Crime and society criminal profiling

useful for B.Sc. Forensic Science

1. Criminal Profiling Ravinder Kaur (Assistant Professor of Forensic Science) School of Allied Health Science-VMRF-DU

2. Definition of Criminal Profiling Definition of Criminal Profiler Goals of Criminal Profiling Types of Crimes in which profiling assist Phases of Criminal Profiling Procedures used in Criminal Profiling Effectiveness of Criminal Profiling Conclusion Case Studies Contents

3. An investigative tool that infers offender characteristics from the analysis of offender’s behaviour, their interaction with the crime scene and victim, and their choices during the crime. Definition Crime Scene Criminal Victim Behaviour

4. Who examines evidence from the crime scene, victims, and witnesses in an attempt to construct an accurate psychological( usually concerning psychopathology, personality, and behaviour) and demographic description of the individual who committed crime. Profilers

5. To supply offender characteristics to help investigators narrow the field of suspects based on the characteristics of the crime scene and initial investigative information. Provide new areas of inquiry. Keep investigation on track. Understand the behaviour more completely. It is not the goal of profiling to identify a particular person or to give his or her identity. Goals of Criminal Profiling

6. Psychopathology Sexual molestation Murder Forcible Rapes Arson Bombing Deaths by hanging Types of Crimes in which Profiling Assist

7. Given by Petherick and Turvey . Phases of Profiling PHASES Investigative phase Trial phase

8. Investigative Phase- It involves discerning features of the unknown offender for the known crime. Trial Phase- It involves providing information about a crime or series of crimes( modus operandi) for which there is a suspect offender.

9. Modus Operandi versus Signature

10. Primary Goal No. Primary Goal 1. Evaluate the nature and value of forensic and behavioural evidence to a particular crime or series of related crimes. 2. Reduce the viable suspect pool in a criminal investigation. 3. Prioritize the investigation into remaining suspects. 4. Link potentially related crimes by identifying crime scene indicators and behaviour patterns(MO). 5. Assess the potential for escalation of nuisance criminal behaviour to more serious or more violent crimes( harassment, stalking, voyeurism). 6. Provide investigators with investigatively relevant leads and strategies. 7. Help keep the overall investigation on track and undistracted by offering fresh insights. Investigative Phase

11. Trial Phase Sr. No. Profiler’s Goals 1. Evaluate the nature and value of forensic and behavioural evidence to a particular crime or series of related crimes. 2. Develop interview or interrogation strategies. 3. Help develop insight into offender fantasy and motivations. 4. Develop insight into offender motive and intent before, during, and after the commission of a crime 5. Link potentially related crimes by identifying crime scene indicators and behaviour patterns.

12. Five steps are used - Procedures used in Criminal Profiling

13. From Crime scene analysis, profiler gets following details- Complete synopsis of the crime, location, weather conditions. Complete Victim information( domestic setting, employment, reputation, and criminal history. Forensic Information relevant to the crime ( Autopsy reports, photographs, toxicology, crime scene sketches . Crime Scene Analysis

14. Criminal Profile generating process

15. Third stage emphasizes decision making by organizing and arranging inputs into meaningful patterns. Classifications are made- Mass murder-where more than three victims in one location and within one event. Spree murder- killings at two or more locations with no emotional cooling –off period between homicides Serial murder- The unlawful killing of two or more victims by the same offender(s) in separate events. Decision Making

16. This step involves the reconstruction of the sequence of events and the behaviour of both the perpetrator and the victim. Classification of criminals are made- Organised Criminals- Those who plan their murders, target their victims, show self control at the crime scene by leaving few clues ex- Ted Bundy Disorganised Criminals- Those who don’t plan their murders, obtains victims by chance, and behaves haphazardly during the crime. Reconstruction

17. It follows a standard format including- Hypotheses about the perpetrator’s age Race Educational level Marital status Habits Family characteristics Type of vehicle Indication of Psychopathology. Final Profile

18. According to Survey conducted in Great Britain – Effectiveness of Criminal Profiling Percentage of cases in which profiling led to identification of the offender 5% Percentage of cases in which profiling helped police for further understanding the offender 61% Percentage of cases in which profiling helped police for reassurance of their own conclusion 52% Percentage of cases in which profiling offered a structure for interviewing 5% Percentage of cases in which police concluded that profiling information was useless 17%

19. As profiling generates hypotheses , so its conclusion should not be treated as final because- Innocent person may fits the profile. Profile may be misguided( Boston Strangler case and D.C. Sniper case). The introduction of a profile can increase the efficient use of the detective’s time. It should be viewed as an instrument to facilitate the work of investigators and detectives, by evaluating suspects and providing useful advice on investigation and interviewing. Its use in criminal cases as an attempt to link a particular defendant to a particular crime has serious problems and at this point should not be admitted as “expert Testimony”. Conclusion

20. Case Studies- Ted Bundy

21. TED BUNDY Serial Killer, Rapist , Necrophiliac. Killed at least 36 women in 1970’s Education- Bachelors in Psychology (1972) He was the illegitimate child. He showed an unusual interest in the macabre at an early age and became fascinated by knifes. While a student at the University of Washington, Bundy fell in love with a wealthy, pretty young woman from California. She had everything that he wanted: money, class and influence. He was devastated by their breakup. Many of Bundy's later victims resembled his college girlfriend—attractive students with long, dark hair.

