ff;$Lk;.
njhz;L epWtdj;jpd; Nkyhsh;fSk; gzpGhpgth;fSk; mth; fs; ngWk;
epjpTjtpfis rhptu gad;gLj;jp tho;f;if juk; cau topt if nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,ayhNjhhplk; ,uf;fk; fhl;Ltij fhl;bYk; mth;fs; rKjh aj;jpy; gpw
Fbkfd;fSf;F epfuhf fUJtNj rpwe;jJ.
V) ehfpapd) ehfpapd) ehfpapd) ehfpapd; nraypog;G khjphp:; nraypog;G khjphp:; nraypog;G khjphp:; nraypog;G khjphp:
,k;khjphpahdJ r%fthjp ‘ehfp| vd;gtuhy; ,ayhNjhiug; gw;wp gbf;f 1960-y;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ehd;F mbg;gil epfo;Tfis nfhz;lJ. mitahtd
1. jPtpu Neha;
2. FiwghLilath;fs;
3. nray;ghl;Lj; jil
4. ,ayhik
,ay;ghd epiyapypUe;J tpyfp clyhdJ gy;tifahd ,d;dy; fis
re;jpg;gij tpsf;FfpwJ. njhw;WNeha;> mtru rpfpr;ir k w;Wk; gpw Neha;fis
Fwpf;Fk;.FiwghL vd;gJ ekJ ,ay;ghd cly;epiyapy; Nrjk ; kw;Wk; jpBh;
khw;wj;ij Fwpf;Fk;. jPtpu Neha;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Fiwghlhf khWfpwJ. ,ayhik
vd;gJ cly; mstpNyh my;yJ kdjstpNyh Vw;gLk; jilia Fw pg;gjhFk;.
nraypog;G khjphpahdJ jdpkdpjDf;Fk; rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; ,i lNa cs;s
,iltpidia vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. NkYk; ehfpapd;; khjphpahdJ jdpegh; kw;Wk;
r%f xj;Jiog;G %yk; jdpeghpd; jPtpu Nehia Kw;wpYkhf mopf;ff;$Lk;.
30
VI) ,ayhik nrayhf;f Kiw:) ,ayhik nrayhf;f Kiw:) ,ayhik nrayhf;f Kiw:) ,ayhik nrayhf;f Kiw:
,ayhikapy;> ,ayhik nrayhf;f Kiw vd;gJ kdpj Kd;Ndw;w khjphpapd;
xU mq;fkhFk;. ,J jdpg;gl;l fhuzpfSf;Fk;> R+o;epiy f huzpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa
cs;s r%f <Lghl;bid ikaf;;; fUj;jhf nfhz;lJ. R+o;epiy fhuzpfs; vd;gJ xU
jilahf jdpeghpd; tho;tpy;; mikfpwJ. ,f;fhuzpfs; rpy rkak; r%f <Lghl;bid
Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;> kWGwk; ,ayhikia Vw;gLj;Jk;.
KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:
,ayhikf;fhd khjphpfs; vd;gJ ,ayhikAila kf;fspd; Nj itia G+h;j;jp
nra;a murhq;fj;jhYk;> rKjhaj;jhYk; tbtikf;fg;gl;l cj;jpfis nfhz;L
FiwghLfis tiuaWf;Fk; fUtpfshf jpfo;fpwJ. ,k;khjphpf s; ep[ cyf
gpur;rpidfis gpujpgypg;gjpy;iy vd;Wk;> FWfpa rpe;jidia Cf;Ftpg;gjhfTk;>
jFe;j topfhl;Ljy; mspg;gjpy;iy vd;w fUj;Jk; gutyhf fhzg;gLfpwJ vdpDk;
mit ,ayhikAila kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis Ghpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fsrpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fsrpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fsrpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;;;;: :::
1. fw;wy; ,ayhikf;fhd kUj;Jt khjphpia RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff .
2. VNjDk; ,uz;L fw;wy; ,ayhikf;fhd khjphpfspd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis tpsf;Ff.
3. fw;wy; ,ayhikf;fhd njhz;L khjphpia tpsf;Ff.
4. fw;wy; ,ayhikf;fhd khjphpfs; vd;why; vd;d? fw;wy; , ayhikf;fhd
tiffis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
5. ehfpapd; fw;wy; ,ayhik khjphpapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis vOJf.
VI) ,ayhik nrayhf;f Kiw:) ,ayhik nrayhf;f Kiw:) ,ayhik nrayhf;f Kiw:) ,ayhik nrayhf;f Kiw:
,ayhikapy;> ,ayhik nrayhf;f Kiw vd;gJ kdpj Kd;Ndw;w khjphpapd;
xU mq;fkhFk;. ,J jdpg;gl;l fhuzpfSf;Fk;> R+o;epiy f huzpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa
cs;s r%f <Lghl;bid ikaf;;; fUj;jhf nfhz;lJ. R+o;epiy fhuzpfs; vd;gJ xU
jilahf jdpeghpd; tho;tpy;; mikfpwJ. ,f;fhuzpfs; rpy rkak; r%f <Lghl;bid
Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;> kWGwk; ,ayhikia Vw;gLj;Jk;.
KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:
,ayhikf;fhd khjphpfs; vd;gJ ,ayhikAila kf;fspd; Nj itia G+h;j;jp
nra;a murhq;fj;jhYk;> rKjhaj;jhYk; tbtikf;fg;gl;l cj;jpfis nfhz;L
FiwghLfis tiuaWf;Fk; fUtpfshf jpfo;fpwJ. ,k;khjphpf s; ep[ cyf
gpur;rpidfis gpujpgypg;gjpy;iy vd;Wk;> FWfpa rpe;jidia Cf;Ftpg;gjhfTk;>
jFe;j topfhl;Ljy; mspg;gjpy;iy vd;w fUj;Jk; gutyhf fhzg;gLfpwJ vdpDk;
mit ,ayhikAila kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis Ghpe;J nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fsrpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fsrpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fsrpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;;;;: :::
1. fw;wy; ,ayhikf;fhd kUj;Jt khjphpia RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff .
2. VNjDk; ,uz;L fw;wy; ,ayhikf;fhd khjphpfspd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis tpsf;Ff.
3. fw;wy; ,ayhikf;fhd njhz;L khjphpia tpsf;Ff.
4. fw;wy; ,ayhikf;fhd khjphpfs; vd;why; vd;d? fw;wy; , ayhikf;fhd
tiffis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
5. ehfpapd; fw;wy; ,ayhik khjphpapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis vOJf.
31
myFmyFmyFmyF–4 : cs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tp
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;
,g;ghlk; KbTWk; jUthapy;> fw;Nghu;
1. cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia gw;wpa mwpit ngWtu;
2. cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia gw;wpa jilfis milahsk; fhz;gu;
3. midtUf;Fk; fy;tp> fyg;Gjpwd; FOf;;fs; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jypd; top kw;Wk;
topKiwfis Muha;tu;.
Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu
cs;slq;fpa fy;tp vd;gJ rpwg;G fy;tprhu; Njit cila khztu;fSf;F
fy;tp mspf;Fk; mZFKiwahFk;. cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd;fPo ; CdKw;w my;yhj
khztu;fs; rpwg;G NjitAila khztu;fSld; mjpf Neuk; n ryt;pLfpd;wdu;.
FiwghLfs; kw;Wk; FiwghL my;yhj khztu;fis gpupg;gjw; fhf rpwg;G gs;sp
kw;Wk; tFg;giw gad;fis cs;slq;fpa fy;tp epuhfupf;fpwJ.
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; nghUs;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; nghUs;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; nghUs;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; nghUs;
gs;spfs; ngUk;ghYk; mbf;fb cs;slq;fpa fy;tp khjpup ia eLj;jukhd
rpwg;G NjitAila khztu;fSf;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. cs;sl q;fpa fy;tp
“nghJf; fy;tp”kw;Wk; “rpwg;G fy;tp” jpl;lj;ij gFg;gjpy;iy> mjw;F gjpyhf
gs;spfs; rPuikf;fg;gLfpwJ> mjdhy; midj;J khztu;fSk; xd;whf fw;fpd;wdu;.
midj;J fw;NghiuAk; cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; nray;Kiw mi kg;G tYg;gLj;Jk;
jpwDilaJ> ,J midtUf;Fk; fy;tp vDk; ,yf;if mila Kf;fp a je;jpukhf
cs;sJ vd;gij Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
UNESCO
UNESCO Tld; gy Kftu;fSk;> rpy ru;tNjr> Njr>muR my;yhj
mikg;Gfs;> cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia Njrpa mstpy; cUthf;Fk ; ,yf;if mila
Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. ghuhl;ljf;f tsu;r;rpfs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l>
eype;j kw;Wk; tpyf;fpa Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ,isq;Qu;fspd; Njitfs; njhlu;ghf>
jw;Nghija cj;jpfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis UNESCO mq;fPfupj;Js;sJ. vdNt
,j;jpl;lq;fs; gy;NtW xJf;fg;gl;l $l;lq;fspd; ,yf;if mile;Js;sd. rpwg;G
jpl;lq;fs;> rpwg;ghd epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rpwg;G fy;tpahsu;fs; Kf;fpakhf nray;gl;L
tUfpd;wdu;. rhj;jpakhd njhlu;fy;tp> my;yJ cUthFk; ghFghL gy;NtW Kf;fpa
NjitfSf;fhf gs;sp tho;f;if kw;Wk; gpd;du; taJ te;Nj hu; MFk;
epiyapy;>nghJthf r%fk; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu tho;f;ifapy; fy;tp tha;g;G epr;rakhf
fpilg;gjpy;iy.
myFmyFmyFmyF–4 : cs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tp
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;
,g;ghlk; KbTWk; jUthapy;> fw;Nghu;
1. cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia gw;wpa mwpit ngWtu;
2. cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia gw;wpa jilfis milahsk; fhz;gu;
3. midtUf;Fk; fy;tp> fyg;Gjpwd; FOf;;fs; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jypd; top kw;Wk;
topKiwfis Muha;tu;.
Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu
cs;slq;fpa fy;tp vd;gJ rpwg;G fy;tprhu; Njit cila khztu;fSf;F
fy;tp mspf;Fk; mZFKiwahFk;. cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd;fPo ; CdKw;w my;yhj
khztu;fs; rpwg;G NjitAila khztu;fSld; mjpf Neuk; n ryt;pLfpd;wdu;.
FiwghLfs; kw;Wk; FiwghL my;yhj khztu;fis gpupg;gjw; fhf rpwg;G gs;sp
kw;Wk; tFg;giw gad;fis cs;slq;fpa fy;tp epuhfupf;fpwJ.
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; nghUs;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; nghUs;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; nghUs;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; nghUs;
gs;spfs; ngUk;ghYk; mbf;fb cs;slq;fpa fy;tp khjpup ia eLj;jukhd
rpwg;G NjitAila khztu;fSf;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. cs;sl q;fpa fy;tp
“nghJf; fy;tp”kw;Wk; “rpwg;G fy;tp” jpl;lj;ij gFg;gjpy;iy> mjw;F gjpyhf
gs;spfs; rPuikf;fg;gLfpwJ> mjdhy; midj;J khztu;fSk; xd;whf fw;fpd;wdu;.
midj;J fw;NghiuAk; cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; nray;Kiw mi kg;G tYg;gLj;Jk;
jpwDilaJ> ,J midtUf;Fk; fy;tp vDk; ,yf;if mila Kf;fp a je;jpukhf
cs;sJ vd;gij Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
UNESCO
UNESCO Tld; gy Kftu;fSk;> rpy ru;tNjr> Njr>muR my;yhj
mikg;Gfs;> cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia Njrpa mstpy; cUthf;Fk ; ,yf;if mila
Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. ghuhl;ljf;f tsu;r;rpfs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l>
eype;j kw;Wk; tpyf;fpa Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; ,isq;Qu;fspd; Njitfs; njhlu;ghf>
jw;Nghija cj;jpfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis UNESCO mq;fPfupj;Js;sJ. vdNt
,j;jpl;lq;fs; gy;NtW xJf;fg;gl;l $l;lq;fspd; ,yf;if mile;Js;sd. rpwg;G
jpl;lq;fs;> rpwg;ghd epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rpwg;G fy;tpahsu;fs; Kf;fpakhf nray;gl;L
tUfpd;wdu;. rhj;jpakhd njhlu;fy;tp> my;yJ cUthFk; ghFghL gy;NtW Kf;fpa
NjitfSf;fhf gs;sp tho;f;if kw;Wk; gpd;du; taJ te;Nj hu; MFk;
epiyapy;>nghJthf r%fk; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu tho;f;ifapy; fy;tp tha;g;G epr;rakhf
fpilg;gjpy;iy.
32
tYthd Gupjy; kw;Wk; Mjuit cs;slq;fpa nfhs;iffSf;fh fTk; mjd;
jhf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; gs;sp mikg;GfSf;F Njrpa kw;Wk; cs ;Su; muRfs;> gs;spfs;
kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fSf;F UNESCO cjtpfs; toq;FfpwJ. Kd;ndr;rupf;ifNahL Njb
Ma;T kw;Wk; milahsk; fz;L xt;nthU khztDk; tpLglh ms tpy; cjtpfis
UNESCO toq;fp tUfpwJ. ,e;j Kaw;rpfspd; Nehf;fNk fy;tp nfh s;if kw;Wk;
gapw;rpapd; rpwe;j tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; jhf;fj;jpd; jukhd cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia
Cf;Ftpg;gNj MFk;.
midtUf;Fk; fy;tp (midtUf;Fk; fy;tp (midtUf;Fk; fy;tp (midtUf;Fk; fy;tp (EFA))))
midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ((((EFA) ) ) ) vd;gij mila ekJ Njrq;fs; rpwe;j
nfhs;iffisAk;;> jpl;lq;fisAk; nray;gLj;Jtjpy; Fwpg; gpl;l Kd;Ndw;wk;
fz;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;gpl;l FOf;fis mila Njrq;fs; Fwpg;gp l;l cj;jpfs;>
mZFKiwfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd ,yf;Ffis mila jPtpuk hf gpd;
;njhlu;fpd;wd> vd;whYk; Njrpa $l;lq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l Kd;Ndw;wj;ij fhl;lg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk; ,d;Dk; epiwa gpur;ridfs; cs;sd kw;W k; cldbahf
gpur;ridfs; fhzg;gl;L midtUf;Fk; fy;tp vd;gij 2020-,y; re;jpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Vo;ik kw;Wk; xLf;fg;gLjiy fy;tpapypUe;J tpyf;Ftjw;f hd ngupa fhuzkhf
mikfpwJ. vdNt Njr Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; gpd;dilT tuhky; ,Uf ;f jpwk;gl
midtUf;Fk; fy;tp vd;Dk; ,yf;if mila Ntz;Lk;.
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd jilfs;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd jilfs;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd jilfs;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd jilfs;
Fwpg;ghf kUj;Jt FiwghLfs; kl;Lkpd;wp r%fj;jhYk; kp fg;ngupa jilfs;
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;F Vw;gLk;. vjpu;kiwahd kdg;ghd;ikfs; NtWghLfs; kw;Wk;
NtWghLfs; cz;lhFk;> vdNt xJf;fg;gLjy;; fw;wYf;F jPt pu jilfis
cUthf;Fk;. vjpu;kiwahd kdg;ghd;ik r%f ghFghL> tpopg;Gzu;T ,d;ik kw;Wk;
ghuk;gupa ghuhgl;rj;ij cUthf;Fk;. CdKw;w Foe;ijfs; njhlu;ghf rpy
,lq;fspy; CdKw;w Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tp mspg;gJ tPzhdJ vd ;gij epWtg;gl;l
ek;gpf;ifahf itj;Js;sdu;. mbf;fb ,e;j gpur;ridfs; Foe;ijfspd; NtWghl;il
tpl fy;tp mikg;G FiwghLfshf cs;sJ.
cly;rhu;e;j jilfs;cly;rhu;e;j jilfs;cly;rhu;e;j jilfs;cly;rhu;e;j jilfs;
ngUk;ghyhd fw;wy; ikaq;fspy; cly; mstpy; mDfKbahj g y fw;Nghu;
cs;sdu;. Fwpg;ghf cly; CdKw;wtu;fs;> Vo;ikAilatu;fs ; Fwpg;ghf fpuhkg;Gw
gFjpapy; cs;stu;fs; fw;wy; epiyaq;fSf;F mbf;fb mZfKb ahj epiy
cs;sJ> fhuzk; fl;blq;fs; Nkhrkhf guhkupf;fg;gLfpwJ. mJ midj;J
fw;NghUf;Fk; ghJfhg;gw;w kw;Wk; Rfhjhukw;wjhf cs;sJ. gy gs;spfspy; rpwg;G
NjitAilatu;fSf;fhd nghUl;fis epug;ghky; gjpy; $Wfpd ;wdu; kw;Wk;
,r;r%fj;jpdufSf;F; cs;Su; MjuitAk; mspg;gjpy;iy. , jdhy; khztu;fs;
tYthd Gupjy; kw;Wk; Mjuit cs;slq;fpa nfhs;iffSf;fh fTk; mjd;
jhf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; gs;sp mikg;GfSf;F Njrpa kw;Wk; cs ;Su; muRfs;> gs;spfs;
kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fSf;F UNESCO cjtpfs; toq;FfpwJ. Kd;ndr;rupf;ifNahL Njb
Ma;T kw;Wk; milahsk; fz;L xt;nthU khztDk; tpLglh ms tpy; cjtpfis
UNESCO toq;fp tUfpwJ. ,e;j Kaw;rpfspd; Nehf;fNk fy;tp nfh s;if kw;Wk;
gapw;rpapd; rpwe;j tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; jhf;fj;jpd; jukhd cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia
Cf;Ftpg;gNj MFk;.
midtUf;Fk; fy;tp (midtUf;Fk; fy;tp (midtUf;Fk; fy;tp (midtUf;Fk; fy;tp (EFA))))
midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ((((EFA) ) ) ) vd;gij mila ekJ Njrq;fs; rpwe;j
nfhs;iffisAk;;> jpl;lq;fisAk; nray;gLj;Jtjpy; Fwpg; gpl;l Kd;Ndw;wk;
fz;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;gpl;l FOf;fis mila Njrq;fs; Fwpg;gp l;l cj;jpfs;>
mZFKiwfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd ,yf;Ffis mila jPtpuk hf gpd;
;njhlu;fpd;wd> vd;whYk; Njrpa $l;lq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l Kd;Ndw;wj;ij fhl;lg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk; ,d;Dk; epiwa gpur;ridfs; cs;sd kw;W k; cldbahf
gpur;ridfs; fhzg;gl;L midtUf;Fk; fy;tp vd;gij 2020-,y; re;jpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Vo;ik kw;Wk; xLf;fg;gLjiy fy;tpapypUe;J tpyf;Ftjw;f hd ngupa fhuzkhf
mikfpwJ. vdNt Njr Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; gpd;dilT tuhky; ,Uf ;f jpwk;gl
midtUf;Fk; fy;tp vd;Dk; ,yf;if mila Ntz;Lk;.
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd jilfs;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd jilfs;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd jilfs;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd jilfs;
Fwpg;ghf kUj;Jt FiwghLfs; kl;Lkpd;wp r%fj;jhYk; kp fg;ngupa jilfs;
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;F Vw;gLk;. vjpu;kiwahd kdg;ghd;ikfs; NtWghLfs; kw;Wk;
NtWghLfs; cz;lhFk;> vdNt xJf;fg;gLjy;; fw;wYf;F jPt pu jilfis
cUthf;Fk;. vjpu;kiwahd kdg;ghd;ik r%f ghFghL> tpopg;Gzu;T ,d;ik kw;Wk;
ghuk;gupa ghuhgl;rj;ij cUthf;Fk;. CdKw;w Foe;ijfs; njhlu;ghf rpy
,lq;fspy; CdKw;w Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tp mspg;gJ tPzhdJ vd ;gij epWtg;gl;l
ek;gpf;ifahf itj;Js;sdu;. mbf;fb ,e;j gpur;ridfs; Foe;ijfspd; NtWghl;il
tpl fy;tp mikg;G FiwghLfshf cs;sJ.
cly;rhu;e;j jilfs;cly;rhu;e;j jilfs;cly;rhu;e;j jilfs;cly;rhu;e;j jilfs;
ngUk;ghyhd fw;wy; ikaq;fspy; cly; mstpy; mDfKbahj g y fw;Nghu;
cs;sdu;. Fwpg;ghf cly; CdKw;wtu;fs;> Vo;ikAilatu;fs ; Fwpg;ghf fpuhkg;Gw
gFjpapy; cs;stu;fs; fw;wy; epiyaq;fSf;F mbf;fb mZfKb ahj epiy
cs;sJ> fhuzk; fl;blq;fs; Nkhrkhf guhkupf;fg;gLfpwJ. mJ midj;J
fw;NghUf;Fk; ghJfhg;gw;w kw;Wk; Rfhjhukw;wjhf cs;sJ. gy gs;spfspy; rpwg;G
NjitAilatu;fSf;fhd nghUl;fis epug;ghky; gjpy; $Wfpd ;wdu; kw;Wk;
,r;r%fj;jpdufSf;F; cs;Su; MjuitAk; mspg;gjpy;iy. , jdhy; khztu;fs;
33
cly; mstpy; klLk; gs;spf;Fs; Eiofpd;wdu; vd;fpd;w n gupa gpur;rid
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;
ve;jf; fy;tp mikg;ghapUe;jhYk;> ghlj;jpl;lk; xU Kf;fpa jlq;fy; MfpwJ
my;yJ cs;slq;fpa fy;tp mikg;ig tsu;g;gij vspjhf;Fk; fUtpahf cs;sJ.
gue;j vy;iyapy; cs;s gy;NtW khztu;fspd; Njitfis re; jpf;f ekJ
ghlj;jpl;lk; mbf;fb jtWfpwJ. gy #oy;fspy; ghlj;jpl;lk; jplkhf kw;Wk; ika
tbtikj;jYld; ,Ue;jhYk;> rpwpJ cs;Su; jfty;fSf;F my; yJ Mrpupau;fspd;
Nrhjidf;F kw;Wk; Gjpa mZFKiwfspd; Kaw;rpfSf;F rpwpJ n efpo;e;J tpLfpwJ.
