CRIME SCENE MANAGEMENT in Investigation- PPT (3).pptx

Investigation

1. CRIME SCENE MANAGEMENT MR. AVINASH C ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

2. BRANCHES OF FORENSIC SCIENCE Forensic Biology Forensic Serology Forensic Anthropology Forensic Medicine Forensic Toxicology Forensic Entomology Forensic Odontology Forensic Physics Forensic Chemistry Dactyloscopy Forensic Photography Forensic Engineering

3. Forensic Accounting Forensic Ballistics Forensic Botany Computer Forensic Forensic Podiatry Forensic Psychology Forensic Linguistics Questioned Document Examination Forensic Cheiloscopy Forensic Genetics DNA Fingerprinting Crime Scene Management

4. WHAT IS SCENE OF CRIME A scene of occurrence is the place where a particular crime has been committed or where physical evidence of such crime is found when it is brought to the notice of the police. It is the starting point for the investigator which provides him with the information of the victim and the suspect and to reconstruct the crime.

5. The scene of crime can not be limited to one place, it may extend to one or more places. It is also not limited to immediate surroundings but may also extended to a wider area depending upon the nature of the crime committed.

6. The investigator is the person who is very important at the scene of crime is also known as crime scene investigator. The investigator should possess the knowledge and skill to preserve and process the evidence available at the scene of crime. Investigator should learn to recognize, identify, preserve and collect items of physical evidences.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF SCENE OF CRIME Based on the place where the crime is committed, crime scene is classified into three types 1. Indoor Crime Scene 2. Outdoor Crime Scene 3. Mobile Crime Scene

8. INDOOR CRIME SCENE The crime committed in a house or the place surround by walls is called indoor crime scene Rape, homicide, house breaking, robbery, dacoity etc. are the examples of indoor crime scene

9. OUTDOOR CRIME SCENE When a crime committed on a road or a field is an outdoor crime scene Rape, homicide, vehicle theft, hit & run, vehicle accident etc. are the examples of outdoor crime scene

10. MOBILE CRIME SCENE The mobility of crime scene evidences occurs here. The scene where crime is committed and the scene where the evidences are found are different.

11. In compact crime scene like burglary, house breaking, theft etc. crime scene can be divided into five parts, Line of approach Point of entry Actual scene Point of exit Line of retreat

12. BASIC PRINCIPLE The Golden Principle of Exchange OR Locard’s principle of exchange “when there is a contact between two objects there will be an mutual exchange of traces.”

13. GENERAL PROCEDURE OF CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION Barricading the crime scene Placing of compass Gathering information from witness Crime scene photography Rough sketch Searching the crime scene Searching for micro evidences Neat sketch

14. Handling, packing and collection of evidence Crime scene reconstruction Interviewing the witness Report - Forensic examination of evidences Interrogating the suspects Arresting the perpetrator Filing the charge sheet Court proceedings

15. 7’ S OF CRIME SCENE MANAGEMENT Secure the Scene Separate the Witnesses Scan the Scene See the Scene Sketch the Scene Search for Evidence Secure and Collect Evidence

16. Secure the Scene The first officer to arrive at the scene should secure the scene by making sure that everyone in the area is safe and isolate the area to preserve evidence. This may include arresting suspects and obtaining medical assistance. Crime scene tape which often used to help securing the scene.

17. Separate the Witnesses Witnesses should be separated from one another. the purpose of this separation is to keep them from working together to create a cover story or share details about the situation to other.

18. Scan the Scene This step gives investigators an overall picture of the scene. They will identify the primary crime scene, or where the crime took place. If applicable, they'll identify area related to the crime or the secondary crime scene.

19. See the Scene A photography unit will take pictures of items identified during the initial scan. Pictures should be taken of the overall area, as well as close-ups, using evidence markers or a ruler for size reference.

20. Sketch the Scene A sketch of the scene is created in such a way that investigators could recreate the crime scene at an alternate location. The sketch includes objects in the room and the location of evidence, as well as directional north, the date, time, location, and case number.