22. By the mid-1970s, Bundy had transformed himself, becoming more outwardly confident and active in social and political matters. He even got a letter of recommendation from the Republican governor of Washington after working on his campaign . He often lured his victims into his car by pretending to be injured and asking for their help. Their kindness proved to be a fatal mistake . In the fall of 1974, Bundy moved to Utah to attend law school, and women began disappearing there as well. The following year, he was pulled over by the police. A search of his vehicle uncovered a cache of burglary tools—a crowbar, a face mask, rope and handcuffs. He was arrested for possession of these tools and the police began to link him to much more sinister crimes.

23. In 1975, Bundy was arrested in the kidnapping of Carol DaRonch, one of the few women to escape his clutches. He was convicted and received a one-to-15-year jail sentence. Bundy escaped from prison twice in 1977. The first time, he was indicted on murder charges for the death of a young Colorado woman and decided to act as his own lawyer in the case. During a trip to the courthouse library, he jumped out a window and made his first escape. He was captured eight days later .

24. In December, Bundy escaped from custody again. He climbed out of a hole he made in the ceiling of his cell, having dropped more than 30 pounds to fit through the small opening. Authorities did not discover that Bundy was missing for 15 hours, giving the serial killer a big head start on the police . After Bundy's second escape from prison, he eventually made his way to Tallahassee, Florida. On the night of January 14, 1978, Bundy broke into the Chi Omega sorority house at Florida State University. He attacked four of the young female residents, killing two of them. On February 9, Bundy kidnapped and murdered a 12-year-old girl named Kimberly Leach.

25. These crimes marked the end of his murderous rampage, as he was soon pulled over by the police that February. The most damning evidence connecting Bundy to the two Chi Omega murders at FSU were bite marks on one of the bodies, which were a definitive match to Bundy . Bundy’s good looks, charm and intelligence made him something of a celebrity during his trial. Bundy fought for his life but was convicted and spent nine years on death row appealing his death sentence.

26. In July 1979, Bundy was convicted for the the two Chi Omega murders at FSU. He was given the death penalty twice. He received another death sentence in 1980 for the murder of Kimberly Leach . Bundy appealed, trying to take his case as high as the U.S. Supreme Court, but he was turned down. He also offered information on some of unsolved murders to avoid Florida's electric chair, but he could not delay justice forever and was executed in 1989

27. In 1969, Bundy began a six-year relationship with Elizabeth Kloepfer, whom he met in a Seattle bar. Kloepfer was a single mom of a young daughter and struggled with alcoholism. Bundy took care of her, and she said he was "warm and loving . By 1974, Kloepfer started to suspect Bundy's crimes. When she questioned him about odd behaviours, like keeping a meat cleaver in his desk, he used his charm to deflect her concerns.

28. In 1975, Kloepfer went to police again, this time with evidence that helped them to arrest the serial killer. Bundy had confessed to Kloepfer over the phone from his prison cell that he had tried to kill her and couldn't resist his impulses when he felt "his sickness building in him," she later wrote. She broke ties with Bundy for good and wrote a book about her experience.

29. In February 1980, Bundy married Carole Ann Boone, a mother-of-two whom he’d dated before his initial arrest, in a courtroom during the penalty phase of his trial. He proposed and she accepted in the presence of the judge, making the marriage legitimate in Florida. The couple had met six years earlier when they both worked at the Department of Emergency Services in Olympia, Washington Boone gave birth to a daughter, Rose, in 1982, and she named Bundy as the father. Not much is known about Rose today

30. Boone eventually realized Bundy was guilty of the crimes. She divorced him three years prior to his execution, according to Rule's book, A Stranger Beside Me. Boone stopped visiting Bundy during the last two years of his imprisonment

31. On January 24, 1989, Bundy was executed around 7 a.m. at the Florida State Prison in an electric chair sometimes known as "Old Sparky." Outside the prison, crowds cheered and even set off fireworks after Bundy's execution. Bundy's body was cremated in Gainesville, and no public ceremony was held. Before he was executed he requested his ashes be scattered in the Cascade Mountains of Washington State, where he murdered at least four of his victims

32. The Boston Strangler Case

33. Thank you