Mrpupau;fs;Mrpupau;fs;Mrpupau;fs;Mrpupau;fs;
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapy; Mrpupau;fspd; jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; kdg;ghd;ik ngupa
tuk;Gfshf mikfpwJ. vy;yh epiyfspYk; Mrpupau;fSf;F mbf;fb Nghjpa gapw;rp
mspg;gjpy;iy. gapw;rp ,Ug;gpDk;> xUq;fpidf;fg;glhj> Nghjpa msT ,y;yhj
epiy MfpwJ. rpwg;G NjitAila khztu;fspilNa Mrpupau; fSf;F Neu;kiwahd
kdg;ghd;ik ,y;yhtpby;> mf;Foe;ijfs; jpUg;jpahd fy;tpia miltJ rhj;jpak;
MfhJ.
nkhop kw;Wk; njhlu;Gnkhop kw;Wk; njhlu;Gnkhop kw;Wk; njhlu;Gnkhop kw;Wk; njhlu;G
vg;NghJk; fw;wy; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; khztu;fSf;F nkh opapd; %ykhf
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ> rpy khztu;fSf;F mJ jha;nkhop my;yhk Yk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
,e;epiyapy; cs;s khztu;fs; rpy mZ$ykw;w kw;Wk; Fwpg ;gpljf;f nkhopapy;
rpukq;fspdhy; fw;wy; KwpT Vw;gl gq;fspf;fpwJ. ,uz;lhk; nkhop fw;Nghu; Fwpg;ghf
Fiwe;j vjpu;ghu;g;G kw;Wk; ghFghLila epiyf;F Mshfpd;wdu;.
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapy; cs;s jilfspypUe;J kPz;L tUjy;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapy; cs;s jilfspypUe;J kPz;L tUjy;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapy; cs;s jilfspypUe;J kPz;L tUjy;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapy; cs;s jilfspypUe;J kPz;L tUjy;
mjpf cs;slq;fpa mikg;G cUthtjw;F> kdg;ghd;ikAs;s Gj pa
mDFKiw Njit. gs;sp mikg;gpy; rpwg;G NjitAila khztu ;fis
rhjhuzkhf mikg;gJ mu;j;jKs;s cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;F to ptif nra;ahJ.
gpur;ridfis Foe;ijfis NtWgLj;JtjpypUe;J milahsk; fh z tuNtw;f;f
glhj gs;spfSld; Nru;e;J khw;wk; nfhz;L tu ftdk; Nji t. gq;Fjhuu;fspd;
kdg;ghd;ikia KjyhtJ khw;w Ntz;Lnkd;why; ,jd; nghUl;L gs;sp
mikg;Gfis khw;w Ntz;Lk;. gq;Fjhuu;fspd; kdg;ghd;ikia Nkk;gLj;j> midj;J
khztu;fSf;Fk; cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; tpopg;Gzu;it tsu;f;fTk; mjd; rhj;jpakhd
ed;ikfisAk; njuptpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
cly; mstpy; klLk; gs;spf;Fs; Eiofpd;wdu; vd;fpd;w n gupa gpur;rid
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;
ve;jf; fy;tp mikg;ghapUe;jhYk;> ghlj;jpl;lk; xU Kf;fpa jlq;fy; MfpwJ
my;yJ cs;slq;fpa fy;tp mikg;ig tsu;g;gij vspjhf;Fk; fUtpahf cs;sJ.
gue;j vy;iyapy; cs;s gy;NtW khztu;fspd; Njitfis re; jpf;f ekJ
ghlj;jpl;lk; mbf;fb jtWfpwJ. gy #oy;fspy; ghlj;jpl;lk; jplkhf kw;Wk; ika
tbtikj;jYld; ,Ue;jhYk;> rpwpJ cs;Su; jfty;fSf;F my; yJ Mrpupau;fspd;
Nrhjidf;F kw;Wk; Gjpa mZFKiwfspd; Kaw;rpfSf;F rpwpJ n efpo;e;J tpLfpwJ.
Mrpupau;fs;Mrpupau;fs;Mrpupau;fs;Mrpupau;fs;
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapy; Mrpupau;fspd; jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; kdg;ghd;ik ngupa
tuk;Gfshf mikfpwJ. vy;yh epiyfspYk; Mrpupau;fSf;F mbf;fb Nghjpa gapw;rp
mspg;gjpy;iy. gapw;rp ,Ug;gpDk;> xUq;fpidf;fg;glhj> Nghjpa msT ,y;yhj
epiy MfpwJ. rpwg;G NjitAila khztu;fspilNa Mrpupau; fSf;F Neu;kiwahd
kdg;ghd;ik ,y;yhtpby;> mf;Foe;ijfs; jpUg;jpahd fy;tpia miltJ rhj;jpak;
MfhJ.
nkhop kw;Wk; njhlu;Gnkhop kw;Wk; njhlu;Gnkhop kw;Wk; njhlu;Gnkhop kw;Wk; njhlu;G
vg;NghJk; fw;wy; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; khztu;fSf;F nkh opapd; %ykhf
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ> rpy khztu;fSf;F mJ jha;nkhop my;yhk Yk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
,e;epiyapy; cs;s khztu;fs; rpy mZ$ykw;w kw;Wk; Fwpg ;gpljf;f nkhopapy;
rpukq;fspdhy; fw;wy; KwpT Vw;gl gq;fspf;fpwJ. ,uz;lhk; nkhop fw;Nghu; Fwpg;ghf
Fiwe;j vjpu;ghu;g;G kw;Wk; ghFghLila epiyf;F Mshfpd;wdu;.
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapy; cs;s jilfspypUe;J kPz;L tUjy;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapy; cs;s jilfspypUe;J kPz;L tUjy;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapy; cs;s jilfspypUe;J kPz;L tUjy;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapy; cs;s jilfspypUe;J kPz;L tUjy;
mjpf cs;slq;fpa mikg;G cUthtjw;F> kdg;ghd;ikAs;s Gj pa
mDFKiw Njit. gs;sp mikg;gpy; rpwg;G NjitAila khztu ;fis
rhjhuzkhf mikg;gJ mu;j;jKs;s cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;F to ptif nra;ahJ.
gpur;ridfis Foe;ijfis NtWgLj;JtjpypUe;J milahsk; fh z tuNtw;f;f
glhj gs;spfSld; Nru;e;J khw;wk; nfhz;L tu ftdk; Nji t. gq;Fjhuu;fspd;
kdg;ghd;ikia KjyhtJ khw;w Ntz;Lnkd;why; ,jd; nghUl;L gs;sp
mikg;Gfis khw;w Ntz;Lk;. gq;Fjhuu;fspd; kdg;ghd;ikia Nkk;gLj;j> midj;J
khztu;fSf;Fk; cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; tpopg;Gzu;it tsu;f;fTk; mjd; rhj;jpakhd
ed;ikfisAk; njuptpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
34
gapw;;rp Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; MjuTgapw;;rp Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; MjuTgapw;;rp Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; MjuTgapw;;rp Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; MjuT
Mrpupau;fs; rpwg;G NjitAila Foe;ijfSf;F Vw;wthW jq; fsJ
kdg;ghd;ikia khw;wpf; nfhs;s mtu;fSf;F gapw;rp Njit > ,jDld; kjpg;gPL
kw;Wk; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; kWgapw;rp Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ve;j Mrpupau;fs>; ,Uf;Fk;
Vw;ghLfis tpag;ghf toq;f ,aytpy;iyNah mtu;fSf;F gap w;rp mspf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;> ,J GJikfis tuNtw;Fk; tha;ghf mikAk;. ,J N tWghl;bd; mjpf
Neu;ikahd ghu;itia Fwpf;Fk;.
cupa nghUl;fSld; Mrpupau;fSf;F Mjhuk; nfhLf;f Ntz;L k; fw;wy;
fw;gpj;jy; nghUl;fs; ,y;iynad;why; mJ fy;tpapd; juj;jpw;F ,ila+W mspf;Fk;.
Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; ghlk; kw;Wk; mwpit Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s> mtu;fspd; Ntiyf;F
tpjpKiwahd jfty; kw;Wk; gpz;zdp nghUl;fs; Njitg; gLf pwJ. cs; ehl;by;
cUthf;Fk; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nghUl;fs;> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nray;Kiw juj;ij
fzprkhf mjpfupf;Fk;.
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;jy;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;jy;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;jy;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;jy;
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; Njrpa nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; cj;jpf s>; Mjuthd
topfhl;Ljy;fspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; gug;Gjy;;; cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapy; mDjpd jdpahu;
kw;Wk; nghJg; gs;spfspd; gapw;rpia mjpfupj;jy;> ,it midj;Jk; cs;slq;fpa
fy;tpia tsu;g;gjw;Fk; nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mNef ehLfs; tYthd Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
cUthf;FfpwJ. jdpegNuh my;yJ FONth ahuhapUe;jhYk; c s;slq;fpa
mikg;gpd; ed;ikfs; midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; ghFghbd;wp fpilf;Fk;.
cs;slq;fpa fy;tp> nfhs;iffs;> ghlj;jpl;lk;> Mrpupau; gapw;rp> jpwd; tsu;r;rp
mspj;jy; ,it midj;jpd; kPJk; gpujpgspf;Fk;. cs;slq ;fpa fy;tpapd;
nfhs;ifaahdJ Foe;ijfSila fw;f;;Fk; Njitfspd; Nehf;f j;ij cilaJ.
Fwpg;ghf ahnuy;yhk; xJf;fg;gLjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fNsh mtu;fis tYg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. mjpf nefpo;thd tpjpfs; kw;Wk; Mrpupau; ga pw;rpfs;> gs;spfSf;Fk;
Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; Njit> ,jdhy; Foe;ijfs; ftdk; cila f w;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
kw;Wk; jdpegu; fw;wy; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; kjPg;gPLfs;/kjpg;gha;Tfs; ,it midj;Jk;
kj;jpa tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Nju;it ve;j Foe;ijnay;yhk;
gpd;gw;w ,aytpy;iyNah mtu;fSf;F cjTk; Mrpupau;fSf;F NghJkhd kw;Wk;
xUq;fpide;j gapw;rp toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;> ,jdhy; mtu;fs; jpUg;jpfukhd fy;tpia
mtu;fSila midj;J khztu;fSf;F toq;f KbAk;> vg;gbnay;y hk; tFg;giw
gapw;rp cUthf;FtJ> Foe;ijfSld; el;GWtJ> nefpo;Tjd;i kNahL ,Ug;gJ>
kw;Wk; ve;j jdpeguplKk; me;j ghFghbd;wp ,Uj;jy;> ,itahTk; Mrpupau;fSf;F
mspf;Fk; gapw;rpapd; %ykhf mikAk;. cs;slq;fpa fy;t papd; gapw;rpia
nray;gLj;j gs;spfSk;; Mrpupau;fSk; mtu;fsJ jpwd;fis tYg;gLj;j ntsp
MjuT jpul;Ljy; mtrpak;.
gapw;;rp Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; MjuTgapw;;rp Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; MjuTgapw;;rp Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; MjuTgapw;;rp Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; MjuT
Mrpupau;fs; rpwg;G NjitAila Foe;ijfSf;F Vw;wthW jq; fsJ
kdg;ghd;ikia khw;wpf; nfhs;s mtu;fSf;F gapw;rp Njit > ,jDld; kjpg;gPL
kw;Wk; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; kWgapw;rp Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ve;j Mrpupau;fs>; ,Uf;Fk;
Vw;ghLfis tpag;ghf toq;f ,aytpy;iyNah mtu;fSf;F gap w;rp mspf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;> ,J GJikfis tuNtw;Fk; tha;ghf mikAk;. ,J N tWghl;bd; mjpf
Neu;ikahd ghu;itia Fwpf;Fk;.
cupa nghUl;fSld; Mrpupau;fSf;F Mjhuk; nfhLf;f Ntz;L k; fw;wy;
fw;gpj;jy; nghUl;fs; ,y;iynad;why; mJ fy;tpapd; juj;jpw;F ,ila+W mspf;Fk;.
Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; ghlk; kw;Wk; mwpit Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s> mtu;fspd; Ntiyf;F
tpjpKiwahd jfty; kw;Wk; gpz;zdp nghUl;fs; Njitg; gLf pwJ. cs; ehl;by;
cUthf;Fk; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nghUl;fs;> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nray;Kiw juj;ij
fzprkhf mjpfupf;Fk;.
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;jy;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;jy;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;jy;cs;slq;fpa fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;jy;
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; Njrpa nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; cj;jpf s>; Mjuthd
topfhl;Ljy;fspd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; gug;Gjy;;; cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapy; mDjpd jdpahu;
kw;Wk; nghJg; gs;spfspd; gapw;rpia mjpfupj;jy;> ,it midj;Jk; cs;slq;fpa
fy;tpia tsu;g;gjw;Fk; nray;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mNef ehLfs; tYthd Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
cUthf;FfpwJ. jdpegNuh my;yJ FONth ahuhapUe;jhYk; c s;slq;fpa
mikg;gpd; ed;ikfs; midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; ghFghbd;wp fpilf;Fk;.
cs;slq;fpa fy;tp> nfhs;iffs;> ghlj;jpl;lk;> Mrpupau; gapw;rp> jpwd; tsu;r;rp
mspj;jy; ,it midj;jpd; kPJk; gpujpgspf;Fk;. cs;slq ;fpa fy;tpapd;
nfhs;ifaahdJ Foe;ijfSila fw;f;;Fk; Njitfspd; Nehf;f j;ij cilaJ.
Fwpg;ghf ahnuy;yhk; xJf;fg;gLjyhy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fNsh mtu;fis tYg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. mjpf nefpo;thd tpjpfs; kw;Wk; Mrpupau; ga pw;rpfs;> gs;spfSf;Fk;
Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; Njit> ,jdhy; Foe;ijfs; ftdk; cila f w;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
kw;Wk; jdpegu; fw;wy; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; kjPg;gPLfs;/kjpg;gha;Tfs; ,it midj;Jk;
kj;jpa tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Nju;it ve;j Foe;ijnay;yhk;
gpd;gw;w ,aytpy;iyNah mtu;fSf;F cjTk; Mrpupau;fSf;F NghJkhd kw;Wk;
xUq;fpide;j gapw;rp toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;> ,jdhy; mtu;fs; jpUg;jpfukhd fy;tpia
mtu;fSila midj;J khztu;fSf;F toq;f KbAk;> vg;gbnay;y hk; tFg;giw
gapw;rp cUthf;FtJ> Foe;ijfSld; el;GWtJ> nefpo;Tjd;i kNahL ,Ug;gJ>
kw;Wk; ve;j jdpeguplKk; me;j ghFghbd;wp ,Uj;jy;> ,itahTk; Mrpupau;fSf;F
mspf;Fk; gapw;rpapd; %ykhf mikAk;. cs;slq;fpa fy;t papd; gapw;rpia
nray;gLj;j gs;spfSk;; Mrpupau;fSk; mtu;fsJ jpwd;fis tYg;gLj;j ntsp
MjuT jpul;Ljy; mtrpak;.
35
midj;J jpwd;fisAk; FOf;fspd; %ykhf fw;gpj;jy;midj;J jpwd;fisAk; FOf;fspd; %ykhf fw;gpj;jy;midj;J jpwd;fisAk; FOf;fspd; %ykhf fw;gpj;jy;midj;J jpwd;fisAk; FOf;fspd; %ykhf fw;gpj;jy;
nghJthf midj;J taJ FOf;fSk; khzt rKjhaj;jpd; tsu;r; rpf;F
ngupjstpy; gq;fspf;fpd;wd. Foe;ijfs; mtu;fs; tajpw;fhd vjpu;ghu;j;j elj;ij
njhlu;G kw;Wk; NtWghLfspd; tpopg;Gzu;it ngw;Ws;sdu; vd;gij Ma;T
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. midj;J FOf;fspy; cs;s khztu;fs; n tt;NtW vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs;
kw;Wk; ntt;NtW gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. gioa khztu;fs; mj pf Kjpu;r;rp kw;Wk;
mZgtq;fis czu;e;J> ,s khztu;fSf;F gapw;rp kw;Wk; gh Jfhg;ig mspf;Fk;
gq;F tfpf;fpd;wdu;. ,s khztu;fSf;F ,k; khztu;fs; x U topfhl;bahf gq;F
tfpg;gjpy; Mu;tKld; ,Ug;gu;> cldpUg;gtu;fSf;F FOthf xj;Jiog;gu;> vdpDk;
Mf;fpukpg;G kw;Wk; Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ik xj;Jiog;ig tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;f rhj;jpak;
cs;sJ. kw;wtu;fs; xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; ciuahly;fis cz; L gz;Zfpwij
mjpfkhf Foe;ijfSk; ntt;NtW tajpdUk; nfhz;ldu;. gio a Njhou;fis
ghu;j;J rhjhuzkhf elj;ijia kl;Lk; gpd;gw;whky;> ,s Njhou;fs; mtu;fshy;
Cf;fg;gLj;jp kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; elj;ij khjpupfis mwpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. mNj
rkak; gioa khztu;fs; topfhl;baha; ,Ug;gjhy; mwpthw; wy; kpFe;jtu;fshf>
FoptpidilNa Mo;e;j GupjYila mwpit gupkhwpf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
xUq;fpize;j fy;tp> cs;slf;Fk; fy;tp> rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf;fhd NtWghLfs;xUq;fpize;j fy;tp> cs;slf;Fk; fy;tp> rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf;fhd NtWghLfs;xUq;fpize;j fy;tp> cs;slf;Fk; fy;tp> rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf;fhd NtWghLfs;xUq;fpize;j fy;tp> cs;slf;Fk; fy;tp> rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf;fhd NtWghLfs;
t.vz;t.vz;t.vz;t.vz; xUq;fpize;j fy;tpxUq;fpize;j fy;tpxUq;fpize;j fy;tpxUq;fpize;j fy;tp cs;slf;Fk; fy;tpcs;slf;Fk; fy;tpcs;slf;Fk; fy;tpcs;slf;Fk; fy;tp rpwg;Gf; fy;tprpwg;Gf; fy;tprpwg;Gf; fy;tprpwg;Gf; fy;tp
1. rpwg;G khzu;fSf;fhd
Njitfs;
midj;J khztu;fSf;fhd
cupikfs;
jdpegu; NtWghLfspd;
rpwg;G Njit
2. khWghL / ghlkPl;G gs;spia khw;wy; gs;spfspy; fw;wypy;
rthy;fs;
3. rpwg;G Njitfs; %yk;
khztu;fSf;F gad;fs;
midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk;
gad;fs;
$Ljy; fy;tp Nritfspd;
gad;fs;
4. gzpahsu;> rpwg;G
epGzj;Jtk;> Kiw
rhu;e;j MjuT
Kiwrhuh MjuT kw;Wk;
Kf;fpa Mrpupau;fSf;fhd
rpwg;gwpT jd;ik
Mrpupau;fs; fw;gpj;jypy;
ntt;Ntwhd
mZFKiwfs;
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd Mrpupau;fspd; tsu;rcs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd Mrpupau;fspd; tsu;rcs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd Mrpupau;fspd; tsu;rcs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd Mrpupau;fspd; tsu;r;rp;rp;rp;rp
midj;J Mrpupau;fSf;Fk>; cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; jpl;lk; Gjpa Nfhupf;iffs;
kw;Wk; rthy;fis nfhz;L tUfpwJ. rpwg;G fy;tp Njit k w;Wk; Njitay;yhj
midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; gs;spfspy; ,lkspf;f vjpu;ghu;f ;fpd;wd> kw;Wk;
jFjpAilatu;fshf czu Mrpupau;fs; midj;J khzt fw;wypY k; jpwd; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
midj;J jpwd;fisAk; FOf;fspd; %ykhf fw;gpj;jy;midj;J jpwd;fisAk; FOf;fspd; %ykhf fw;gpj;jy;midj;J jpwd;fisAk; FOf;fspd; %ykhf fw;gpj;jy;midj;J jpwd;fisAk; FOf;fspd; %ykhf fw;gpj;jy;
nghJthf midj;J taJ FOf;fSk; khzt rKjhaj;jpd; tsu;r; rpf;F
ngupjstpy; gq;fspf;fpd;wd. Foe;ijfs; mtu;fs; tajpw;fhd vjpu;ghu;j;j elj;ij
njhlu;G kw;Wk; NtWghLfspd; tpopg;Gzu;it ngw;Ws;sdu; vd;gij Ma;T
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. midj;J FOf;fspy; cs;s khztu;fs; n tt;NtW vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs;
kw;Wk; ntt;NtW gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd. gioa khztu;fs; mj pf Kjpu;r;rp kw;Wk;
mZgtq;fis czu;e;J> ,s khztu;fSf;F gapw;rp kw;Wk; gh Jfhg;ig mspf;Fk;
gq;F tfpf;fpd;wdu;. ,s khztu;fSf;F ,k; khztu;fs; x U topfhl;bahf gq;F
tfpg;gjpy; Mu;tKld; ,Ug;gu;> cldpUg;gtu;fSf;F FOthf xj;Jiog;gu;> vdpDk;
Mf;fpukpg;G kw;Wk; Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ik xj;Jiog;ig tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;f rhj;jpak;
cs;sJ. kw;wtu;fs; xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; ciuahly;fis cz; L gz;Zfpwij
mjpfkhf Foe;ijfSk; ntt;NtW tajpdUk; nfhz;ldu;. gio a Njhou;fis
ghu;j;J rhjhuzkhf elj;ijia kl;Lk; gpd;gw;whky;> ,s Njhou;fs; mtu;fshy;
Cf;fg;gLj;jp kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; elj;ij khjpupfis mwpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. mNj
rkak; gioa khztu;fs; topfhl;baha; ,Ug;gjhy; mwpthw; wy; kpFe;jtu;fshf>
FoptpidilNa Mo;e;j GupjYila mwpit gupkhwpf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
xUq;fpize;j fy;tp> cs;slf;Fk; fy;tp> rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf;fhd NtWghLfs;xUq;fpize;j fy;tp> cs;slf;Fk; fy;tp> rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf;fhd NtWghLfs;xUq;fpize;j fy;tp> cs;slf;Fk; fy;tp> rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf;fhd NtWghLfs;xUq;fpize;j fy;tp> cs;slf;Fk; fy;tp> rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf;fhd NtWghLfs;
t.vz;t.vz;t.vz;t.vz; xUq;fpize;j fy;tpxUq;fpize;j fy;tpxUq;fpize;j fy;tpxUq;fpize;j fy;tp cs;slf;Fk; fy;tpcs;slf;Fk; fy;tpcs;slf;Fk; fy;tpcs;slf;Fk; fy;tp rpwg;Gf; fy;tprpwg;Gf; fy;tprpwg;Gf; fy;tprpwg;Gf; fy;tp
1. rpwg;G khzu;fSf;fhd
Njitfs;
midj;J khztu;fSf;fhd
cupikfs;
jdpegu; NtWghLfspd;
rpwg;G Njit
2. khWghL / ghlkPl;G gs;spia khw;wy; gs;spfspy; fw;wypy;
rthy;fs;
3. rpwg;G Njitfs; %yk;
khztu;fSf;F gad;fs;
midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk;
gad;fs;
$Ljy; fy;tp Nritfspd;
gad;fs;
4. gzpahsu;> rpwg;G
epGzj;Jtk;> Kiw
rhu;e;j MjuT
Kiwrhuh MjuT kw;Wk;
Kf;fpa Mrpupau;fSf;fhd
rpwg;gwpT jd;ik
Mrpupau;fs; fw;gpj;jypy;
ntt;Ntwhd
mZFKiwfs;
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd Mrpupau;fspd; tsu;rcs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd Mrpupau;fspd; tsu;rcs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd Mrpupau;fspd; tsu;rcs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;fhd Mrpupau;fspd; tsu;r;rp;rp;rp;rp
midj;J Mrpupau;fSf;Fk>; cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; jpl;lk; Gjpa Nfhupf;iffs;
kw;Wk; rthy;fis nfhz;L tUfpwJ. rpwg;G fy;tp Njit k w;Wk; Njitay;yhj
midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; gs;spfspy; ,lkspf;f vjpu;ghu;f ;fpd;wd> kw;Wk;
jFjpAilatu;fshf czu Mrpupau;fs; midj;J khzt fw;wypY k; jpwd; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
36
Neu;kiwahd kdg;ghd;ikfs>; Mrpupau;fspd;; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk;
jFjpAilatu;fshf czu Mrpupau;fSf;F mDgtk; xU Kf;fpa f huzpahf
cjTfpwJ> jtpu rpwg;G NjitAila khztu;fSf;fpilNa> Mrp upau;fs;
Neu;kiwahd kdg;ghd;ikfis tsu;g;gjw;F “mwpT”>“mDgtk;” xU Kf;fpa
fhuzpahf mike;Js;sJ. mjhtJ Mrpupau;fs; cs;slf;fpa nfhs;iff;fhf
fUj;jpay; mu;gzpg;ig mbg;gilahf nfhz;L rpwg;G NjitA ila khztu;fspd;
fw;wYf;fhf toptFf;fpd;wdu;.
KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;F Vw;g Mrpupau;fspd; jpwd; tsu;r;rp %yk; gy;NtW
khztu;fspd; fw;wiy vspjhf;f KbAk; kw;Wk; gs;spia fy;tpapd; Rw;W #oYf;F
Vw;wthW Kd;Ndw;w KbAk;> ,jdhy; xt;nthU jdp egiuAk; fz f;fpy; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;. Mrpupau;fspd; khw;wk;> jq;fsJ nrhe;jg; gapw;rp kw;Wk; gs;sp mikg;G
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapy; jpwDs;s Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; tpisthFk;.
rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fsrpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fsrpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fsrpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;;;;
1. cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; jhf;fj;ij Ma;f.
2. cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; jilfs; kw;Wk; mij vg;gb Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ
gw;wp Ma;f.
3. fyg;G jpwd; FOf;fspd; fw;gpj;jy; - tpthjpf;f
4. xUq;fpize;j fy;tp> cs;slf;Fk; fy;tp> rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf;fhd NtWghLfis
Fwpg;gpLf.
Neu;kiwahd kdg;ghd;ikfs>; Mrpupau;fspd;; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk;
jFjpAilatu;fshf czu Mrpupau;fSf;F mDgtk; xU Kf;fpa f huzpahf
cjTfpwJ> jtpu rpwg;G NjitAila khztu;fSf;fpilNa> Mrp upau;fs;
Neu;kiwahd kdg;ghd;ikfis tsu;g;gjw;F “mwpT”>“mDgtk;” xU Kf;fpa
fhuzpahf mike;Js;sJ. mjhtJ Mrpupau;fs; cs;slf;fpa nfhs;iff;fhf
fUj;jpay; mu;gzpg;ig mbg;gilahf nfhz;L rpwg;G NjitA ila khztu;fspd;
fw;wYf;fhf toptFf;fpd;wdu;.
KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpf;F Vw;g Mrpupau;fspd; jpwd; tsu;r;rp %yk; gy;NtW
khztu;fspd; fw;wiy vspjhf;f KbAk; kw;Wk; gs;spia fy;tpapd; Rw;W #oYf;F
Vw;wthW Kd;Ndw;w KbAk;> ,jdhy; xt;nthU jdp egiuAk; fz f;fpy; vLj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;. Mrpupau;fspd; khw;wk;> jq;fsJ nrhe;jg; gapw;rp kw;Wk; gs;sp mikg;G
cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapy; jpwDs;s Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; tpisthFk;.
rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fsrpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fsrpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fsrpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fs;;;;
1. cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; jhf;fj;ij Ma;f.
2. cs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; jilfs; kw;Wk; mij vg;gb Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ
gw;wp Ma;f.
3. fyg;G jpwd; FOf;fspd; fw;gpj;jy; - tpthjpf;f
4. xUq;fpize;j fy;tp> cs;slf;Fk; fy;tp> rpwg;Gf; fy;tpf;fhd NtWghLfis
Fwpg;gpLf.
37
myF myF myF myF ----5 5 5 5 cs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lq;fSk;q;fSk;q;fSk;q;fSk;
ேநாக்கங்கள்ேநாக்கங்கள்ேநாக்கங்கள்ேநாக்கங்கள்
1. du(n3cti(3nCv((nCelCseCdnCn)(C-t(uCc4CS)C)oC(
nryC aoC(nraCh(vncg3S(C(MeC . 2. x2CSt3cuCdnCnauC gs(uCci(3nCv((nCelCseC2r(ACmC
5(vnm2CSaC a3eC6
!ன்"ைர!ன்"ைர!ன்"ைர!ன்"ைர
x2CSt3cuCanCnr(C. 25 %ல்&யன் $ழந்ைதகள்உள்ளனர் ,
xg7C(nruCau7Cgsve , பா&னம், இயலாைம , m3S,
e4eC a3yC l(37fr(n3uCp7oC()C)aCaD-l37C(nC .மதம்,
*வாசம் , பா&னம்,
xyeCelCseCSlve9-tglCTuC gsa3D(nCia0eCa3ReCimuCg
4CB(C.eC gsa3)C0lC.eC9437e3(xuCu3euC1mC8s4C4u3((C(3
faCaD-yC ly .சலாமன் கால்ஸ் ேபஸ் ேதேவஸ் கல்3ன் 1994
9eC9fC Ddu(e323)C0uCx02CBdnCn)(C-t(uCc(C(3yV(C-t
947g3yB4yCg0e3sg/5s4CS(C6TtB : பள்ளிகள்,
அவர்களின் உடல் , h4CS7c , ச8க, df7CmC5,
ெமா93யல்அல்ல/4றநிபந்தைனக:டன் ெபா-ட்ப)த்தாமல்அ
ைனத்/$ழந்ைதக:க்$ம்இடமளிக்கேவண் )ம் . 2000
eC9fC D;aC7uCe34eC4(C(37Cdu((uCc17oC-uC ,
(uCc(lC.eCSlyC(vn(C(g0eCc44CSuCa3S(C(aCa)(C60t(lCl
/yC 4vg(vnaC<7C4CSimtCt gfC 0t1gm72rvu1g5te3(
இ-ந்த/ -
"V(C-tmg3uC1vyg0(C.eC(uCc(C(3ya72C4a37Cvg 45t17
m3oC(elCseC2rS2rsgyi(3nCv((nruC47Sa/(C.eCdnCn)oC-
யக-த்/.அைனவ-க்$ம்கல் , ஏைழகளின் ேதைவகைள5ம் ,
myF myF myF myF ----5 5 5 5 cs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpcs;slq;fpa fy;tpapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lapd; nfhs;iffSk;> jpl;lq;fSk;q;fSk;q;fSk;q;fSk;
ேநாக்கங்கள்ேநாக்கங்கள்ேநாக்கங்கள்ேநாக்கங்கள்
1. du(n3cti(3nCv((nCelCseCdnCn)(C-t(uCc4CS)C)oC(
nryC aoC(nraCh(vncg3S(C(MeC . 2. x2CSt3cuCdnCnauC gs(uCci(3nCv((nCelCseC2r(ACmC
5(vnm2CSaC a3eC6
!ன்"ைர!ன்"ைர!ன்"ைர!ன்"ைர
x2CSt3cuCanCnr(C. 25 %ல்&யன் $ழந்ைதகள்உள்ளனர் ,
xg7C(nruCau7Cgsve , பா&னம், இயலாைம , m3S,
e4eC a3yC l(37fr(n3uCp7oC()C)aCaD-l37C(nC .மதம்,
*வாசம் , பா&னம்,
xyeCelCseCSlve9-tglCTuC gsa3D(nCia0eCa3ReCimuCg
4CB(C.eC gsa3)C0lC.eC9437e3(xuCu3euC1mC8s4C4u3((C(3
faCaD-yC ly .சலாமன் கால்ஸ் ேபஸ் ேதேவஸ் கல்3ன் 1994
9eC9fC Ddu(e323)C0uCx02CBdnCn)(C-t(uCc(C(3yV(C-t
947g3yB4yCg0e3sg/5s4CS(C6TtB : பள்ளிகள்,
அவர்களின் உடல் , h4CS7c , ச8க, df7CmC5,
ெமா93யல்அல்ல/4றநிபந்தைனக:டன் ெபா-ட்ப)த்தாமல்அ
ைனத்/$ழந்ைதக:க்$ம்இடமளிக்கேவண் )ம் . 2000
eC9fC D;aC7uCe34eC4(C(37Cdu((uCc17oC-uC ,
(uCc(lC.eCSlyC(vn(C(g0eCc44CSuCa3S(C(aCa)(C60t(lCl
/yC 4vg(vnaC<7C4CSimtCt gfC 0t1gm72rvu1g5te3(
இ-ந்த/ -
"V(C-tmg3uC1vyg0(C.eC(uCc(C(3ya72C4a37Cvg 45t17
m3oC(elCseC2rS2rsgyi(3nCv((nruC47Sa/(C.eCdnCn)oC-
யக-த்/.அைனவ-க்$ம்கல் , ஏைழகளின் ேதைவகைள5ம் ,
38
afrt3lCseC.A2Cv4(nC ,
i43vu=7-73eaChlg35(nCelCseC23 )30(nCelCseCxy ,
ெமா9, 5sa3yCve3y7C , $ழந்ைதகள் ,
xvn>7C(nCelCseC e34uC , எச்.ஐ. / எய்ட்ஸ், a5, ஏைழ*காதார ;
elCseC5laCh(lCluC 4vg(vni(3fC ) ".
dnCn)oC-t(uCci(3nCv(dnCn)oC-t(uCci(3nCv(dnCn)oC-t(uCci(3nCv(dnCn)oC-t(uCci(3nCv(
1944
ஆம்ஆண் 0ல்சர்கன் ட்அ,க்ைக3ல்!தன் !த&ல்பள்ளிக:க்$$ைற
a3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(vn1PaChg4lC(3ya7r2CBv7(nC , 1964
ஆம்ஆண் 0ல்ேகாதரிஆைணயம்Aண் )ம்Aண் )ம்வழங்கப்பட்டன .
இ/ேபான் ேற , மாற்றங்கள்ெம/வாகஇ-ந்/வந்/ள்ளன ,
mAa4CSuCgv75laCa3yanCnr(nruC9S(C(eCimR4CStanCnr(nr
ல்.
ByVlCl.A2Cv4(nryC C0oC-vf2C41veaCh(nruC(uCc
3uCx0(C( gfC DeC?yC s 1995 ஆம்ஆண் )ஊன!ற்ேறார்சட்டம் (PDA)
6s-lB . இ-ப்4"ம் ,
1eu3(C(1eu3(C(1eu3(C(;iDyC 5xuCu3443uC ,
அமலாக்கம்இல்லாததால் , xBm34CSteC?yC si47r-lB .
(uCc9-tglCvl eeCaD4CBeC a3SReC .
9gfoC(vndnCn)(C-t(uCc3uC(gyeCimR4CBgB(uCc1
veaC4uC.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(vndnCn)(C-tB ,
9y3uCV(C-te3(4743ye3(xuCvu . இ-ப்4"ம் ,
(uCc1veaC4uC m7C(C(aCaDgB4743y2E 73)C)4CSuC m7C(C(aCa )
வதல்ல. எனி"ம்,
5laCh(uCcdfC ve3uC14yCc0aCae3y2rvu(37fe3(x2CS
யால்உயர்ந்ததாகக-தப்ப)வைத5ம் ,
4lC a3BV(C-t9437e3(dnCnB ,
afrt3lCseC.A2Cv4(nC ,
i43vu=7-73eaChlg35(nCelCseC23 )30(nCelCseCxy ,
ெமா9, 5sa3yCve3y7C , $ழந்ைதகள் ,
xvn>7C(nCelCseC e34uC , எச்.ஐ. / எய்ட்ஸ், a5, ஏைழ*காதார ;
elCseC5laCh(lCluC 4vg(vni(3fC ) ".
dnCn)oC-t(uCci(3nCv(dnCn)oC-t(uCci(3nCv(dnCn)oC-t(uCci(3nCv(dnCn)oC-t(uCci(3nCv(
1944
ஆம்ஆண் 0ல்சர்கன் ட்அ,க்ைக3ல்!தன் !த&ல்பள்ளிக:க்$$ைற
a3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(vn1PaChg4lC(3ya7r2CBv7(nC , 1964
ஆம்ஆண் 0ல்ேகாதரிஆைணயம்Aண் )ம்Aண் )ம்வழங்கப்பட்டன .
இ/ேபான் ேற , மாற்றங்கள்ெம/வாகஇ-ந்/வந்/ள்ளன ,
mAa4CSuCgv75laCa3yanCnr(nruC9S(C(eCimR4CStanCnr(nr
ல்.
ByVlCl.A2Cv4(nryC C0oC-vf2C41veaCh(nruC(uCc
3uCx0(C( gfC DeC?yC s 1995 ஆம்ஆண் )ஊன!ற்ேறார்சட்டம் (PDA)
6s-lB . இ-ப்4"ம் ,
1eu3(C(1eu3(C(1eu3(C(;iDyC 5xuCu3443uC ,
அமலாக்கம்இல்லாததால் , xBm34CSteC?yC si47r-lB .
(uCc9-tglCvl eeCaD4CBeC a3SReC .
9gfoC(vndnCn)(C-t(uCc3uC(gyeCimR4CBgB(uCc1
veaC4uC.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(vndnCn)(C-tB ,
9y3uCV(C-te3(4743ye3(xuCvu . இ-ப்4"ம் ,
(uCc1veaC4uC m7C(C(aCaDgB4743y2E 73)C)4CSuC m7C(C(aCa )
வதல்ல. எனி"ம்,
5laCh(uCcdfC ve3uC14yCc0aCae3y2rvu(37fe3(x2CS
யால்உயர்ந்ததாகக-தப்ப)வைத5ம் ,
4lC a3BV(C-t9437e3(dnCnB ,
39
1B4lC a3B9437e3((C(04aCaD-yC lB -
இ/$ைறவானமாற்Fடாகஉள்ள/ .
x0aC4PeCx2CSt3cuC4743ye3(2(7CaChlm37C2C4 ,
.vla3DnCn5laCh5laChanCnr(nruCe)CDaCaD4C4aCa)C).vla3
), $ைறபா)கள்உள்ள$ழந்ைதகைளதர்ப்ப/டன் ,
1g7C(nB2rsgyoC(nryC 47rM(:(C.ia302C4341uCuB-73eaC
hla.S(nruCg5(C.eC .
இந்த$ழந்ைதக:க்$கல்அGகைலஎளிதாக்$ம்ஒேரவ9உள்ளடங்
-t(uCc .
957rt7C(uCc2r(ACmC5(nC957rt7C(uCc2r(ACmC5(nC957rt7C(uCc2r(ACmC5(nC957rt7C(uCc2r(ACmC5(nC
957rt7C(uCcC0dnCn)(C-tg.aCavlHAR(C.4t373(
gfC DeC957rt7C(nC954eCia3s4CBC0,(MeCauIye3yx
vfaChdnCnB?yC ldfC vevtgRaCaD4CBeC 4vg3uCvu .
957rt7C(uCc0aC n3e3(C(nCelCseC0-7r
"இயல்பானேதைவகைளக்ெகாண் ட$ழந்ைதகளின் கல் "
ஒ--ப்பமானஷயமாக , 957rt7C(vn4C4t37CimtCg4lC.eC ,
xtu3ve(fC )T5eCgv(3ReCgAoC.-lB .
x0aC4PeC1vgayC V(4C4yCve1uCuBmg3u3y?S7Cevl1G
.Vvl(vnme3nraCaSuCC0VKvet3yVyC y3(Cv(1nr(C-
ன் றன.
957rt7C(n3uCe)CD e1g7C(:(C.4.S5nCn957rt7C(n3uCe)C
D e(lC4(C(V05eC?yC s5u7C2eCh-l37C(nC . எனி"ம்,
xBxsS3uCg.aCavl3uCe3fg7C(nryC957rt73(aC a3S(C(aC
ப)வதால் , x2C4 gsa3)Cv)gRL)CDg43(x0(C.eC .
5laCa3yelCseCV(C-t(uCcVvl(nruCx7(C(,yC vet3uC.A2C
ைதக:க்$$ைறபா)உள்ள$ழந்ைதகைளதங் களின்/ஷ் 4ரேயாகம்
1uCuBhl(C(fraCh9-tglCvlaCatVs4CBg4yC a7ruC.A2Cv4
(:(C.(uCc(lC(3euCm8(4CSuC97CgeCxuCu3443uC , PROBE
1B4lC a3B9437e3((C(04aCaD-yC lB -
இ/$ைறவானமாற்Fடாகஉள்ள/ .
x0aC4PeCx2CSt3cuC4743ye3(2(7CaChlm37C2C4 ,
.vla3DnCn5laCh5laChanCnr(nruCe)CDaCaD4C4aCa)C).vla3
), $ைறபா)கள்உள்ள$ழந்ைதகைளதர்ப்ப/டன் ,
1g7C(nB2rsgyoC(nryC 47rM(:(C.ia302C4341uCuB-73eaC
hla.S(nruCg5(C.eC .
இந்த$ழந்ைதக:க்$கல்அGகைலஎளிதாக்$ம்ஒேரவ9உள்ளடங்
-t(uCc .
957rt7C(uCc2r(ACmC5(nC957rt7C(uCc2r(ACmC5(nC957rt7C(uCc2r(ACmC5(nC957rt7C(uCc2r(ACmC5(nC
957rt7C(uCcC0dnCn)(C-tg.aCavlHAR(C.4t373(
gfC DeC957rt7C(nC954eCia3s4CBC0,(MeCauIye3yx
vfaChdnCnB?yC ldfC vevtgRaCaD4CBeC 4vg3uCvu .
957rt7C(uCc0aC n3e3(C(nCelCseC0-7r
"இயல்பானேதைவகைளக்ெகாண் ட$ழந்ைதகளின் கல் "
ஒ--ப்பமானஷயமாக , 957rt7C(vn4C4t37CimtCg4lC.eC ,
xtu3ve(fC )T5eCgv(3ReCgAoC.-lB .
x0aC4PeC1vgayC V(4C4yCve1uCuBmg3u3y?S7Cevl1G
.Vvl(vnme3nraCaSuCC0VKvet3yVyC y3(Cv(1nr(C-
ன் றன.
957rt7C(n3uCe)CD e1g7C(:(C.4.S5nCn957rt7C(n3uCe)C
D e(lC4(C(V05eC?yC s5u7C2eCh-l37C(nC . எனி"ம்,
xBxsS3uCg.aCavl3uCe3fg7C(nryC957rt73(aC a3S(C(aC
ப)வதால் , x2C4 gsa3)Cv)gRL)CDg43(x0(C.eC .
5laCa3yelCseCV(C-t(uCcVvl(nruCx7(C(,yC vet3uC.A2C
ைதக:க்$$ைறபா)உள்ள$ழந்ைதகைளதங் களின்/ஷ் 4ரேயாகம்
1uCuBhl(C(fraCh9-tglCvlaCatVs4CBg4yC a7ruC.A2Cv4
(:(C.(uCc(lC(3euCm8(4CSuC97CgeCxuCu3443uC , PROBE
40
அ,க்ைக3ல்ஆர்ப்பாட்டம் .
au957rt7C(nC.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(:(C.(lC4aCa4lC.eC ,
x2C4e3fg7C(:(C.1TMs4C4aCaDg4lC.1S( 27eC 4vgaCa
Dg43(MeCh(37Ci47rc(C(cuCvu?yC a4lC.m3yC s(nCdnCny .