21. Search for Evidence A thorough search is conducted to identify any evidence that may have been overlooked in the previous steps. This search can occur in several patterns which will be chosen by the lead investigator.

22. Secure and Collect Evidence All identified evidence must be collected and secured using specific techniques and procedures. These techniques keep the evidence from becoming damaged or contaminated. Each piece of evidence is logged onto an evidence log and marked with an evidence label.

23. Placing compass to the point of entry to the scene of crime facing north gives the direction of the crime scene Latitude and longitudinal measurements also helps in identifying the exact location of crime scene.

24. METHODIC SEARCH OF PATTERNS Before commencing a search for evidence, investigator must be clear on How to look for? Where to look for? What to look for?

25. How to look for? In case of indoor crime scene, investigator must be thorough and systematic in search of traces and evidences from the line of approach to the line of retreat. Should take door as a starting point and move either in a clock wise or anti clock wise manner around the center which helps in search of entire place.

26. In case of outdoor, the crime scene is open and wider, it is convenient to employ a team of officers and distribute the area. Such team consists of one leader and four members who are trained to conduct a search in scene of crime. Such search will be conducted by the guidance and supervision of the leader.

27. CRIME SCENE SEARCH PATTERNS The crime scene search are classified into five types. They are Strip or line method Spiral method Zone method Grid method Wheel method

28. Strip or line method The whole area to be searched is blocked into a rectangle and the searchers proceed along track parallel to one side of the rectangle looking for the evidences. The search must be cautious , slow and steady so that no physical evidence is left.

29. Spiral method The researches start from a point just outside the area of the crime scene and moving along with the path of spiral till he reaches the Centre of the scene of crime

30. Zone method The entire area to be searched is divided into four big squares. The big square is then conveniently sub divided into small squares which are then assigned to individual searchers.

31. Grid method The whole area to be searched is blocked into a rectangle and the searchers proceed along track parallel from both the opposite sides of the rectangle looking for the evidences. Grid method is more effective in outdoor crime scene of wider area.

32. Wheel method The entire scene is marked as circle. The searchers are made to start their search from the center and proceed along the radii. The process will be repeated several times which is depending upon the size of the circle

33. SUGGESTION TO THE CRIME SCENE SEARCH Outdoor crime search is difficult during night time, its is better to postpone to the following day If it is not possible then search should be done with floodlights. In case of outdoor crime scene search spiral, zone methods are advisable whereas in indoor crime scene spiral method is universally adopted

34. Whether it is indoor or outdoor, each area should be double checked to ensure no evidences are missed. In case of vehicle the search will be done based on the type of crime and the interior examination should be done with great care. Exterior examination should be done thorough which should be focused on the point of impact, bumper, grill, dents, head lights, wind screen etc.

35. Search of evidences which also include blood, hairs, fibers, torn piece of cloth, body tissues, fingerprints, blood, dust, Tyre mark, skid marks etc.

36. Where to do look for clues Door Floor including carpet Mattresses Behind & under trunks Suitcases & boxes Furniture Cracks in the floor Curtains Switch boards & lights Behind the wall hangings Containers Almirahs Walls

37. What to look for? The position and condition of everything at the scene must be taken proper note. Overturned furniture Disturbed wall hangings Type and nature of fracture of window panes Displaced articles Position of the victim Disturbed materials etc.

38. Other than the above mentioned chnages , the physical evidences present in the crime scene should be searched which will vary depending upon the nature of the crime. Some of the most common physical evidences encountered in the crime scene are:

39. PHYSICAL EVIDENCES Fibers, hair, fabric including unusual type of fiber. Stains of blood, semen, saliva, sputum, urine etc. Chemical stains like paints, grease, acids, petrol etc. Dust, dirt, debris, soil, vegetable matter, pollen etc.

40. Fragments of glass, metal and metal fillings etc. Firearms, cartridge cases, pellets, bullets, powder marks etc. Mark like tyre marks, skid marks, teeth marks, tool marks, erased marks etc. Fingerprints, palm prints, foot prints, shoe prints etc.