2rsgye3lCl4Cv4=fC 0cDeCVtlC53uCau178S)C)oC(nC95
7rta3lC5tnraCvadnCn)(C-30(C-yC ly . எனி"ம்,
ஒ-'5laCh 4vg(nC '
(gyeCelCseC eu3fC vea3lC5xuCu3443uC ,
a)C)437ra3lC5Vvl m7C4CBg.aCavl3uCe3lCli(3>CmeCimtCt .
auanCnr(nruC e3me3y47e3y(uCcgmSdfC ve3uCau17m3
oC(oC(nC47Sa/(C-yC ly .
$ைறபா)கள்ெபரியவர்கள்ேவைலஇடஒ/க்M)நிரப்பப்படாதஉள்ள
ன. .vla3D(nCdnCn5u.A2Cv4(:(C. ,
1uCuB4.StlCl(uCc4C4.SxuCu34anCnr3uC4oC-30aCaBd
fC ve3 u t 270t3(i43)7Chv)t43(x0(C( gfC DeC .
dnC:7C(uCc(C(3yg3tCaCh(nCdnC:7C(uCc(C(3yg3tCaCh(nCdnC:7C(uCc(C(3yg3tCaCh(nCdnC:7C(uCc(C(3yg3tCaCh(nC
உள்:ர்கல்என் ப/அைனத்/$ழந்ைதக:க்$ம் ,
இைளஞர்க:க்$ம் ,
ia7rtg7C(:(C.eC(lCluC 4vg(vnaC<7C4CSimtCg4lC(3yC0V
ன் ேனற்றஅG$!ைறயா$ம் . 1S(7r4CBg0eCignrND(nC ,
ெகாள்ைகஆவணங்கள் ,
a)C)vl(nC a3yC lvg m7C(C.eC54C432C44Cv4947r(C-yC ly .
இ-ப்4"ம் , 5ug.aCavl(nCelCseCe(C(nC ,
சாதாரணவ$ப்பைறஊன!ற்ற$ழந்ைதக:க்$தரமானகல்ையவ
ழங்க!05மாஎன் ப/சந்ேதகம் .
avAtcg(371veaCh(C(:(C.?S73(e(C(nC4oC(nCx)CB(CMD
(vn.7uC?KaCa4Ci43)oC-tS/02CB ,
ByVlCl.A2Cv4(nryC me4CBg4CSlC(3y4oC(nC(gvuvtdt7C
அ,க்ைக3ல்ஆர்ப்பாட்டம் .
au957rt7C(nC.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(:(C.(lC4aCa4lC.eC ,
x2C4e3fg7C(:(C.1TMs4C4aCaDg4lC.1S( 27eC 4vgaCa
Dg43(MeCh(37Ci47rc(C(cuCvu?yC a4lC.m3yC s(nCdnCny .
2rsgye3lCl4Cv4=fC 0cDeCVtlC53uCau178S)C)oC(nC95
7rta3lC5tnraCvadnCn)(C-30(C-yC ly . எனி"ம்,
ஒ-'5laCh 4vg(nC '
(gyeCelCseC eu3fC vea3lC5xuCu3443uC ,
a)C)437ra3lC5Vvl m7C4CBg.aCavl3uCe3lCli(3>CmeCimtCt .
auanCnr(nruC e3me3y47e3y(uCcgmSdfC ve3uCau17m3
oC(oC(nC47Sa/(C-yC ly .
$ைறபா)கள்ெபரியவர்கள்ேவைலஇடஒ/க்M)நிரப்பப்படாதஉள்ள
ன. .vla3D(nCdnCn5u.A2Cv4(:(C. ,
1uCuB4.StlCl(uCc4C4.SxuCu34anCnr3uC4oC-30aCaBd
fC ve3 u t 270t3(i43)7Chv)t43(x0(C( gfC DeC .
dnC:7C(uCc(C(3yg3tCaCh(nCdnC:7C(uCc(C(3yg3tCaCh(nCdnC:7C(uCc(C(3yg3tCaCh(nCdnC:7C(uCc(C(3yg3tCaCh(nC
உள்:ர்கல்என் ப/அைனத்/$ழந்ைதக:க்$ம் ,
இைளஞர்க:க்$ம் ,
ia7rtg7C(:(C.eC(lCluC 4vg(vnaC<7C4CSimtCg4lC(3yC0V
ன் ேனற்றஅG$!ைறயா$ம் . 1S(7r4CBg0eCignrND(nC ,
ெகாள்ைகஆவணங்கள் ,
a)C)vl(nC a3yC lvg m7C(C.eC54C432C44Cv4947r(C-yC ly .
இ-ப்4"ம் , 5ug.aCavl(nCelCseCe(C(nC ,
சாதாரணவ$ப்பைறஊன!ற்ற$ழந்ைதக:க்$தரமானகல்ையவ
ழங்க!05மாஎன் ப/சந்ேதகம் .
avAtcg(371veaCh(C(:(C.?S73(e(C(nC4oC(nCx)CB(CMD
(vn.7uC?KaCa4Ci43)oC-tS/02CB ,
ByVlCl.A2Cv4(nryC me4CBg4CSlC(3y4oC(nC(gvuvtdt7C
41
4CStSuCx02CBx2C4cg34eCi43)7C-lB . இந்தகவைலகள் ,
ேநர்மைறயானஅ"பவங்களின் உதாரணங்கைளக்காட்)வதன் 8லம்
Oரமாகஎ)த்/க்ெகாள்ளப்படேவண் )ம் ,
xSuCdnCn)oC-t(uCc?yC aB2rmCmte3((uCc3yC 47eCi43)7Ca3
y47mC5vy(vn,(V(C-te3(cg7r(C-lB .
Oர்மானம்Oர்மானம்Oர்மானம்Oர்மானம்
x2CSt3cuCdnC:f7CMelCseCimtu3(C(4CSyC ,(97eCa(
)C)4CSuCdnC:f7CM(uCc?yC aB2rvycuCi(3nCgBV(C-teC .
?S7C(3u4CSReC?S7C(3u4CSReC14c04CSimtCt(C60tSlvy
(Ci(3fC 00(C.eCC0hSt(04CSyC10aCav)6s(vndnCn)(C-
யஒ--ப்பத்ைதநிP4ப்பேதா) , 1Bcg3S(C(aCa)CD ,
cg3S(C(aCa)CD5ux)oC(nruC2v)Vvl3uCx0aCa43(2rP4(C(
ப்பட்)ள்ள/.
"ெப-ம்பான் ைமயான$ழந்ைதக:க்$கட்டாயகல்அைடய
a373DgB.vla3DdnCng7C(nryC 4vg(vn<7C4CSimtCg4lC
.VyC P7rveias-lB ..."
$ைறபா)கள்உள்ள$ழந்ைதக:க்$ஏற்ப)ம்மாற்றமான/ெதாடர்ந்
BelCseCg/,.2C4ieBg3(i43)0eC .
$ைறபா)கள்உள்ளவர்க:க்$ம்எம் .எச்.ஆர்.0க்$ம்இைட3ல்உள்ள$
ழந்ைதக:க்$எம் .எஸ்.ேஜ.ஈ.க்$ம், அந்தத்ெதால்ைலக:க்$ MHRD
(C.eCxv)3uCdnCn.A2Cv4(:(C.(uCc7ESt3(ia3saChf7CMg
$த்தல், இந்தேபாராட்டத்ைதேம.ம்ேமாசமாக்$வ/டன் ,
$ைறபா)கள்உள்ள$ழந்ைதகளின் ' gsa)C)4yC vevt '
5laC44CB(C(3)C)MeC14P)yC xvf2C4(uCc(C.(gyeC 4vg .
xBdnCn)(C-t(uCcC01vemC5yC MACg2C43uC ,
ெப-ம்பா.ம்அேநகமாக MHRD,
m34CSte3yx0(04C43tCMelCseCimtu3(C(eC9-tvgi4nrMa
D4C4aCa)u3eCelCseCB(C.c(C(aCa)u3eC ,
4CStSuCx02CBx2C4cg34eCi43)7C-lB . இந்தகவைலகள் ,
ேநர்மைறயானஅ"பவங்களின் உதாரணங்கைளக்காட்)வதன் 8லம்
Oரமாகஎ)த்/க்ெகாள்ளப்படேவண் )ம் ,
xSuCdnCn)oC-t(uCc?yC aB2rmCmte3((uCc3yC 47eCi43)7Ca3
y47mC5vy(vn,(V(C-te3(cg7r(C-lB .
Oர்மானம்Oர்மானம்Oர்மானம்Oர்மானம்
x2CSt3cuCdnC:f7CMelCseCimtu3(C(4CSyC ,(97eCa(
)C)4CSuCdnC:f7CM(uCc?yC aB2rvycuCi(3nCgBV(C-teC .
?S7C(3u4CSReC?S7C(3u4CSReC14c04CSimtCt(C60tSlvy
(Ci(3fC 00(C.eCC0hSt(04CSyC10aCav)6s(vndnCn)(C-
யஒ--ப்பத்ைதநிP4ப்பேதா) , 1Bcg3S(C(aCa)CD ,
cg3S(C(aCa)CD5ux)oC(nruC2v)Vvl3uCx0aCa43(2rP4(C(
ப்பட்)ள்ள/.
"ெப-ம்பான் ைமயான$ழந்ைதக:க்$கட்டாயகல்அைடய
a373DgB.vla3DdnCng7C(nryC 4vg(vn<7C4CSimtCg4lC
.VyC P7rveias-lB ..."
$ைறபா)கள்உள்ள$ழந்ைதக:க்$ஏற்ப)ம்மாற்றமான/ெதாடர்ந்
BelCseCg/,.2C4ieBg3(i43)0eC .
$ைறபா)கள்உள்ளவர்க:க்$ம்எம் .எச்.ஆர்.0க்$ம்இைட3ல்உள்ள$
ழந்ைதக:க்$எம் .எஸ்.ேஜ.ஈ.க்$ம், அந்தத்ெதால்ைலக:க்$ MHRD
(C.eCxv)3uCdnCn.A2Cv4(:(C.(uCc7ESt3(ia3saChf7CMg
$த்தல், இந்தேபாராட்டத்ைதேம.ம்ேமாசமாக்$வ/டன் ,
$ைறபா)கள்உள்ள$ழந்ைதகளின் ' gsa)C)4yC vevt '
5laC44CB(C(3)C)MeC14P)yC xvf2C4(uCc(C.(gyeC 4vg .
xBdnCn)(C-t(uCcC01vemC5yC MACg2C43uC ,
ெப-ம்பா.ம்அேநகமாக MHRD,
m34CSte3yx0(04C43tCMelCseCimtu3(C(eC9-tvgi4nrMa
D4C4aCa)u3eCelCseCB(C.c(C(aCa)u3eC ,
42
1 4 274CSuC.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(nryC 4vg(vnV(C-
te3(V(C-t4CBgeCialu3eC .
x2CSt3cuC(uCc(lC4(C.eCi(3nCv(x2CSt3cuC(uCc(lC4(C.eCi(3nCv(x2CSt3cuC(uCc(lC4(C.eCi(3nCv(x2CSt3cuC(uCc(lC4(C.eCi(3nCv((nCelCseCS)C)oC(nC(nCelCseCS)C)oC(nC(nCelCseCS)C)oC(nC(nCelCseCS)C)oC(nC
!ன்"ைர!ன்"ைர!ன்"ைர!ன்"ைர
dnCn)oC-t(uCc (IE)
?yC aBxtu3ve5)yC 60t.A2Cv4(:(C.(uCc(lC.eCelCseC1
ேத6ைர3ன் Mழ்சாதாரணமானவர்க:டன் கற்றல்கஷ் டங்கைளைக
t3:eCC0hSt1G.Vvl9.eC .
xB1vy4CB.A2Cv4(nryC (lCluC 4vg(vn<7C4CSimtCtVlCa
DgBelCseCCB(C.g4lC.eCa3S(C(aCaDg4lC.eCC0.TaC4)C)(
gyeCimR4CB-lB .
இ/எல்லாகற்$ம்மாணவர்க:க்$ம்ெபா-ந்/ம் -
$ைறபா)கள்இல்லாதஅல்ல/ெபா/வான!ன் பள்ளிஏற்பா) ,
anCnr(nCelCseCm8((uCc1veaCva1G.g4yC 8ueCCyC l3((C
"2:6":5"-1:1!057: .
xBi2-ACg3y(uCcVvlve3uCe)CD em34CSte3.eC ,
1BauC gsa)C)(lC.eCe3fg7C(nryC 4vg(vnaC<7C4CSimtCB ,
x2C4 4vg(vn<7C4CSimtCt4yCvye3lCTtve(C-lB .
xSuC m34vyimtCtC0 m34vyxuCvu ,
9y3uCC0eSaCva4yC alCl gfC DeC .
எல்லா$ழந்ைதக:ம்!டக்கப்பட்டா.ம்சரி ,
கல்3ன் உரிைம5ம்இல்ைல ,
1g7C(nC23)C0yC?S7C(3u.0e(C(n3(x0(C-l37C(nC .
ia3Bg3y.A2Cv4(:(C(3y472rvuanCnr(vngAoC.gSuC6
)4lC a3B2ruMeCx2CStHAC2rvugnoC(nC a3Be3y43(xuCvu ,
.A2Cv4(:(C.5laCh4C 4vg(vn<7C4CSimtCg4lC.1uCuBanC
1 4 274CSuC.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(nryC 4vg(vnV(C-
te3(V(C-t4CBgeCialu3eC .
x2CSt3cuC(uCc(lC4(C.eCi(3nCv(x2CSt3cuC(uCc(lC4(C.eCi(3nCv(x2CSt3cuC(uCc(lC4(C.eCi(3nCv(x2CSt3cuC(uCc(lC4(C.eCi(3nCv((nCelCseCS)C)oC(nC(nCelCseCS)C)oC(nC(nCelCseCS)C)oC(nC(nCelCseCS)C)oC(nC
!ன்"ைர!ன்"ைர!ன்"ைர!ன்"ைர
dnCn)oC-t(uCc (IE)
?yC aBxtu3ve5)yC 60t.A2Cv4(:(C.(uCc(lC.eCelCseC1
ேத6ைர3ன் Mழ்சாதாரணமானவர்க:டன் கற்றல்கஷ் டங்கைளைக
t3:eCC0hSt1G.Vvl9.eC .
xB1vy4CB.A2Cv4(nryC (lCluC 4vg(vn<7C4CSimtCtVlCa
DgBelCseCCB(C.g4lC.eCa3S(C(aCaDg4lC.eCC0.TaC4)C)(
gyeCimR4CB-lB .
இ/எல்லாகற்$ம்மாணவர்க:க்$ம்ெபா-ந்/ம் -
$ைறபா)கள்இல்லாதஅல்ல/ெபா/வான!ன் பள்ளிஏற்பா) ,
anCnr(nCelCseCm8((uCc1veaCva1G.g4yC 8ueCCyC l3((C
"2:6":5"-1:1!057: .
xBi2-ACg3y(uCcVvlve3uCe)CD em34CSte3.eC ,
1BauC gsa)C)(lC.eCe3fg7C(nryC 4vg(vnaC<7C4CSimtCB ,
x2C4 4vg(vn<7C4CSimtCt4yCvye3lCTtve(C-lB .
xSuC m34vyimtCtC0 m34vyxuCvu ,
9y3uCC0eSaCva4yC alCl gfC DeC .
எல்லா$ழந்ைதக:ம்!டக்கப்பட்டா.ம்சரி ,
கல்3ன் உரிைம5ம்இல்ைல ,
1g7C(nC23)C0yC?S7C(3u.0e(C(n3(x0(C-l37C(nC .
ia3Bg3y.A2Cv4(:(C(3y472rvuanCnr(vngAoC.gSuC6
)4lC a3B2ruMeCx2CStHAC2rvugnoC(nC a3Be3y43(xuCvu ,
.A2Cv4(:(C.5laCh4C 4vg(vn<7C4CSimtCg4lC.1uCuBanC
43
nr(C6)4CSyC 4743y2E 73)C)4CSuCg3A(lCs(Ci(3nCg4lC.C09
73tCmC53uC;43gBCyC vl2rP4(C( , ச8கம்.
5laCh(uCcelCseC1vyg0(C.e3y(uCc5laCh(uCcelCseC1vyg0(C.e3y(uCc5laCh(uCcelCseC1vyg0(C.e3y(uCc5laCh(uCcelCseC1vyg0(C.e3y(uCc
"5laCh(uCc(uCc " (SNE) என் றவார்த்ைத "ேசஷகல் "
?yC la44CSlC.e3lCl3(atyC aD-lB , avAtBV(C-te3( ,
அந்த$ழந்ைதகளிட!ம் ,
xvn>7C(nr)VeCdnCn.vla3D(nr/02CB?K2CS0aCaB1uCu
B(JC )oC (vn(lCluC9-tglCvl(C.T(C.eC .
x2C41T(Cv(g/5s4CB-lB :
"5laCh(uCc 4vg(:)y3yg7C(nC ,
x2C4 4vg(vn<7C4CSimtCt(C60t.A2Cv4vetaCaD4C4aCa)C)
957rt7C(:(C.nC n tdnCngA(C(e3yanCnr(:(C.1G( g
ண் )ம்."
ேம.ம், "5laCh 4vg(uCc "
என் றக-த்தாக்கம்$ழந்ைதக:க்$உகந்த!ன் ேனற்றத்ைதத)க்கவா
tCaChnCnauC gs(37foC(:(C(3(anCnr3uC4gTvA4C4g7C(:(C
$மைற!கமானவைககளில்ேசர்க்கப்படக்60யவர்க:க்$அப்பால்
c7rgv)-lB .
x2C46D4uCa7gu3(gv7ts(C(aCa)C).A2Cv4(nC.KcuC6D4
uC947M 4vgaCaD-l 43xuCvu t3anCnr(C6)eC1glCTyC a3)
4CS)C)4Cv4947r(C( gfC DeC , (lC44C4uCelCseC /
அல்ல/6)தல்மனிதஅல்ல/ெபா-ள்வளங்கைளவழங்$வதற்$ ,
Slvet3yelCseCSlvet3y(lCluCSlyC (vnB(C.c(C( g
ண் )ம்.
x2CStHAC2rvux2CStHAC2rvux2CStHAC2rvux2CStHAC2rvu
nr(C6)4CSyC 4743y2E 73)C)4CSuCg3A(lCs(Ci(3nCg4lC.C09
73tCmC53uC;43gBCyC vl2rP4(C( , ச8கம்.
5laCh(uCcelCseC1vyg0(C.e3y(uCc5laCh(uCcelCseC1vyg0(C.e3y(uCc5laCh(uCcelCseC1vyg0(C.e3y(uCc5laCh(uCcelCseC1vyg0(C.e3y(uCc
"5laCh(uCc(uCc " (SNE) என் றவார்த்ைத "ேசஷகல் "
?yC la44CSlC.e3lCl3(atyC aD-lB , avAtBV(C-te3( ,
அந்த$ழந்ைதகளிட!ம் ,
xvn>7C(nr)VeCdnCn.vla3D(nr/02CB?K2CS0aCaB1uCu
B(JC )oC (vn(lCluC9-tglCvl(C.T(C.eC .
x2C41T(Cv(g/5s4CB-lB :
"5laCh(uCc 4vg(:)y3yg7C(nC ,
x2C4 4vg(vn<7C4CSimtCt(C60t.A2Cv4vetaCaD4C4aCa)C)
957rt7C(:(C.nC n tdnCngA(C(e3yanCnr(:(C.1G( g
ண் )ம்."
ேம.ம், "5laCh 4vg(uCc "
என் றக-த்தாக்கம்$ழந்ைதக:க்$உகந்த!ன் ேனற்றத்ைதத)க்கவா
tCaChnCnauC gs(37foC(:(C(3(anCnr3uC4gTvA4C4g7C(:(C
$மைற!கமானவைககளில்ேசர்க்கப்படக்60யவர்க:க்$அப்பால்
c7rgv)-lB .
x2C46D4uCa7gu3(gv7ts(C(aCa)C).A2Cv4(nC.KcuC6D4
uC947M 4vgaCaD-l 43xuCvu t3anCnr(C6)eC1glCTyC a3)
4CS)C)4Cv4947r(C( gfC DeC , (lC44C4uCelCseC /
அல்ல/6)தல்மனிதஅல்ல/ெபா-ள்வளங்கைளவழங்$வதற்$ ,
Slvet3yelCseCSlvet3y(lCluCSlyC (vnB(C.c(C( g
ண் )ம்.
x2CStHAC2rvux2CStHAC2rvux2CStHAC2rvux2CStHAC2rvu
44
1990 (nruCx2CSt3cuC 40
,uC/tP(C.eC1S(e3y.A2Cv4(nCgtB(C.)Ca)C)g7C(nC -
23yC .aSy3s9fC D(nCd)uCelCseCey2u.vla3D(nCV(C-t
(uCcx02CBCB(C- .
அவர்களில்ெப-ம்பான்ைம3னர்ெப-ம்பான்ைமயானவர்கள்அல்ல ,
9y3uCeyr4.ueCelCseCm8(2E S4CBlgl4CSuC44C4nr4C4.A2C
v4(nryC ey g4vytlClanCnr2r7Cg3(oC(nCelCseC97CgVnCn
ெபற்ேறாரின் காரணமாக .
அவர்கள்நாட்0ன் $ைறபாடானவ$ப்பைறகளில்Rைழவைதத்தர்ப்
a4yC 8ueC1g7C(nCi43)7C2CBB(C(enr(C-yC ly7C .
x2CSt3cyC175tuveaC4yC9S(C(eCimR4CBeCm8(2E SelCseC
சமத்/வம், x2CSt3cyC 35 %ல்&யன் மக்கள்சவாலானதாக , 5
,uC/tP(C.ey2ueCa3S(C(aCa)3c)C)3uC ,
.A2Cv4(:(C.V4yCveelCseCx7fC )3eC2rvuaCanCnr(:(C.V
yCP7rvegAoC(aCa) gfC DeC?yCs (30-yC ly7C .
.vla3DdnCn.A2Cv4([email protected]
ளிகேளஉள்ளன .
1g7C(nruCCyC aBa4CBA4oC(vn4C4c7C4CS0(C-l37C(nC .
i43)7CmC5t3yhl(C(fraC4yC 4yC yfr3uC ,
mg3u3y.A2Cv4(nryC x2C4ia7rtc-44Cv4gn7CaCa4lC(3yg9
கைளகண் )40க்கஅவசரேதைவஉள்ள/ .
g7u3lCsaCa37Cvg3uCg7u3lCsaCa37Cvg3uCg7u3lCsaCa37Cvg3uCg7u3lCsaCa37Cvg3uC
1880
களில்4ரதானகல்!ைறக்$ெவளிேயஉள்ளஊன!ற்ற4ள்ைளக:க்
.(uCc3yC4yr4C4yr(uCc?yx2CSt3cuC5laCh(uCcvtd0g3
1990 (nruCx2CSt3cuC 40
,uC/tP(C.eC1S(e3y.A2Cv4(nCgtB(C.)Ca)C)g7C(nC -
23yC .aSy3s9fC D(nCd)uCelCseCey2u.vla3D(nCV(C-t
(uCcx02CBCB(C- .
அவர்களில்ெப-ம்பான்ைம3னர்ெப-ம்பான்ைமயானவர்கள்அல்ல ,
9y3uCeyr4.ueCelCseCm8(2E S4CBlgl4CSuC44C4nr4C4.A2C
v4(nryC ey g4vytlClanCnr2r7Cg3(oC(nCelCseC97CgVnCn
ெபற்ேறாரின் காரணமாக .
அவர்கள்நாட்0ன் $ைறபாடானவ$ப்பைறகளில்Rைழவைதத்தர்ப்
a4yC 8ueC1g7C(nCi43)7C2CBB(C(enr(C-yC ly7C .
x2CSt3cyC175tuveaC4yC9S(C(eCimR4CBeCm8(2E SelCseC
சமத்/வம், x2CSt3cyC 35 %ல்&யன் மக்கள்சவாலானதாக , 5
,uC/tP(C.ey2ueCa3S(C(aCa)3c)C)3uC ,
.A2Cv4(:(C.V4yCveelCseCx7fC )3eC2rvuaCanCnr(:(C.V
yCP7rvegAoC(aCa) gfC DeC?yCs (30-yC ly7C .
.vla3DdnCn.A2Cv4([email protected]
ளிகேளஉள்ளன .
1g7C(nruCCyC aBa4CBA4oC(vn4C4c7C4CS0(C-l37C(nC .
i43)7CmC5t3yhl(C(fraC4yC 4yC yfr3uC ,
mg3u3y.A2Cv4(nryC x2C4ia7rtc-44Cv4gn7CaCa4lC(3yg9
கைளகண் )40க்கஅவசரேதைவஉள்ள/ .
g7u3lCsaCa37Cvg3uCg7u3lCsaCa37Cvg3uCg7u3lCsaCa37Cvg3uCg7u3lCsaCa37Cvg3uC
1880
களில்4ரதானகல்!ைறக்$ெவளிேயஉள்ளஊன!ற்ற4ள்ைளக:க்
.(uCc3yC4yr4C4yr(uCc?yx2CSt3cuC5laCh(uCcvtd0g3
45
(C-tB. 1883 ஆம்ஆண் 0ல்கா/ேகளாதவர்க:க்கான!தல்பள்ளி
1883 ஆம்ஆண் 0ல்பாம்ேப3ல்அைமக்கப்பட்ட/ . 1887
ஆம்ஆண் 0ல்அம்ரித்ஸரில்$-ட்)க:க்கான!தல்பள்ளி . 1947
ஆம்ஆண் 0ல் , $-ட்)க:க்கானபள்ளிகளின் எண் ணிக்ைக 32
9(MeC, ெச) 30
(C(3(MeCey2ueCa3S(C(aCa)C)g7C(:(C(3(MeC14C4v(t2rsg
னங்களின் எண் ணிக்ைக3ல்ைரவானரிவாக்கம் . 2000
9eC9fC )ncuC5laChaCanCnr(nC?fC fr(Cv( 3000
ஆகஉயர்ந்/ள்ள/ . 1960
(nruCx2CSt3cyC a37Cvg.vla3Di(3fC ).A2Cv4(vn(lC4aC
a4lC(3(957rt7C(vn4t37CimtCg4lC(3yC0S)C)4Cv4g0g
ைமத்த/.
4ற$ைறபா)கள்உள்ள$ழந்ைதக:க்$கற்4ப்பதற்கானஇேதேபான்
lS)C)oC(nCa0aCa0t3(gn7C2C4y . இ-ப்4"ம் ,
a3lCsc(C(aCa)C)957rt7C(nryC 47eC (nCc(C.Tt3(dnCnB ,
;iyyruCauC gsa0aCh(nC ,
S0v)(nC9-tglCs(C(3yS0v)a3)4CS)C)oC(nCxuCu3443uC ,
x2C4g.aCh(nruC m7C(Cv((C(3y4.S4C4.S(:eC ,
hu4CSuC957rt(uCct3n7C(:eCxu(C-toC (:eC-v)(C(341n
M(C.1S(1ncu3yg3tCaCh(nCx02C4y . எனேவ, 1980
(nruC2uyC h7r1vemCm(eC , அர*. x2CSt3cuC ,
ByVlC l37Chy7Cg3ACMBvl3uCeyr4gn eeCa3)CD4CS)C)oC(
vn(fC (3fr(C(MeC ,
()CDaCaD4C4MeCC02rsgy4CSyC V(C-te3y 4vgvtdf7C2CB
ள்ள/.
(C-tB. 1883 ஆம்ஆண் 0ல்கா/ேகளாதவர்க:க்கான!தல்பள்ளி
1883 ஆம்ஆண் 0ல்பாம்ேப3ல்அைமக்கப்பட்ட/ . 1887
ஆம்ஆண் 0ல்அம்ரித்ஸரில்$-ட்)க:க்கான!தல்பள்ளி . 1947
ஆம்ஆண் 0ல் , $-ட்)க:க்கானபள்ளிகளின் எண் ணிக்ைக 32
9(MeC, ெச) 30
(C(3(MeCey2ueCa3S(C(aCa)C)g7C(:(C(3(MeC14C4v(t2rsg
னங்களின் எண் ணிக்ைக3ல்ைரவானரிவாக்கம் . 2000
9eC9fC )ncuC5laChaCanCnr(nC?fC fr(Cv( 3000
ஆகஉயர்ந்/ள்ள/ . 1960
(nruCx2CSt3cyC a37Cvg.vla3Di(3fC ).A2Cv4(vn(lC4aC
a4lC(3(957rt7C(vn4t37CimtCg4lC(3yC0S)C)4Cv4g0g
ைமத்த/.
4ற$ைறபா)கள்உள்ள$ழந்ைதக:க்$கற்4ப்பதற்கானஇேதேபான்
lS)C)oC(nCa0aCa0t3(gn7C2C4y . இ-ப்4"ம் ,
a3lCsc(C(aCa)C)957rt7C(nryC 47eC (nCc(C.Tt3(dnCnB ,
;iyyruCauC gsa0aCh(nC ,
S0v)(nC9-tglCs(C(3yS0v)a3)4CS)C)oC(nCxuCu3443uC ,
x2C4g.aCh(nruC m7C(Cv((C(3y4.S4C4.S(:eC ,
hu4CSuC957rt(uCct3n7C(:eCxu(C-toC (:eC-v)(C(341n
M(C.1S(1ncu3yg3tCaCh(nCx02C4y . எனேவ, 1980
(nruC2uyC h7r1vemCm(eC , அர*. x2CSt3cuC ,
ByVlC l37Chy7Cg3ACMBvl3uCeyr4gn eeCa3)CD4CS)C)oC(
vn(fC (3fr(C(MeC ,
()CDaCaD4C4MeCC02rsgy4CSyC V(C-te3y 4vgvtdf7C2CB
ள்ள/.
46
(uCc(C(3y 45ti(3nCv( , 1986 (NPE, 1986)
elCseCimtuCS)C)eC (1992)
9-tvgelCl.K(C(:)y3y5laCh4C 4vg(:)yC .A2Cv4(
vnC0oC-vfaCa4lC(3y1g5t4Cv4g/5s4CB-yC ly . NPE
இல்6றப்பட்)ள்ளப0 , 1986 ல்
"xtuCa3ygn7CmC5(C(3(4t37r(C(MeC ,
v47rteCelCseC2eC4(Cv(5)yCg3AC2CBg3AMeC1g7C(:(C.ia3B
e(C(nCm8(4CB)yC mee3yaoC(3nr(n3(C0oC-vf(C( gfC D
ம்"
C0oC-vf2C4(uCcC0oC-vf2C4(uCcC0oC-vf2C4(uCcC0oC-vf2C4(uCc
1950
(nryC e4CS3uCx2CSt3cuCC0oC-vf2C4(uCc3yC(04CBignr
ப்பட்ட/.xBxtu3vee04CBge3S7rvt10aCav)t3((Ci(3fC
)BelCseCV(C-tanCnr(nruC.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(:(C.
x)enr(C-lB . ia7rtd2CB4uCg0v((C.g0-lB .
பள்ளிசார்ந்தஅG$!ைறபள்ளிசார்ந்தஅG$!ைறபள்ளிசார்ந்தஅG$!ைறபள்ளிசார்ந்தஅG$!ைற
gA(C(e3yanCnr(nruC.vla3)lCl.A2Cv4(vnvgaCaSuC
சர்வேதசேசாதைனகள்ெவற்,ெபற்றதன்ைளவாக , 1971
xuCS)C),)aCa)C)9vfteC14yC S)C)4CSuCC0oC-vf(C(aCa)C)
(uCc(C(3yS)C)4Cv4dnCn)(C-tB . 0சம்பர்1974
uC178ByVlCl.A2Cv4(:(C(3yC0oC-vf2C4(uCc (IEDC)
S)C)eCCyCvl1TV(aCaD4CStB .
xBgA(C(e3yanCnr(nruC5laCh4C 4vg(:)yC ( CWSN)
.A2Cv4(:(C.(uCcg3tCaCh(vngAoC .g4lC.eC1g7C(nBm34
vyelCseC4(C(vgaChgmS(vn eeCaD4CBg4lC.eCvetB(C(
(uCc(C(3y 45ti(3nCv( , 1986 (NPE, 1986)
elCseCimtuCS)C)eC (1992)
9-tvgelCl.K(C(:)y3y5laCh4C 4vg(:)yC .A2Cv4(
vnC0oC-vfaCa4lC(3y1g5t4Cv4g/5s4CB-yC ly . NPE
இல்6றப்பட்)ள்ளப0 , 1986 ல்
"xtuCa3ygn7CmC5(C(3(4t37r(C(MeC ,
v47rteCelCseC2eC4(Cv(5)yCg3AC2CBg3AMeC1g7C(:(C.ia3B
e(C(nCm8(4CB)yC mee3yaoC(3nr(n3(C0oC-vf(C( gfC D
ம்"
C0oC-vf2C4(uCcC0oC-vf2C4(uCcC0oC-vf2C4(uCcC0oC-vf2C4(uCc
1950
(nryC e4CS3uCx2CSt3cuCC0oC-vf2C4(uCc3yC(04CBignr
ப்பட்ட/.xBxtu3vee04CBge3S7rvt10aCav)t3((Ci(3fC
)BelCseCV(C-tanCnr(nruC.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(:(C.
x)enr(C-lB . ia7rtd2CB4uCg0v((C.g0-lB .
பள்ளிசார்ந்தஅG$!ைறபள்ளிசார்ந்தஅG$!ைறபள்ளிசார்ந்தஅG$!ைறபள்ளிசார்ந்தஅG$!ைற
gA(C(e3yanCnr(nruC.vla3)lCl.A2Cv4(vnvgaCaSuC
சர்வேதசேசாதைனகள்ெவற்,ெபற்றதன்ைளவாக , 1971
xuCS)C),)aCa)C)9vfteC14yC S)C)4CSuCC0oC-vf(C(aCa)C)
(uCc(C(3yS)C)4Cv4dnCn)(C-tB . 0சம்பர்1974
uC178ByVlCl.A2Cv4(:(C(3yC0oC-vf2C4(uCc (IEDC)
S)C)eCCyCvl1TV(aCaD4CStB .
xBgA(C(e3yanCnr(nruC5laCh4C 4vg(:)yC ( CWSN)
.A2Cv4(:(C.(uCcg3tCaCh(vngAoC .g4lC.eC1g7C(nBm34
vyelCseC4(C(vgaChgmS(vn eeCaD4CBg4lC.eCvetB(C(
47
enr(C.eCS)C)eC9.eC . x2C4S)C)4CSyC MAC , gsve(C (3)Cv) ,
9tCM(nCelCseC.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(nryC eSaCTD ,
i(3nCV4uCelCseC(lC44C4uCia30)C(nCdlCa4CSelCseC957rt7C க
nryC a3lC5elCseC 23(C.2rvu9-tglCvl1veaCa4lC.Usm4
c-42rSd4cgAoC(aCaD-lB .
S)C)4CSyC 23(C(eCVyC anCnra3lC5 ,
ெபற்ேறார்க:க்$ஆேலாசைன ,
elCseC1vy4CBgv(t3y.vla3D(nCdnCnSlyC (vn5laCha
3lC51)oC .eC . x2C4aCh4C4(oC(nCh4C4(oC(nC , எK/ெபா-ள் ,
S-ைடகள் , ேபாக்$வரத்/ , வாசகர்,
?2C (37C)C a3yC lglCTlC(3ygmS(vngAoC.-lB .
மனிதவளேமம்பாட்)மேசாதாமனிதவளேமம்பாட்)மேசாதாமனிதவளேமம்பாட்)மேசாதாமனிதவளேமம்பாட்)மேசாதா (MHRD) 2)g0(Cv(S)C)eC2)g0(Cv(S)C)eC2)g0(Cv(S)C)eC2)g0(Cv(S)C)eC
MHRD
2)g0(Cv(4CS)C)4CSyC elCa37CvgM Ai(3D(C(aCa)CDnCnB2)g0(Cv(4CS)C)4CSyC elCa37CvgM Ai(3D(C(aCa)CDnCnB2)g0(Cv(4CS)C)4CSyC elCa37CvgM Ai(3D(C(aCa)CDnCnB2)g0(Cv(4CS)C)4CSyC elCa37CvgM Ai(3D(C(aCa)CDnCnB :
• IEDC
elCseCm7Cg35V314t3yC S)C)oC(vnC0oC-vfaCa 43DC0
oC-vfaC4uCx02CBxvf (C(elCseCxvfaCa4lC. .
•
4ரதானகல்அைமப்4ல்$ைறபா)கள்உள்ளஅைனத்/$ழந்ைதகளி
yC aSMelCseC4(C(vg4C4uC .
•
1g7C(nryC (uCcelCseCSlyC (vn eeCaD4CBg4lC(3(.A2Cv4(
:(C(3yV(C-t(uCc4CS)C)oC(nruC 4vg10aCav)3u3y(uCc
elCseC4ld4cgAoC.4uC , ia304C4e3ya3)4CS)C)oC(nC ,
2rsgy;lCa3D(nC , (lC44C4uCd4CS(nC ,
9437eCelCseC1g7C(nBm8(oC(:)yC 6)CDlM .
enr(C.eCS)C)eC9.eC . x2C4S)C)4CSyC MAC , gsve(C (3)Cv) ,
9tCM(nCelCseC.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(nryC eSaCTD ,
i(3nCV4uCelCseC(lC44C4uCia30)C(nCdlCa4CSelCseC957rt7C க
nryC a3lC5elCseC 23(C.2rvu9-tglCvl1veaCa4lC.Usm4
c-42rSd4cgAoC(aCaD-lB .
S)C)4CSyC 23(C(eCVyC anCnra3lC5 ,
ெபற்ேறார்க:க்$ஆேலாசைன ,
elCseC1vy4CBgv(t3y.vla3D(nCdnCnSlyC (vn5laCha
3lC51)oC .eC . x2C4aCh4C4(oC(nCh4C4(oC(nC , எK/ெபா-ள் ,
S-ைடகள் , ேபாக்$வரத்/ , வாசகர்,
?2C (37C)C a3yC lglCTlC(3ygmS(vngAoC.-lB .
மனிதவளேமம்பாட்)மேசாதாமனிதவளேமம்பாட்)மேசாதாமனிதவளேமம்பாட்)மேசாதாமனிதவளேமம்பாட்)மேசாதா (MHRD) 2)g0(Cv(S)C)eC2)g0(Cv(S)C)eC2)g0(Cv(S)C)eC2)g0(Cv(S)C)eC
MHRD
2)g0(Cv(4CS)C)4CSyC elCa37CvgM Ai(3D(C(aCa)CDnCnB2)g0(Cv(4CS)C)4CSyC elCa37CvgM Ai(3D(C(aCa)CDnCnB2)g0(Cv(4CS)C)4CSyC elCa37CvgM Ai(3D(C(aCa)CDnCnB2)g0(Cv(4CS)C)4CSyC elCa37CvgM Ai(3D(C(aCa)CDnCnB :
• IEDC
elCseCm7Cg35V314t3yC S)C)oC(vnC0oC-vfaCa 43DC0
oC-vfaC4uCx02CBxvf (C(elCseCxvfaCa4lC. .
•
4ரதானகல்அைமப்4ல்$ைறபா)கள்உள்ளஅைனத்/$ழந்ைதகளி
yC aSMelCseC4(C(vg4C4uC .
•
1g7C(nryC (uCcelCseCSlyC (vn eeCaD4CBg4lC(3(.A2Cv4(
:(C(3yV(C-t(uCc4CS)C)oC(nruC 4vg10aCav)3u3y(uCc
elCseC4ld4cgAoC.4uC , ia304C4e3ya3)4CS)C)oC(nC ,
2rsgy;lCa3D(nC , (lC44C4uCd4CS(nC ,
9437eCelCseC1g7C(nBm8(oC(:)yC 6)CDlM .
48
•
1vy4CB(uCc2rsgyoC(nrReC4lC a3BnCnx)CB(CMDCB(CMD
Vvlvt1euCaD4CBg4yC 8ueC1S(e3yelCseCi439lCBvl(
uCc(C.d4M4uCelCseC4v)tlCl(lCluCHAuC(vnd0g3(C.4uC .
•
auC(vu(C(A(oC(nrReC(uCc2rsgyoC(nrReCVB2rvu973tCmC
5elCseC4vuND(nC(gyeCimR4CB4uC .
4743y(uCc1veaCh(nruC.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(nryC m7C
(Cv(elCseC4(C(vgaCa4lC(3yxt(C-iglCT1uCuB 43uCc(C.
g9g.(C.eC(37fr(vn1v)t3neC(3GeCS)C)oC(vn2v)V
vlaCaD4CBgv49tCMimtC4uC .
eSaCa3tCMimtCtaCaD-l?K4CBeC2r7Cg3(5(C(uC(:eC .
• ia3BmV43t4CSuC97CgVnCng7C(nC ,
(uCc4CBvl3uCafrh7r5eC2a7C(nC ,
ேம.ம்$,ப்பாகெபற்ேறார்க:க்$ம்$ழந்ைதக:க்$ம்இைட3ல்
9aChf7Cvg;lCaD4CB4uC ,
VBi(ReCh(nCV(C-tanCnr(nruCia304C4e3y(uCc(C.VKd7r
ைம5ம்,
CgCig30()C)4CSReC2r7Cg3(4CSuCQDaDag7C(nryC()veanCnr(C
6)oC(:eC(uCc(C.1G.gv4dsSaCaD4CB-yC ly .
• 97eCa(3u.A2Cv4aCa0ga73e7raChelCseC(uCc4CS)C)oC(nruC 0-
6gtB(C.)Ca)C)gtSlC.)Ca)C)5sg7C(:(C(3y5laChaCafr(
vnaCaSMimtC4uCelCseC4vuNDimtC4uC .
• m7CgmC5V314t3yC ( SSA) (SSA)
MACdnCnV(C-t(uCc1veaCh(nruC 6-14
•
1vy4CB(uCc2rsgyoC(nrReC4lC a3BnCnx)CB(CMDCB(CMD
Vvlvt1euCaD4CBg4yC 8ueC1S(e3yelCseCi439lCBvl(
uCc(C.d4M4uCelCseC4v)tlCl(lCluCHAuC(vnd0g3(C.4uC .
•
auC(vu(C(A(oC(nrReC(uCc2rsgyoC(nrReCVB2rvu973tCmC
5elCseC4vuND(nC(gyeCimR4CB4uC .
4743y(uCc1veaCh(nruC.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(nryC m7C
(Cv(elCseC4(C(vgaCa4lC(3yxt(C-iglCT1uCuB 43uCc(C.
g9g.(C.eC(37fr(vn1v)t3neC(3GeCS)C)oC(vn2v)V
vlaCaD4CBgv49tCMimtC4uC .
eSaCa3tCMimtCtaCaD-l?K4CBeC2r7Cg3(5(C(uC(:eC .
• ia3BmV43t4CSuC97CgVnCng7C(nC ,
(uCc4CBvl3uCafrh7r5eC2a7C(nC ,
ேம.ம்$,ப்பாகெபற்ேறார்க:க்$ம்$ழந்ைதக:க்$ம்இைட3ல்
9aChf7Cvg;lCaD4CB4uC ,
VBi(ReCh(nCV(C-tanCnr(nruCia304C4e3y(uCc(C.VKd7r
ைம5ம்,
CgCig30()C)4CSReC2r7Cg3(4CSuCQDaDag7C(nryC()veanCnr(C
6)oC(:eC(uCc(C.1G.gv4dsSaCaD4CB-yC ly .
• 97eCa(3u.A2Cv4aCa0ga73e7raChelCseC(uCc4CS)C)oC(nruC 0-
6gtB(C.)Ca)C)gtSlC.)Ca)C)5sg7C(:(C(3y5laChaCafr(
vnaCaSMimtC4uCelCseC4vuNDimtC4uC .
• m7CgmC5V314t3yC ( SSA) (SSA)
MACdnCnV(C-t(uCc1veaCh(nruC 6-14
49
gtSuC5laCh4C 4vg(vn(Ci(3fC ).A2Cv4(:(C.xugmelCs
eC()C)3t10aCav)(uCcgmS(vngAoC.4uC ( SSA
என் ப/உலகளாயஅ0ப்பைடகல் 2010 xuCx2CSt3cuC ).
a4C43eCS)C)eC (2002-2007)
S)C)4CSyC xsS3uC5yrg7CmuC?/iefC )7r(uCcvtgAoC.gv4
ேநாக்கமாகக்ெகாண் )ள்ள/ .
இ/ஐ.என்.?uC/lC.d)Ca)C)a.S(:(C.eCelCseC5laCh(C.K(C(:
க்$ம்அ0ப்பைடகல்ையவழங்$வைதேநாக்கமாகக்ெகாண் )ள்ள/ .
.A2Cv4(nryC veteCm37C2C42v)Vvl(nC a3yC l5laCh4vuN
)க:ம்,
.A2Cv4(nryC vetaCaD4C4aCa)C)2v)Vvl(vnaC4yC alCsg4
lC(3yd4CS(:eCiafC (nC ,
S)C),)aCa)C)m3S(nCelCseCS)C),)aCa)C)aAoC.03y7C ,
உைழக்$ம்$ழந்ைதகள் , $ைறபா)கள்உள்ள$ழந்ைதகள் ,
2(7CaChlgTt.A2Cv4(nC , 5sa3yCve.K(C(nryC .A2Cv4(nC ,
gsve(C (3)C0lC.MACdnCn.A2Cv4(nC ,
.0iat7C2C4.A2Cv4(nCelCseC.K(C(nruC1v)t(0ye3(dnCn
னர்.
45ta3)4CS)C)()C)veaCh 45ta3)4CS)C)()C)veaCh 45ta3)4CS)C)()C)veaCh 45ta3)4CS)C)()C)veaCh , 2005
அைனத்/பள்ளிகளி.ம் ,
x2CSt(uCcVvl3ReC m7C4CB(Ci(3nCg4lC(3yC0i(3nCv(t3
ன/நைட!ைறப்ப)த்தப்படேவண் )ம் .
anCnr(C6)eCelCseCignr3uCdnCn1vy4CBaCanCnr(nrReC4oC(n ்
.A2Cv4(nryC aoC(nraChdsSimtCtaCa) gfC DeC .
பள்ளிக்6டங்கள்உ3ர்வாழ்வதற்$$ழந்ைதகைளத்தயார்ப)த்/ம்
gtSuC5laCh4C 4vg(vn(Ci(3fC ).A2Cv4(:(C.xugmelCs
eC()C)3t10aCav)(uCcgmS(vngAoC.4uC ( SSA
என் ப/உலகளாயஅ0ப்பைடகல் 2010 xuCx2CSt3cuC ).
a4C43eCS)C)eC (2002-2007)
S)C)4CSyC xsS3uC5yrg7CmuC?/iefC )7r(uCcvtgAoC.gv4
ேநாக்கமாகக்ெகாண் )ள்ள/ .
இ/ஐ.என்.?uC/lC.d)Ca)C)a.S(:(C.eCelCseC5laCh(C.K(C(:
க்$ம்அ0ப்பைடகல்ையவழங்$வைதேநாக்கமாகக்ெகாண் )ள்ள/ .
.A2Cv4(nryC veteCm37C2C42v)Vvl(nC a3yC l5laCh4vuN
)க:ம்,
.A2Cv4(nryC vetaCaD4C4aCa)C)2v)Vvl(vnaC4yC alCsg4
lC(3yd4CS(:eCiafC (nC ,
S)C),)aCa)C)m3S(nCelCseCS)C),)aCa)C)aAoC.03y7C ,
உைழக்$ம்$ழந்ைதகள் , $ைறபா)கள்உள்ள$ழந்ைதகள் ,
2(7CaChlgTt.A2Cv4(nC , 5sa3yCve.K(C(nryC .A2Cv4(nC ,
gsve(C (3)C0lC.MACdnCn.A2Cv4(nC ,
.0iat7C2C4.A2Cv4(nCelCseC.K(C(nruC1v)t(0ye3(dnCn
னர்.
45ta3)4CS)C)()C)veaCh 45ta3)4CS)C)()C)veaCh 45ta3)4CS)C)()C)veaCh 45ta3)4CS)C)()C)veaCh , 2005
அைனத்/பள்ளிகளி.ம் ,
x2CSt(uCcVvl3ReC m7C4CB(Ci(3nCg4lC(3yC0i(3nCv(t3
ன/நைட!ைறப்ப)த்தப்படேவண் )ம் .
anCnr(C6)eCelCseCignr3uCdnCn1vy4CBaCanCnr(nrReC4oC(n ்
.A2Cv4(nryC aoC(nraChdsSimtCtaCa) gfC DeC .
பள்ளிக்6டங்கள்உ3ர்வாழ்வதற்$$ழந்ைதகைளத்தயார்ப)த்/ம்
50
ைமயங்களாகமா, ,
1vy4CB.A2Cv4(:(C.eC.TaCa3(cnreCh2rvuaC47rcy7r),
02CB gsa)CDnCn.A2Cv4(:(C. ,
க0னமானHழ்நிைலகளில்உள்ள$ழந்ைதக:க்$ ,
x2C4V(C-te3yV(C-te3y(uCcaCa.S3yC1S(a)Cm2yC ve-
ைடக்$ம்.
Slve(vnignraCaD4C4elCseC 43A7C(:)yC x2C4a-7C2CBi(3
nCng3tCaCh(nC.A2Cv4(:(C.d2CB4uCelCseCQDa3Dgn7CaCaSuC
m(CSg3tC2C4(0c(nCdnCny .
?oC(nCanCnr(nruC23eC5u.A2Cv4(vnAfC DeCAfC DeC 47C2Ci4
)ப்ேபாம். x2C4m2C47CaCa4CSuCx2C45s.Kcy7ryC 2yC ve(nC ,
4yCyeC4(Cv(elCseCanCnr3uC(3f(C60t43(x0(C.eC a3B ,
elCl.A2Cv4(:(C.1oCM(37eCelCseCdt7C2C41oCM(374CSlC(3 க
C0i43)7CmC5t3y;(C(4CB)yC anCnr8ueC;e3lCleCelCseCVyC y
lCl4Cv4AfC DeCi43)7C-lB .
5laChelCseCSlvea373)C)aCa) gfC DeC ,
9y3uC1 4 274CSuCg3tCaCh(nC1vy4CB.A2Cv4(:(C.eCgAoC
(aCa) gfC DeCelCseC1g7C(nryC .TaC4)C)Slve(nC1oCM(7r(C
(aCa) gfC DeCelCseCa373)C)aCa) gfC DeC .
xSuC.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(:eC1)oC.eC ,
1g7C(:(C.d4c1uCuB1S( 27eCCB(C(aCaDeCafrvtV0(C(
ேவண் )ம்.
14C4v(t2)g0(Cv((:(C.4CS)C),Dv(3uC ,
957rt7C(nCg.aC4uCdnCn1vy4CB.A2Cv4(:)PeC1g7C(vn
aCalCTcg3S4CB ,
ஒவ்ெவா-$ழந்ைதக்$ம்பங்களிக்$ம்வாய்ப்4ைனவழங்$வதன் 8ல
eC1B5laCa3(x0(C.eC . எனேவ, S)C),)C)3uC,
ைமயங்களாகமா, ,
1vy4CB.A2Cv4(:(C.eC.TaCa3(cnreCh2rvuaC47rcy7r),
02CB gsa)CDnCn.A2Cv4(:(C. ,
க0னமானHழ்நிைலகளில்உள்ள$ழந்ைதக:க்$ ,
x2C4V(C-te3yV(C-te3y(uCcaCa.S3yC1S(a)Cm2yC ve-
ைடக்$ம்.
Slve(vnignraCaD4C4elCseC 43A7C(:)yC x2C4a-7C2CBi(3
nCng3tCaCh(nC.A2Cv4(:(C.d2CB4uCelCseCQDa3Dgn7CaCaSuC
m(CSg3tC2C4(0c(nCdnCny .
?oC(nCanCnr(nruC23eC5u.A2Cv4(vnAfC DeCAfC DeC 47C2Ci4
)ப்ேபாம். x2C4m2C47CaCa4CSuCx2C45s.Kcy7ryC 2yC ve(nC ,
4yCyeC4(Cv(elCseCanCnr3uC(3f(C60t43(x0(C.eC a3B ,
elCl.A2Cv4(:(C.1oCM(37eCelCseCdt7C2C41oCM(374CSlC(3 க
C0i43)7CmC5t3y;(C(4CB)yC anCnr8ueC;e3lCleCelCseCVyC y
lCl4Cv4AfC DeCi43)7C-lB .
5laChelCseCSlvea373)C)aCa) gfC DeC ,
9y3uC1 4 274CSuCg3tCaCh(nC1vy4CB.A2Cv4(:(C.eCgAoC
(aCa) gfC DeCelCseC1g7C(nryC .TaC4)C)Slve(nC1oCM(7r(C
(aCa) gfC DeCelCseCa373)C)aCa) gfC DeC .
xSuC.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(:eC1)oC.eC ,
1g7C(:(C.d4c1uCuB1S( 27eCCB(C(aCaDeCafrvtV0(C(
ேவண் )ம்.
14C4v(t2)g0(Cv((:(C.4CS)C),Dv(3uC ,
957rt7C(nCg.aC4uCdnCn1vy4CB.A2Cv4(:)PeC1g7C(vn
aCalCTcg3S4CB ,
ஒவ்ெவா-$ழந்ைதக்$ம்பங்களிக்$ம்வாய்ப்4ைனவழங்$வதன் 8ல
eC1B5laCa3(x0(C.eC . எனேவ, S)C),)C)3uC,
51
957rt7C(nC1vyg0eCaoC (lCav4dsSaCaD4C45laCh(gyeC
ெச.த்தேவண் )ம் .
xB957rt7C(n3(1g7C(nryC imtuCSlyC C0e37C(C(7C9(e3seC .
a3)C04C4yCveelCseC4yraCa)C)m34vy9-tglCTuC1S((gy
ம்ெச.த்/வ/எங்கள்பள்ளிகளில்பலவற்ைற5ம் ,
.TaCa3(2(7CaChl2D4C47g.aCh(:(C.4C 4vgt3y4yrt37CanC
ளிகைள5ம்$,க்$ம் . ெப-ம்பா.ம்4ள்ைளகள்ேச-ம்ேபா/ ,
I)க:க்$ஒ/க்கப்பட்0-க்$ம் . அதன் 4ற$ ,
a3)m3vu3uCdnCnCgCig3yCseC ,
I)C0yC hnCnr(:(C.nCimuCReCeSaCiafC (:(C(3((f(C-)aCaD
-lB, xBxsS9fC D(C(3ya7r89.eC .
அத்தைகய 'I)*வாசங்கள் '
meCa2C4aCa)C)1vy4CB.A2Cv4(vn5eCiasgSuC e u3)C)e3
ycvnvg(Ci(3fC 00aCa 43D1g7C(nBID(:(C(3yhnCnr(
vnigyC ilDaCaSuCdlCm3(e3(MeCx0(C-lB ,
9y3uC(uCc 23(C(oC(vnSvmS0aCh-lB ,
1S( a3)C04CSlyC C0gv7it30g7C euS(e3(c)MeC ,
cSVvl(nCelCseC;43gBimtCBS0aCS .
ia0eCa3ReCelCl.A2Cv4(nryC(fC (3fraCh(C(fC f3)C)4CSuC
ைவக்கப்ப)வதால் ,
x2C41veaChanCnr(:(C.nCm8(dlM(vnSvmS0aC4 ,
m(g3ACM(vna3S(C.eCelCseCelClg7C(:(C.C4CBvAaChelCseC
df7CSlyC a3yC leSaCh(vn.vleSaC4lC.d)CaD4CB-lB .
957rt7C(:(C.4C 4vgaCaDeC1nvgaCalCT52CS(C( gfC
)ம். a3)C04CSlvygn7C4CB(Ci(3nCn gfC DeC ,
anCnr(C6)g3AC(Cv(3yC CgCig301eCm4Cv45eC(lC44C4uCelCs ம்
97Cg4Cv4gn7C4CB(Ci(3nCgv4c)CKoC.aD4CB4uCelCseCCKoC
957rt7C(nC1vyg0eCaoC (lCav4dsSaCaD4C45laCh(gyeC
ெச.த்தேவண் )ம் .
xB957rt7C(n3(1g7C(nryC imtuCSlyC C0e37C(C(7C9(e3seC .
a3)C04C4yCveelCseC4yraCa)C)m34vy9-tglCTuC1S((gy
ம்ெச.த்/வ/எங்கள்பள்ளிகளில்பலவற்ைற5ம் ,
.TaCa3(2(7CaChl2D4C47g.aCh(:(C.4C 4vgt3y4yrt37CanC
ளிகைள5ம்$,க்$ம் . ெப-ம்பா.ம்4ள்ைளகள்ேச-ம்ேபா/ ,
I)க:க்$ஒ/க்கப்பட்0-க்$ம் . அதன் 4ற$ ,
a3)m3vu3uCdnCnCgCig3yCseC ,
I)C0yC hnCnr(:(C.nCimuCReCeSaCiafC (:(C(3((f(C-)aCaD
-lB, xBxsS9fC D(C(3ya7r89.eC .
அத்தைகய 'I)*வாசங்கள் '
meCa2C4aCa)C)1vy4CB.A2Cv4(vn5eCiasgSuC e u3)C)e3
ycvnvg(Ci(3fC 00aCa 43D1g7C(nBID(:(C(3yhnCnr(
vnigyC ilDaCaSuCdlCm3(e3(MeCx0(C-lB ,
9y3uC(uCc 23(C(oC(vnSvmS0aCh-lB ,
1S( a3)C04CSlyC C0gv7it30g7C euS(e3(c)MeC ,
cSVvl(nCelCseC;43gBimtCBS0aCS .
ia0eCa3ReCelCl.A2Cv4(nryC(fC (3fraCh(C(fC f3)C)4CSuC
ைவக்கப்ப)வதால் ,
x2C41veaChanCnr(:(C.nCm8(dlM(vnSvmS0aC4 ,
m(g3ACM(vna3S(C.eCelCseCelClg7C(:(C.C4CBvAaChelCseC
df7CSlyC a3yC leSaCh(vn.vleSaC4lC.d)CaD4CB-lB .
957rt7C(:(C.4C 4vgaCaDeC1nvgaCalCT52CS(C( gfC
)ம். a3)C04CSlvygn7C4CB(Ci(3nCn gfC DeC ,
anCnr(C6)g3AC(Cv(3yC CgCig301eCm4Cv45eC(lC44C4uCelCs ம்
97Cg4Cv4gn7C4CB(Ci(3nCgv4c)CKoC.aD4CB4uCelCseCCKoC
52
.aD4CB4uC9-tglCTyC imtuCa3D(vn1S(7r(C( gfC DeC .
anCnr(C6)oC(nCauc4e3ySlyC(vn5eC ,
Slve(vn5eC.A2Cv4(vn,((C.vlg3((C.vl4CB ,
.s-t1Tg3lCluCi2T(nruC.vleSaC4lC.d)CaD4CB-yC ly .
ஒவ்ெவா-$ழந்ைத5ம்ஒ-தனிப்பட்டநபராகப்பயன் ப)த்/வதற்$ப்ப
Su3(,
1g7C(nryC g3ACcuC97eCa4CSuCg.aCavl3uC1Tg3lCluCia7C4C S
uCvg(C(aCaD-lB : '2)Cm4CS7oC(nC', சராசரியான/ , சராசரி -
'ேதால்கள்'.
ia0eCa3ReC1g7C(nC4oC(vn4oC(nCia7CveialC0g3tCaChxuC
ைல.
இத்தைகயெபயரிடப்பட்டேபய்களின்ைளவால்$ழந்ைதகள்A/ேபர
9M;lCaD-lB . பள்ளிக்6டங்கள் , ' தல்லார்ட்'
எனஅைழக்கப்ப)ம்வாய்ெமா9ெபயர்8லம் ,
.A2Cv4(vnd)C.TaCh;lCa3D(nruC47r(C(MeC ,
(3)C5aCaD4CS.A2Cv4(vn47r(C(V0t34.TN)Cv)5eCd0g3
(C.-yC ly.
m7rt3yaSuCxuCvu?yC l1mCmeCg.aCavl3uCau.A2Cv4(vn
ieWye3(vg4CS0(C-lB ,
x4y3uC1g7C(nCaoC (lC(MeC(lCs(Ci(3nCnMeCmee3yg3tCaCh(
vnes4CBnCny7C . 43uCcateC8ueC1 4meteCV)oC- ,
43uCcateCx02CB?KeChStcJtoC(vnVtlC5 ,
47CM(nC.vlg3(2yC l3(imtCB ,
elCseC4oC(nC1fr(nruCxA2CB4oC(nCSlvyxA(C(t37C1v)t
!05ம்.
4vA(nCelCseC4gs(vn(lCluCimtuCVvlC0C0oC-vf2C4
.aD4CB4uC9-tglCTyC imtuCa3D(vn1S(7r(C( gfC DeC .
anCnr(C6)oC(nCauc4e3ySlyC(vn5eC ,
Slve(vn5eC.A2Cv4(vn,((C.vlg3((C.vl4CB ,
.s-t1Tg3lCluCi2T(nruC.vleSaC4lC.d)CaD4CB-yC ly .
ஒவ்ெவா-$ழந்ைத5ம்ஒ-தனிப்பட்டநபராகப்பயன் ப)த்/வதற்$ப்ப
Su3(,
1g7C(nryC g3ACcuC97eCa4CSuCg.aCavl3uC1Tg3lCluCia7C4C S
uCvg(C(aCaD-lB : '2)Cm4CS7oC(nC', சராசரியான/ , சராசரி -
'ேதால்கள்'.
ia0eCa3ReC1g7C(nC4oC(vn4oC(nCia7CveialC0g3tCaChxuC
ைல.
இத்தைகயெபயரிடப்பட்டேபய்களின்ைளவால்$ழந்ைதகள்A/ேபர
9M;lCaD-lB . பள்ளிக்6டங்கள் , ' தல்லார்ட்'
எனஅைழக்கப்ப)ம்வாய்ெமா9ெபயர்8லம் ,
.A2Cv4(vnd)C.TaCh;lCa3D(nruC47r(C(MeC ,
(3)C5aCaD4CS.A2Cv4(vn47r(C(V0t34.TN)Cv)5eCd0g3
(C.-yC ly.
m7rt3yaSuCxuCvu?yC l1mCmeCg.aCavl3uCau.A2Cv4(vn
ieWye3(vg4CS0(C-lB ,
x4y3uC1g7C(nCaoC (lC(MeC(lCs(Ci(3nCnMeCmee3yg3tCaCh(
vnes4CBnCny7C . 43uCcateC8ueC1 4meteCV)oC- ,
43uCcateCx02CB?KeChStcJtoC(vnVtlC5 ,
47CM(nC.vlg3(2yC l3(imtCB ,
elCseC4oC(nC1fr(nruCxA2CB4oC(nCSlvyxA(C(t37C1v)t
!05ம்.
4vA(nCelCseC4gs(vn(lCluCimtuCVvlC0C0oC-vf2C4
53
a.St3(x0(C(elCseC 'VKeSaCiafC (nC '
1v)tV0t3Bat4Cv42E (C(1PeS(C(V(C-teC .
பள்ளிக்6டம்$ழந்ைதக:க்$ஒ-வ.வானச%க்ைஞகைளஅ"
ப்பேவண் )ம்,
ialC l37C(nr),02C 4.A2Cv4(vnC0xneCgtS/02CB()CDaC
a3)3(e3lCsg4lC.ialC l37C 4vg . " m7rt3yaSuC(vn "
(lCs(Ci(3nCg4lC. 274Cv4imucDg4lC.aCaSu3(1uCuBialC
ேறார்களிடம்ேநரத்ைதெசலவ9ப்பைதத்தங்கள் 4ள்ைளகைளஊக்கப்
ப)த்தேவண் )ம் .
4oC(nCe3fg7C(:(C(3yey1K4C42r7Cg-aC4lC(3ya0aCh(vn
4C 4Dg4lC.aCaSu3( ,
anCnr4C4vug7C(nCelCseCanCnr2r7Cg3(oC(nC4oC(nCa3)4CS) ்டத்
ைத0-மனஅKத்தம்ெசய்யேவண் )ம் ,
anCnr(C6)4CSlC.ignr t5nCn.A2Cv4(nryC g3AC(Cv(4C474Cv4
ialC l30(C.1TMv7gAoC( gfC DeC .
9AC2C4 a3)C04C4yC vevtg/5s4CB-yC lanCnr(nCelClg7C(nr
ன் உதாரணமாகக-தப்படக்6டா/ , மாநிலஅர*பள்ளிகள்உட்பட .
C0.A2Cv4(C.(lCluC(JC )e3(x02C43uC1g0(C.5laCh(uCc 4
ைவ.
1g0(C.1uCuB1g:(C.5laCh(uCc;lCa3DimtCtaCa)u3eC .
C0.A2Cv44yBg.aChelCl1vy4CB.A2Cv4(:(C.gAoC(aCa
DeCx0(C.eC(uCcgmS(vnatyC aD4CS4yB /
1g:(C.4D(C-lB1BC0xtu3ve(37fe3(57eeC(lCluC .
gs(37foC(nry3uCC0.A2Cv4(JC )4Cv4(lCT0(C(u3eC .
dnCn)oC-t(uCcm7Cg35V314t3yCdnCn)oC-t(uCcm7Cg35V314t3yCdnCn)oC-t(uCcm7Cg35V314t3yCdnCn)oC-t(uCcm7Cg35V314t3yC
a.St3(x0(C(elCseC 'VKeSaCiafC (nC '
1v)tV0t3Bat4Cv42E (C(1PeS(C(V(C-teC .
பள்ளிக்6டம்$ழந்ைதக:க்$ஒ-வ.வானச%க்ைஞகைளஅ"
ப்பேவண் )ம்,
ialC l37C(nr),02C 4.A2Cv4(vnC0xneCgtS/02CB()CDaC
a3)3(e3lCsg4lC.ialC l37C 4vg . " m7rt3yaSuC(vn "
(lCs(Ci(3nCg4lC. 274Cv4imucDg4lC.aCaSu3(1uCuBialC
ேறார்களிடம்ேநரத்ைதெசலவ9ப்பைதத்தங்கள் 4ள்ைளகைளஊக்கப்
ப)த்தேவண் )ம் .
4oC(nCe3fg7C(:(C(3yey1K4C42r7Cg-aC4lC(3ya0aCh(vn
4C 4Dg4lC.aCaSu3( ,
anCnr4C4vug7C(nCelCseCanCnr2r7Cg3(oC(nC4oC(nCa3)4CS) ்டத்
ைத0-மனஅKத்தம்ெசய்யேவண் )ம் ,
anCnr(C6)4CSlC.ignr t5nCn.A2Cv4(nryC g3AC(Cv(4C474Cv4
ialC l30(C.1TMv7gAoC( gfC DeC .
9AC2C4 a3)C04C4yC vevtg/5s4CB-yC lanCnr(nCelClg7C(nr
ன் உதாரணமாகக-தப்படக்6டா/ , மாநிலஅர*பள்ளிகள்உட்பட .
C0.A2Cv4(C.(lCluC(JC )e3(x02C43uC1g0(C.5laCh(uCc 4
ைவ.
1g0(C.1uCuB1g:(C.5laCh(uCc;lCa3DimtCtaCa)u3eC .
C0.A2Cv44yBg.aChelCl1vy4CB.A2Cv4(:(C.gAoC(aCa
DeCx0(C.eC(uCcgmS(vnatyC aD4CS4yB /
1g:(C.4D(C-lB1BC0xtu3ve(37fe3(57eeC(lCluC .
gs(37foC(nry3uCC0.A2Cv4(JC )4Cv4(lCT0(C(u3eC .
dnCn)oC-t(uCcm7Cg35V314t3yCdnCn)oC-t(uCcm7Cg35V314t3yCdnCn)oC-t(uCcm7Cg35V314t3yCdnCn)oC-t(uCcm7Cg35V314t3yC
54
m7C g5V314t3yC (SSA)
97eCa(uCc(C(3y5yrg7Cm/ mJyC?yC lxu(Cv(1v)tVtlC5
த்த/.
xB<DCt2r73(7raCh(Ci(3nCv(vt(v)404CBauC gsS)C)oC(
vn5eCS)C)oC(vn5eCC0oC-vfaCa4lC(3yC01G.Vvl
vtaCatyC aD4CB-lB . SSA
xyC V(C-t 23(C(eC10aCav)(uCc(C(3y5yrg7Cm/ mJyC
(UEE) ஆ$ம்.X.ஈ.x3yC 8yCsV(C-t1eCmoC(nC 6-14
gtSuCdnCn1vy4CB.A2Cv4(nr)VeC1G(uC ,
m7C(Cv(elCseC4(C(vg4C4uC . SSA
xyC MACC0<DCYt2r73(7raCh(Ci(3nCv(4yC alClaCaD-lB ,
xBCgCig30.A2Cv4(C.eC5laCh 4vg(vn(C ( CWSN)
dsSaCaD4CB-lB , வைக, gv(elCseC.vla3)C0yC1nM ,
17C4C4VnCnelCseC47e3y(uCcgAoC(aCaD-lB .
5laCh4C 4vg(vn(Ci(3fC 00(C.eC.A2Cv4(:(C.(uCcMAC4
yCg0eC6s(vndnCn)(C-tB : -
ia3Bg3((fC )T4uCelCseC1v)t3n ,
imtuCa3)CDelCseCVvlt3yeSaCTD , (uCc gvug3tCaCh ,
?tC)C2C elCseCda(7foC(nC , 947M mvg(nC , 957rt7Ca3lC5 ,
9437947M , 4yraCa)C)(uCcS)C)eC ( IEP),
ialC l37Ca3lC5elCseCmV43t1frS7nC4uC ,
S)C),)uCelCseC eu3fC ve , 5laChaCanCnr(vngRaCaD4CB4uC ,
()C))(C(vu4v)(vn1(lCs4uC , 973tCmC5,
(fC (3fr4C4uCelCseCeSaCTD , $ைறபா)கள்ெகாண் டெபண் கள் .
CgCig30g0)4CSlC.eC.TaC4)C)S)C)oC(nryC a0 ,
ByVlCl.A2Cv4(nCC0oC-vf(C(.A2Cv4(C. 1200
m7C g5V314t3yC (SSA)
97eCa(uCc(C(3y5yrg7Cm/ mJyC?yC lxu(Cv(1v)tVtlC5
த்த/.
xB<DCt2r73(7raCh(Ci(3nCv(vt(v)404CBauC gsS)C)oC(
vn5eCS)C)oC(vn5eCC0oC-vfaCa4lC(3yC01G.Vvl
vtaCatyC aD4CB-lB . SSA
xyC V(C-t 23(C(eC10aCav)(uCc(C(3y5yrg7Cm/ mJyC
(UEE) ஆ$ம்.X.ஈ.x3yC 8yCsV(C-t1eCmoC(nC 6-14
gtSuCdnCn1vy4CB.A2Cv4(nr)VeC1G(uC ,
m7C(Cv(elCseC4(C(vg4C4uC . SSA
xyC MACC0<DCYt2r73(7raCh(Ci(3nCv(4yC alClaCaD-lB ,
xBCgCig30.A2Cv4(C.eC5laCh 4vg(vn(C ( CWSN)
dsSaCaD4CB-lB , வைக, gv(elCseC.vla3)C0yC1nM ,
17C4C4VnCnelCseC47e3y(uCcgAoC(aCaD-lB .
5laCh4C 4vg(vn(Ci(3fC 00(C.eC.A2Cv4(:(C.(uCcMAC4
yCg0eC6s(vndnCn)(C-tB : -
ia3Bg3((fC )T4uCelCseC1v)t3n ,
imtuCa3)CDelCseCVvlt3yeSaCTD , (uCc gvug3tCaCh ,
?tC)C2C elCseCda(7foC(nC , 947M mvg(nC , 957rt7Ca3lC5 ,
9437947M , 4yraCa)C)(uCcS)C)eC ( IEP),
ialC l37Ca3lC5elCseCmV43t1frS7nC4uC ,
S)C),)uCelCseC eu3fC ve , 5laChaCanCnr(vngRaCaD4CB4uC ,
()C))(C(vu4v)(vn1(lCs4uC , 973tCmC5,
(fC (3fr4C4uCelCseCeSaCTD , $ைறபா)கள்ெகாண் டெபண் கள் .
CgCig30g0)4CSlC.eC.TaC4)C)S)C)oC(nryC a0 ,
ByVlCl.A2Cv4(nCC0oC-vf(C(.A2Cv4(C. 1200
55
Pபாய்வைர SSA gAoC.-lB . C0oC-vf2C4(uCc(C(3y SSA
Mழ்தைலN)கள்அைடயாளம் ,
imtuCa3)CDelCseCVvlt3yeSaCTD ,
ia304C4e3y(uCc gvug3tCaCh ,
4yraCa)C)(uCc4CS)C)4CSyC4t37raCh ,
?tC)C2C elCseCda(7foC(nC , 957rt7Ca3lC5 , 9437947M ,
கட்டடக்கைலதைடகைளநீ க்$தல் ,
(fC (3fraChelCseCeSaCTDelCseC5laCh(gyeC5laCh 4vg(
ைளெகாண் டெபண் கள் . CWSN க்கானபாடசாைலக:க்$ CWSN
4t37r4C4uCV(C-t 23(C(4CB)yCI)CDa3ueCa0aCh(nC ,
x4yC 8ueC1g7C(:(C.5l2C447eC m7CaCaBdsS .க)ைமயானமற்
seC9AC2C4.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(:(C.I)CD10aCav)3
u3y(uCc(C(3ygmS(nCanCnr(C(3( g31uCuB10aCav)g3AC(C
v(4CSlyC (vngAoC.g4yC 8ueC CWSN
(C.anCnr(C(3( g31uCuBg3AC(Cv((C(3( g34t37r(C(aCaD-yC
றன.
x2CSt3cuCanCnr(nruC5laCh(uCcVvlx2CSt3cuCanCnr(nruC5laCh(uCcVvlx2CSt3cuCanCnr(nruC5laCh(uCcVvlx2CSt3cuCanCnr(nruC5laCh(uCcVvl :
.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(nC 5laChanCnr(n3uCx2CSt3c
uC(uCc(lCT0(C-l37C(nC .
17m3oC(4CBvl3yC MAC.0)CDelCseCimcD(C.C05uanCnr(nC
உள்ளன. ஆனால்$ைறந்தபார்ைவ , ெதாKேநாய்$ணமாக ,
சாரைண $ைறபா) , ஊன!ற்ேறா-க்கானஊன!ற்ேறார் ,
ey2rvua3S(C(aCa)C)g7C(nC , மனநலம்$ன் ,யவர்கள் ,
eyxs(C(eC , ia08vng34eCa3SaChelCseCau -
ByVlC l37C a3yC l4lByVlCl.A2Cv4(:(C.V(C-t178a
nCnr(nruC5laChCB(CMDxuCvu .
Pபாய்வைர SSA gAoC.-lB . C0oC-vf2C4(uCc(C(3y SSA
Mழ்தைலN)கள்அைடயாளம் ,
imtuCa3)CDelCseCVvlt3yeSaCTD ,
ia304C4e3y(uCc gvug3tCaCh ,
4yraCa)C)(uCc4CS)C)4CSyC4t37raCh ,
?tC)C2C elCseCda(7foC(nC , 957rt7Ca3lC5 , 9437947M ,
கட்டடக்கைலதைடகைளநீ க்$தல் ,
(fC (3fraChelCseCeSaCTDelCseC5laCh(gyeC5laCh 4vg(
ைளெகாண் டெபண் கள் . CWSN க்கானபாடசாைலக:க்$ CWSN
4t37r4C4uCV(C-t 23(C(4CB)yCI)CDa3ueCa0aCh(nC ,
x4yC 8ueC1g7C(:(C.5l2C447eC m7CaCaBdsS .க)ைமயானமற்
seC9AC2C4.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(:(C.I)CD10aCav)3
u3y(uCc(C(3ygmS(nCanCnr(C(3( g31uCuB10aCav)g3AC(C
v(4CSlyC (vngAoC.g4yC 8ueC CWSN
(C.anCnr(C(3( g31uCuBg3AC(Cv((C(3( g34t37r(C(aCaD-yC
றன.
x2CSt3cuCanCnr(nruC5laCh(uCcVvlx2CSt3cuCanCnr(nruC5laCh(uCcVvlx2CSt3cuCanCnr(nruC5laCh(uCcVvlx2CSt3cuCanCnr(nruC5laCh(uCcVvl :
.vla3D(nCdnCn.A2Cv4(nC 5laChanCnr(n3uCx2CSt3c
uC(uCc(lCT0(C-l37C(nC .
17m3oC(4CBvl3yC MAC.0)CDelCseCimcD(C.C05uanCnr(nC
உள்ளன. ஆனால்$ைறந்தபார்ைவ , ெதாKேநாய்$ணமாக ,
சாரைண $ைறபா) , ஊன!ற்ேறா-க்கானஊன!ற்ேறார் ,
ey2rvua3S(C(aCa)C)g7C(nC , மனநலம்$ன் ,யவர்கள் ,
eyxs(C(eC , ia08vng34eCa3SaChelCseCau -
ByVlC l37C a3yC l4lByVlCl.A2Cv4(:(C.V(C-t178a
nCnr(nruC5laChCB(CMDxuCvu .
56
.vla3D(nCdnCnx2C4.A2Cv4(nC1uCu34178Bvl5laChanC
nr(nC8ueCp7nclC.gn7C(C(aCaD-yC ly .
கல்லக்$கல்லக்$கல்லக்$கல்லக்$
a3)4CS)C)e3yBC0m(CSg3tC2C4(0ct3.eC ,
xB5(C(/yC a.St3(x0(C(u3eC .
m7C(Cv(3uC0igyCZhg7C2C i)tCyC
"(C 73 e3 m3eC(:(C.(v)5g37C4Cv4xuCvu "
?yCs(0B-l37C . இ-ப்4"ம் ,
ேசர்ப்பதற்கானஅவர/க-த்/எல்லாஇடங்களி.ம்சவாலாகஉள்ள/ .
8yCsVyC 2ra2C4vy(nCdnCny?yC s1g7Cg3SD-l37C : a)
$ழந்ைததயாரிப்ப/ , b) iaseCanCnr(nryC 4t37r4C4uC , c)
ialC l37ryC 4t37raCh , ஆனால்அ/இல்லாமல்அைடய!0யா/ d)
957rt7C(nryC 4t37raCh .
அஅஅஅ) $ழந்ைத3ன்தயாரித்தல்$ழந்ைத3ன்தயாரித்தல்$ழந்ைத3ன்தயாரித்தல்$ழந்ைத3ன்தயாரித்தல் :
5laCh4C 4vg(:)y3y5u4nCvn(nCC0gA(C(e3yanC
nr3uCvg(C(aCaDg4lC.VyC 5uVyC a3lC5 4vgaCa)u3eC .
x2C4a3lC53yC 8ueCc m)1S70aCa3lC5t3n7C(:(C.a3lC5
1nr(C(aCaDeCelCseC14yC 4yC y7C CWSN
V(C-ta3)m3vu(nruC1PeS(C(aCa)u3eC .
92CS7aC47 4meCelCseCd4CS7aC47 4me32ruoC(nCVvlt3yanC
ளிக:க்$தயார்ெசய்ய CWSN
(C(3(474CS t(.030aChaCa3ueC2)4CB-yC ly ,
ஆனால்மற்றமாநிலங்களில்அ/இன்"ம்ெசய்யப்படல்ைல . 2002-
.vla3D(nCdnCnx2C4.A2Cv4(nC1uCu34178Bvl5laChanC
nr(nC8ueCp7nclC.gn7C(C(aCaD-yC ly .
கல்லக்$கல்லக்$கல்லக்$கல்லக்$
a3)4CS)C)e3yBC0m(CSg3tC2C4(0ct3.eC ,
xB5(C(/yC a.St3(x0(C(u3eC .
m7C(Cv(3uC0igyCZhg7C2C i)tCyC
"(C 73 e3 m3eC(:(C.(v)5g37C4Cv4xuCvu "
?yCs(0B-l37C . இ-ப்4"ம் ,
ேசர்ப்பதற்கானஅவர/க-த்/எல்லாஇடங்களி.ம்சவாலாகஉள்ள/ .
8yCsVyC 2ra2C4vy(nCdnCny?yC s1g7Cg3SD-l37C : a)
$ழந்ைததயாரிப்ப/ , b) iaseCanCnr(nryC 4t37r4C4uC , c)
ialC l37ryC 4t37raCh , ஆனால்அ/இல்லாமல்அைடய!0யா/ d)
957rt7C(nryC 4t37raCh .
அஅஅஅ) $ழந்ைத3ன்தயாரித்தல்$ழந்ைத3ன்தயாரித்தல்$ழந்ைத3ன்தயாரித்தல்$ழந்ைத3ன்தயாரித்தல் :
5laCh4C 4vg(:)y3y5u4nCvn(nCC0gA(C(e3yanC
nr3uCvg(C(aCaDg4lC.VyC 5uVyC a3lC5 4vgaCa)u3eC .
x2C4a3lC53yC 8ueCc m)1S70aCa3lC5t3n7C(:(C.a3lC5
1nr(C(aCaDeCelCseC14yC 4yC y7C CWSN
V(C-ta3)m3vu(nruC1PeS(C(aCa)u3eC .
92CS7aC47 4meCelCseCd4CS7aC47 4me32ruoC(nCVvlt3yanC
ளிக:க்$தயார்ெசய்ய CWSN
(C(3(474CS t(.030aChaCa3ueC2)4CB-yC ly ,
ஆனால்மற்றமாநிலங்களில்அ/இன்"ம்ெசய்யப்படல்ைல . 2002-
57
03ல் 683 ஆ3ரம், 1,00,000 CWSN அைடயாளம்காணப்பட்ட/ . 2006-
07 g3(C-uC 3 %ல்&யன் 38 ஆ3ரம்அைடயாளம்காணப்பட்ட/ .
2002-03 ஆம்ஆண் 0ல் 566 ஆ3ரம்CWSN பள்ளிகளில்ேசர்ந்தன , SSA
இல்தற்ேபா/ CWSN இன் வ-ைக 2 %ல்&யன் 20 ஆ3ரம் (0சம்பர்
2006) இல்உள்ள/ . 2006-07 ஆம்ஆண் 0ற்கானஇலக்$ 34
மாநிலங்களில் 3 %ல்&யன் 38 ஆ3ரம்CWSN ஐேசர்ப்ப/ஆ$ம் .
ஆஆஆஆ. anCnr(vnaCiasg4lC(3y4t3anCnr(vnaCiasg4lC(3y4t3anCnr(vnaCiasg4lC(3y4t3anCnr(vnaCiasg4lC(3y4t37raCh 7raCh7raCh7raCh
VyCP7rve10aCav)3u3y5uV(C-tx7fC )3eC2rvuaC
பாடசாைலகள் " e3)uCdnC()C)veaChanCnrt3( "
47CMimtCtaCa)CD14c04CSimtCtaCaD-yC ly . CWSN
க்$தைடயற்றஅGக.க்கான!தன்ைமயானஅைனத்/அG$!ைற
(nrReCxvg1vy4CBeCimtCtaCaD-yC ly .இந்தபள்ளிகளில்ஊன
!ற்ற-2)ChgmS(vngAoC.g4lC.VtlC5?D(C(aCa) gfC DeC .
CWSN
(C(3yC08lCsmCHAvugAoC.g4lC(3yhBvet3yg0gveaCh
கைளஉ-வாக்$தல் ,
x2C4anCnr(nruC4t37raC4yC C0a.St3(MeCimtCtaCa) gfC DeC .
x2CSt3cuCie34C4eC 222 ஆ3ரம்பள்ளிகள் SSA
இன் Mழ்நா)!Kவ/ம்தைடெசய்யப்பட்)ள்ளன .
இஇஇஇ. ெபற்ேறார்கள்தயாரித்தல்ெபற்ேறார்கள்தயாரித்தல்ெபற்ேறார்கள்தயாரித்தல்ெபற்ேறார்கள்தயாரித்தல் :
CWSN இன் ெபற்ேறா-ம் /
a3B(3g7C(:eCia3Bg3(m8(elCseCdnctuC7ESt3y47mC5
vy(vn?S7Ci(3nC-yC ly7C , இதனால்CWSN
V(C-tanCnr(nruCp7oC()C0cD4uCelCseCcu(C.4uC9-tyg3
03ல் 683 ஆ3ரம், 1,00,000 CWSN அைடயாளம்காணப்பட்ட/ . 2006-
07 g3(C-uC 3 %ல்&யன் 38 ஆ3ரம்அைடயாளம்காணப்பட்ட/ .
2002-03 ஆம்ஆண் 0ல் 566 ஆ3ரம்CWSN பள்ளிகளில்ேசர்ந்தன , SSA
இல்தற்ேபா/ CWSN இன் வ-ைக 2 %ல்&யன் 20 ஆ3ரம் (0சம்பர்
2006) இல்உள்ள/ . 2006-07 ஆம்ஆண் 0ற்கானஇலக்$ 34
மாநிலங்களில் 3 %ல்&யன் 38 ஆ3ரம்CWSN ஐேசர்ப்ப/ஆ$ம் .
ஆஆஆஆ. anCnr(vnaCiasg4lC(3y4t3anCnr(vnaCiasg4lC(3y4t3anCnr(vnaCiasg4lC(3y4t3anCnr(vnaCiasg4lC(3y4t37raCh 7raCh7raCh7raCh
VyCP7rve10aCav)3u3y5uV(C-tx7fC )3eC2rvuaC
பாடசாைலகள் " e3)uCdnC()C)veaChanCnrt3( "
47CMimtCtaCa)CD14c04CSimtCtaCaD-yC ly . CWSN
க்$தைடயற்றஅGக.க்கான!தன்ைமயானஅைனத்/அG$!ைற
(nrReCxvg1vy4CBeCimtCtaCaD-yC ly .இந்தபள்ளிகளில்ஊன
!ற்ற-2)ChgmS(vngAoC.g4lC.VtlC5?D(C(aCa) gfC DeC .
CWSN
(C(3yC08lCsmCHAvugAoC.g4lC(3yhBvet3yg0gveaCh
கைளஉ-வாக்$தல் ,
x2C4anCnr(nruC4t37raC4yC C0a.St3(MeCimtCtaCa) gfC DeC .
x2CSt3cuCie34C4eC 222 ஆ3ரம்பள்ளிகள் SSA
இன் Mழ்நா)!Kவ/ம்தைடெசய்யப்பட்)ள்ளன .
இஇஇஇ. ெபற்ேறார்கள்தயாரித்தல்ெபற்ேறார்கள்தயாரித்தல்ெபற்ேறார்கள்தயாரித்தல்ெபற்ேறார்கள்தயாரித்தல் :
CWSN இன் ெபற்ேறா-ம் /
a3B(3g7C(:eCia3Bg3(m8(elCseCdnctuC7ESt3y47mC5
vy(vn?S7Ci(3nC-yC ly7C , இதனால்CWSN
V(C-tanCnr(nruCp7oC()C0cD4uCelCseCcu(C.4uC9-tyg3
58
$ம். எனேவ, CWSN
xyC .TaCa3(ialC l37C(nrv) ta72C4c9aChf7Cvg;lCaD4CB
gBV(C-teC .
1g7C(nC4yBanCnr(C6)4Cv44743yanCnr(:(C.1PaChg4lC.
4C4oC(vn4C4t37CaD4CS(Ci(3nC:eCa01g7C(nC1TMv7gAoC(aC
படேவண் )ம் . ஈ. 957rt7C(vn4C4t37raCaB :
x2CSt3cuC5laChaCa3lC53yC957rtaCa3lC5V(eC -72:67:-
V(eCelCseCi43vuM9-tx7fC 0yC 8ueCgAoC(aCaD-lB .
ஈஈஈஈ. 957rt7C(nC4t37r4C4uC957rt7C(nC4t37r4C4uC957rt7C(nC4t37r4C4uC957rt7C(nC4t37r4C4uC :
x2CSt3cuC5laCh(uCc(lC44C4uCa3lC5V(eCelCseCV(eCx
0Vvl8ueCgAoC(aCaD-lB .
I) VyC mvga3lC5VyC mvga3lC5VyC mvga3lC5VyC mvga3lC5 :
x2CSt3cuC , SE- ல்!ன்-
mvg957rt7C(:(C.a3lC51nr(C(aCaD-lB ,
9y3uCxBV(C-te3(x7fC )3gB2rvua3lC5(C.vete3(dnC
ள/. SE xyC x7fC )3eC2rvu957rta3lC5 159
2rsgyoC(nCdnCny , அேதசமயம் SE
xuC10aCav)1uCuBV4yC vee)C)4CSuCVyC -
mvga3lC51nr(C-yC l23)C0uCe)CDeC 11 2rsgyoC(nCdnCny .
x2CStesS7veaCh(MyC 5uC ( RCI) SE
xyC a3)4CS)C)a3)4CS)C)4Cv4 eeCaD4CB4uC ,
1oCM(37eCimtC4uCelCseCCKoC.aD4CBg4lC(3ydmCm1S(37e3
$ம். e4CStaC47 4meC a3DC (ஓபன்) பல்கைலக்கழகம் , ேபாபால்,
நாட்0ல்ஒேரபல்கைலக்கழகம் , 4. எட். (SE) =ரம்கற்றல்!ைற8லம் .
$ம். எனேவ, CWSN
xyC .TaCa3(ialC l37C(nrv) ta72C4c9aChf7Cvg;lCaD4CB
gBV(C-teC .
1g7C(nC4yBanCnr(C6)4Cv44743yanCnr(:(C.1PaChg4lC.
4C4oC(vn4C4t37CaD4CS(Ci(3nC:eCa01g7C(nC1TMv7gAoC(aC
படேவண் )ம் . ஈ. 957rt7C(vn4C4t37raCaB :
x2CSt3cuC5laChaCa3lC53yC957rtaCa3lC5V(eC -72:67:-
V(eCelCseCi43vuM9-tx7fC 0yC 8ueCgAoC(aCaD-lB .
ஈஈஈஈ. 957rt7C(nC4t37r4C4uC957rt7C(nC4t37r4C4uC957rt7C(nC4t37r4C4uC957rt7C(nC4t37r4C4uC :
x2CSt3cuC5laCh(uCc(lC44C4uCa3lC5V(eCelCseCV(eCx
0Vvl8ueCgAoC(aCaD-lB .
I) VyC mvga3lC5VyC mvga3lC5VyC mvga3lC5VyC mvga3lC5 :
x2CSt3cuC , SE- ல்!ன்-
mvg957rt7C(:(C.a3lC51nr(C(aCaD-lB ,
9y3uCxBV(C-te3(x7fC )3gB2rvua3lC5(C.vete3(dnC
ள/. SE xyC x7fC )3eC2rvu957rta3lC5 159
2rsgyoC(nCdnCny , அேதசமயம் SE
xuC10aCav)1uCuBV4yC vee)C)4CSuCVyC -
mvga3lC51nr(C-yC l23)C0uCe)CDeC 11 2rsgyoC(nCdnCny .
x2CStesS7veaCh(MyC 5uC ( RCI) SE
xyC a3)4CS)C)a3)4CS)C)4Cv4 eeCaD4CB4uC ,
1oCM(37eCimtC4uCelCseCCKoC.aD4CBg4lC(3ydmCm1S(37e3
$ம். e4CStaC47 4meC a3DC (ஓபன்) பல்கைலக்கழகம் , ேபாபால்,
நாட்0ல்ஒேரபல்கைலக்கழகம் , 4. எட். (SE) =ரம்கற்றல்!ைற8லம் .
59
mAa4CSuC, 4.ஏ.
a)C)aCa0aCh2rhf4CBg0aC n3e3cuC5laCh(uCc3uCa3)aC47rM
ெதாடங்கப்பட்ட/ . மாணவர்கள் .
x4CS)C)4CSyC iglCT(7e3y g)Ca3n7C4 .இ.0.-4.0.0.
a)C)eCvg4CS0aCag7C ,
47C2Ci4D(C(aCa)C)ByVlCla.S3uC5laCh4C 47CmC5ialClg7C .
x2CStanCnr(C(uCcVvldu- u t,(aCia7rtCyC l3.eC ,
ேம.ம்CWSN xyC ?fC fr(Cv(,(MeC1S(e3(dnCnB ,
5laCh(uCcVyC 6)C0t957rt7C957rt7C(nryC 4lC a3v4tHAC2r
ைல,
5laCh(uCc(C6s(vnC0oC-vfaCa4lC(3ye3lCsg9Vvl(
vnauaCaD4C41uCuBc7rg3(C( gfC DeC957rt7Ca3lC5S)C)oC
கள்கண் )40க்கேவண் )ம் .
ெபா/!ன் -
mvga3lC5S)C)4CSyC957rt7Ca3lC5a3)4CS)C)a3)4CS)C)eC CW
SN
d)yC me3nr(C(957rt7C(nCelCseC957rt(uCct3n7C(vnVK
vet3(g.(C(3B1uCuBia3Bg.aCavl(nruC,4e3yelCseC,
4e3yByVlCl.A2Cv4(vn2r7Cg-(C(1g7C(vng0gve(C(3
/. x2C4V0M(C. ,
1vy4CB957rt7C(:(C.eCelCseCgn2a7C(:(C.eCdf7C4CBg4lC
காக, (uCc(A(oC(:(C(3y 45t(MyC 5uC (என்.5.0.இ.இ.)
elCseCx2CStesS7veaCh(MyC 5uC ( ஆர்.5.ஐ.)
9-tglCTlC.xv) tC0CaCa2C4eCv(itK4CS)C)B . NCERT (2000)
45ta3)4CS)C)4CSyC()C)veaChes9tCMMACC0.Kig3yC vl
2rsc5nCnB .இ/CWNS
mAa4CSuC, 4.ஏ.
a)C)aCa0aCh2rhf4CBg0aC n3e3cuC5laCh(uCc3uCa3)aC47rM
ெதாடங்கப்பட்ட/ . மாணவர்கள் .
x4CS)C)4CSyC iglCT(7e3y g)Ca3n7C4 .இ.0.-4.0.0.
a)C)eCvg4CS0aCag7C ,
47C2Ci4D(C(aCa)C)ByVlCla.S3uC5laCh4C 47CmC5ialClg7C .
x2CStanCnr(C(uCcVvldu- u t,(aCia7rtCyC l3.eC ,
ேம.ம்CWSN xyC ?fC fr(Cv(,(MeC1S(e3(dnCnB ,
5laCh(uCcVyC 6)C0t957rt7C957rt7C(nryC 4lC a3v4tHAC2r
ைல,
5laCh(uCc(C6s(vnC0oC-vfaCa4lC(3ye3lCsg9Vvl(
vnauaCaD4C41uCuBc7rg3(C( gfC DeC957rt7Ca3lC5S)C)oC
கள்கண் )40க்கேவண் )ம் .
ெபா/!ன் -
mvga3lC5S)C)4CSyC957rt7Ca3lC5a3)4CS)C)a3)4CS)C)eC CW
SN
d)yC me3nr(C(957rt7C(nCelCseC957rt(uCct3n7C(vnVK
vet3(g.(C(3B1uCuBia3Bg.aCavl(nruC,4e3yelCseC,
4e3yByVlCl.A2Cv4(vn2r7Cg-(C(1g7C(vng0gve(C(3
/. x2C4V0M(C. ,
1vy4CB957rt7C(:(C.eCelCseCgn2a7C(:(C.eCdf7C4CBg4lC
காக, (uCc(A(oC(:(C(3y 45t(MyC 5uC (என்.5.0.இ.இ.)
elCseCx2CStesS7veaCh(MyC 5uC ( ஆர்.5.ஐ.)
9-tglCTlC.xv) tC0CaCa2C4eCv(itK4CS)C)B . NCERT (2000)
45ta3)4CS)C)4CSyC()C)veaChes9tCMMACC0.Kig3yC vl
2rsc5nCnB .இ/CWNS
60
(C(3( 4vgaCaDeC(lC4(C(aCa)C)dnCnED(nCelCseCg.aCavles
S7veaCh9-tglCvl973tCg4lC(3( .
UGC
45t(uCca7r m34vyafrt(eC;lC(y g14yC 5laCh(uCca3
)4CS)C)4CSuC "5laCh(uCc " ேசர்க்கப்பட்)ள்ள/ .xB5laCh(uCc ,
C0oC-vf2C4(uCc , ey2rvua3SaCh (MR), பார்ைவ$ைறபா)
(VI), சாரைண$ைறபா) (HI), orthopaedically ஊன!ற்ேறார் (OH),
a7rmnraChelCseCav)aCh.A2Cv4(nC ,
ByVlCl.A2Cv4(nCelCseC5sa3yC ve.lClmCm3)CD(nryC (uCc
9-tglCvlaCalCTtcg7oC(nCxSuC1)oC.eC .
x2CSt3cuCVB(vuaCa)C)a0aCh(nC(uCcm37C2C4a3)4CS)C)4CSuC
ByVlCldsaCh(vngRaCaD4C4g9g.(C-yC ly .
CWSN (C(3y.030aCha3ueCa3)aC47rM(nC(C(3y.030aCha3ueCa3)aC47rM(nC(C(3y.030aCha3ueCa3)aC47rM(nC(C(3y.030aCha3ueCa3)aC47rM(nC A.P., U.P.
இல்இல்இல்இல்.&ராஜஸ் தான்ராஜஸ் தான்ராஜஸ் தான்ராஜஸ் தான்:
92CS73, d4C47aC47 4meCelCseC73D2C 43yC9-tvg ,
gA(C(e3ya3)m3vu(nruCiglCT(7e3(C0oC-vfaCa4lC.4
t37CaD4CS(Ci(3nC:eCSlyC (vngn7CaCa4lC(3(.030aCha3ueC
a3)i2T(vn2v)VvlaCaD4C4C0S)C)4Cv4d0g3(C-5nCny .
a3)4CS)C)4CSyC elCl.T(C (3nC(nC : ( i)
ேசடஉபகரணங்கைள*யாOனமாகபயன் ப)த்/வதற்$க)ைமயா
y.vla3D(nCi(3fC )e3fg7C(nrv) t 4vgt3ySlve(
ைளஏற்ப)த்/தல் , (ii) ேபா/மான 3R
SlyC (vngn7C4CB(Ci(3nCnMeC , 47eCelCseC (iii) 842CS7eC,
4yCyeC4(Cv(elCseC4yraCa)C)gn7CmC5(C(3yB(C(4Cv4d0g3(C
(C(3( 4vgaCaDeC(lC4(C(aCa)C)dnCnED(nCelCseCg.aCavles
S7veaCh9-tglCvl973tCg4lC(3( .
UGC
45t(uCca7r m34vyafrt(eC;lC(y g14yC 5laCh(uCca3
)4CS)C)4CSuC "5laCh(uCc " ேசர்க்கப்பட்)ள்ள/ .xB5laCh(uCc ,
C0oC-vf2C4(uCc , ey2rvua3SaCh (MR), பார்ைவ$ைறபா)
(VI), சாரைண$ைறபா) (HI), orthopaedically ஊன!ற்ேறார் (OH),
a7rmnraChelCseCav)aCh.A2Cv4(nC ,
ByVlCl.A2Cv4(nCelCseC5sa3yC ve.lClmCm3)CD(nryC (uCc
9-tglCvlaCalCTtcg7oC(nCxSuC1)oC.eC .
x2CSt3cuCVB(vuaCa)C)a0aCh(nC(uCcm37C2C4a3)4CS)C)4CSuC
ByVlCldsaCh(vngRaCaD4C4g9g.(C-yC ly .
CWSN (C(3y.030aCha3ueCa3)aC47rM(nC(C(3y.030aCha3ueCa3)aC47rM(nC(C(3y.030aCha3ueCa3)aC47rM(nC(C(3y.030aCha3ueCa3)aC47rM(nC A.P., U.P.
இல்இல்இல்இல்.&ராஜஸ் தான்ராஜஸ் தான்ராஜஸ் தான்ராஜஸ் தான்:
92CS73, d4C47aC47 4meCelCseC73D2C 43yC9-tvg ,
gA(C(e3ya3)m3vu(nruCiglCT(7e3(C0oC-vfaCa4lC.4
t37CaD4CS(Ci(3nC:eCSlyC (vngn7CaCa4lC(3(.030aCha3ueC
a3)i2T(vn2v)VvlaCaD4C4C0S)C)4Cv4d0g3(C-5nCny .
a3)4CS)C)4CSyC elCl.T(C (3nC(nC : ( i)
ேசடஉபகரணங்கைள*யாOனமாகபயன் ப)த்/வதற்$க)ைமயா
y.vla3D(nCi(3fC )e3fg7C(nrv) t 4vgt3ySlve(
ைளஏற்ப)த்/தல் , (ii) ேபா/மான 3R
SlyC (vngn7C4CB(Ci(3nCnMeC , 47eCelCseC (iii) 842CS7eC,
4yCyeC4(Cv(elCseC4yraCa)C)gn7CmC5(C(3yB(C(4Cv4d0g3(C
61
$தல், auC gsHAuC(nruC.A2Cv4(vn 23(C.4uC ,
பள்ளிக்6டேசர்ப்4ற்$மட்)மல்ல ,
m8(eCelCseCm8( m7C4C4uC9-tglCvl5eCd0g3(C.4uC .
இரண் டாம்இரண் டாம்இரண் டாம்இரண் டாம்- mvga3lC5 mvga3lC5 mvga3lC5 mvga3lC5 :
dnC:7C(uCc957rt7C(nC (IE)
23(C-10aCav)957rt7C(nCm37Ca3( SSA
xyC MACauC gsgv(t3y957rt7Ca3lC5S)C)oC(nCimtuCaD4C4
aCaD-yC ly . எஸ் எஸ் ஏMழ்உள்ள - mvg957rt7C(:(C(3y 20
23)C(:(C.()C)3ta3lC51nr(C(aCa)C)C0a.St3( IE
ஆன/இைணக்கப்பட்ட/ . CgCig30957rt0(C.eC(04CB ,
ia30nCelCseCV(C-t4CBgeC9-tglCTlC(3yV(C-t4CBgeCxB .
ேம.ம், மாநிலSSA S)C)eCI.E. இல்4ரத்ேயகமாக 3-5 அல்ல/5-7
23nC957rt7C?D4CB(Ci(3fC )B . 2 %ல்&யன் 45.2
937eC957rt7C(nC ,
gA(C(e3y957rt7Ca3lC52r(ACmC5(n3uC8)aCa)C00(C-l37C(nC .
1 %ல்&யன் 400 937eC957rt7C(nC 3-5
23)C(nC6D4u3ya3lC53vydnCn)(C-5nCny7C .39816
957rt7C(nCa3lC5ialCly7C 22
x2CSte32ruoC(nChy7Cg3ACM(MyC 5uC 45
23)C(nCelCseCe3g)C)oC(nruC /
i43.S(nCdnCngn9437oC(nruCimtuCa) .31 மாநிலங்களில் 6
மாநிலங்களில் 6147
957rt7C(nC2rt,(C(aCa)CDnCny7C .anCnr(nC4oC(nCg0gveaCh(
nruC4v)tlClxugm1eCmoC(vnC0oC-vfaCa4yC 8ueC eReC
!டக்கப்பட்டன . 444
$தல், auC gsHAuC(nruC.A2Cv4(vn 23(C.4uC ,
பள்ளிக்6டேசர்ப்4ற்$மட்)மல்ல ,
m8(eCelCseCm8( m7C4C4uC9-tglCvl5eCd0g3(C.4uC .
இரண் டாம்இரண் டாம்இரண் டாம்இரண் டாம்- mvga3lC5 mvga3lC5 mvga3lC5 mvga3lC5 :
dnC:7C(uCc957rt7C(nC (IE)
23(C-10aCav)957rt7C(nCm37Ca3( SSA
xyC MACauC gsgv(t3y957rt7Ca3lC5S)C)oC(nCimtuCaD4C4
aCaD-yC ly . எஸ் எஸ் ஏMழ்உள்ள - mvg957rt7C(:(C(3y 20
23)C(:(C.()C)3ta3lC51nr(C(aCa)C)C0a.St3( IE
ஆன/இைணக்கப்பட்ட/ . CgCig30957rt0(C.eC(04CB ,
ia30nCelCseCV(C-t4CBgeC9-tglCTlC(3yV(C-t4CBgeCxB .
ேம.ம், மாநிலSSA S)C)eCI.E. இல்4ரத்ேயகமாக 3-5 அல்ல/5-7
23nC957rt7C?D4CB(Ci(3fC )B . 2 %ல்&யன் 45.2
937eC957rt7C(nC ,
gA(C(e3y957rt7Ca3lC52r(ACmC5(n3uC8)aCa)C00(C-l37C(nC .
1 %ல்&யன் 400 937eC957rt7C(nC 3-5
23)C(nC6D4u3ya3lC53vydnCn)(C-5nCny7C .39816
957rt7C(nCa3lC5ialCly7C 22
x2CSte32ruoC(nChy7Cg3ACM(MyC 5uC 45
23)C(nCelCseCe3g)C)oC(nruC /
i43.S(nCdnCngn9437oC(nruCimtuCa) .31 மாநிலங்களில் 6
மாநிலங்களில் 6147
957rt7C(nC2rt,(C(aCa)CDnCny7C .anCnr(nC4oC(nCg0gveaCh(
nruC4v)tlClxugm1eCmoC(vnC0oC-vfaCa4yC 8ueC eReC
!டக்கப்பட்டன . 444
62
ஆ3ரம்பள்ளிகள்தைடெசய்யப்பட்)ள்ளன .ேதைவயானஉதசாதன
ங்கைள575 ஆ3ரம்CWSN வழங்கப்பட்)ள்ளன .
KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:
1 1vy4CB.A2Cv4(nryC(uCc4C 4vg(vn<7C4CSimtCg4
lC(3(?uCu3a7re3foC(nrReCanCnr(vnVyC ylCsg4lC(3(dnC
n)oC-t(uCcdnCnB .?y gm2C 4(4CSlC-),yC TdnCn)(C-t(
uCc?yC l(04Cv42rmCmte3(2eB4lC a3v4t2rvu(C.,(MeC
ia304C4e3(x0(C-lB6
rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fsrpy tpdhf;fsrpy tpdhf;fsrpy tpdhf;fs;;;;
1. dnC:f7CM(uCc.T4C4du(n3cti(3nCv((vn80(C(
மாகளக்$ங்கள் .
2. 5iy2C (3g3uCdnC:7C(uCc(C(3(?D(C(aCa)C)VtlC5(
vn(f(C-uC?D4CB(Ci(3nC:oC(nC .
3. xyC PeC(uCc(C(3(x2CSt3cyC17m3oC(4C43uC?D(C(aCaD
eCVtlC5(vnaCalCT(C6soC(nC .
4. x2CSt3cuCdnCnauC gs(uCcdnCnr)C)i(3nCv((vnc
ளக்$ங்கள்.
5. x2CSt3cuCdnCnauC gsdu(n3ctelCseCdnCn)(C-t(
uCc4CS)C)oC(vn80(C(MeC .
ஆ3ரம்பள்ளிகள்தைடெசய்யப்பட்)ள்ளன .ேதைவயானஉதசாதன
ங்கைள575 ஆ3ரம்CWSN வழங்கப்பட்)ள்ளன .
KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:KbTiu:
1 1vy4CB.A2Cv4(nryC(uCc4C 4vg(vn<7C4CSimtCg4
lC(3(?uCu3a7re3foC(nrReCanCnr(vnVyC ylCsg4lC(3(dnC
n)oC-t(uCcdnCnB .?y gm2C 4(4CSlC-),yC TdnCn)(C-t(
uCc?yC l(04Cv42rmCmte3(2eB4lC a3v4t2rvu(C.,(MeC
ia304C4e3(x0(C-lB6
rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpe;jpf;fTk; fye;JiuahlTk; rpy tpdhf;fsrpy tpdhf;fsrpy tpdhf;fsrpy tpdhf;fs;;;;
1. dnC:f7CM(uCc.T4C4du(n3cti(3nCv((vn80(C(
மாகளக்$ங்கள் .
2. 5iy2C (3g3uCdnC:7C(uCc(C(3(?D(C(aCa)C)VtlC5(
vn(f(C-uC?D4CB(Ci(3nC:oC(nC .
3. xyC PeC(uCc(C(3(x2CSt3cyC17m3oC(4C43uC?D(C(aCaD
eCVtlC5(vnaCalCT(C6soC(nC .
4. x2CSt3cuCdnCnauC gs(uCcdnCnr)C)i(3nCv((vnc
ளக்$ங்கள்.
5. x2CSt3cuCdnCnauC gsdu(n3ctelCseCdnCn)(C-t(
uCc4CS)C)oC(vn80(C(MeC .
63
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