41. Poisons – vomits, viscera, phials, residues in bottle, glass etc. Documents – documents to establish authorship, type written, erased, obliterated, altered, indented, burned documents etc. Implements or weapons used for committing crime Any article left behind by the criminal such as torch, hand kerchief, tools etc.

42. RECORDING OF CRIME SCENE Videotaping the Crime Scene. If available, a video camera is the first step to documenting a crime scene. Still Photography. Whether a video camera is available or not, it is absolutely essential that still photographs be taken to document the crime scene. Crime Scene Sketching.

43. CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY The photographer should take photographs before anything is disturbed, progressively working through the scene from outside to close-up pictures. Many shots should be taken from the entire scene, to medium shots to show the relationship of evidence to the overall scene.

44. Video should be taken to cover all the parts and evidences present in the crime scene, in case of videography. Based on the range of the photo, crime scene photography is classified into three types Overall or an Arial photography Mid range photography Close up photography

45. Overall or Arial photography Overall photography covers the whole crime scene along with the evidences present in the crime scene. Arial photography is generally taken in birds eye view using drones

46. Mid range photography Mid range photography should cover either two adjacent end points of the walls or maximum number of evidences present near the targeted evidence.

47. Close up photography The close up photography of the evidence should be taken along with the measurements, evidence card and a description of the evidence which includes the name of the object, length, breadth, color and appearance of the evidence.

48. SKETCHING OF CRIME SCENE In general sketching of crime scene is called Pictorial recording or documentation of crime scene. Sketching of crime scene is classified into two types Rough sketch Neat sketch

49. ROUGH SKETCHING The rough sketch contains the general representation of the evidences in the crime scene. The measurements will be reduced. The rough sketch contains the legends or list of evidences which is present in the crime scene along with direction and the signature of the investigation officer.

50. NEAT SKETCHING Neat sketching also contains the representation of evidences but it will have an exact measurement of evidences present in the crime scene along with the legends along with the direction & signature of the investigation officer. The methods of Recording neat sketch is divided into three types Base line method Fixed point method Triangulation or triangular method

51. BASE LINE METHOD The mid point of the two parallel walls should be taken The imaginary line should drawn between the two mid points The measurement from the evidence to the base line and base line to the one mid point should be recorded.

52. FIXED POINT METHOD Two side corner points of the walls should be taken as a fixed points, in case of outdoor crime scene two unmovable points should be taken as fixed points. And the measurements from one fixed point to the evidence and the evidence to the another fixed point is noted.

53. TRIANGULAR METHOD Two side corner points of the walls should be taken as A and B, the evidence should be marked as “any alphabet” the measurements from point A to the evidence, evidence to the point B and point B to point A should be taken

54. COLLECTION OF EVIDENCES Evidences should be collected only after the initial search, photography and sketching of the crime scene. Evidences found in the crime scene varies to different crimes On the basis of the nature of crime, evidences should be collected.

55. Homicidal and Rape Crime scene – the evidential matter on or near by the body should be collected before removing body for autopsy. Then the weapon of offence and others type of evidence which been contact between victim and offender such as blood, flesh, fingerprints etc. should be collected.

56. Burglary – the point of entry should be located and the evidence of tools, tool marks, hair, glass fragments, wood pieces, metal fragments, dust, soil, fibers and other visible evidences which does not match with crime scene should be collected. Fingerprints can be searched on doorknobs, windows, glass panes, doors etc.

57. Automobile cases – the evidences should be searched for glass, upholstery, floors for fingerprints, then blood, semen, hairs and fibers should be searched and collected. Hit & run case – glass, paint, soil, blood, hair and fabric are the most common evidences which should be searched and collected.

58. In case of outdoor crime scene – the evidences like footprints, hairs, fibers, fabrics, blood, semen, soil, vegetation, tyre marks, etc. should be looked for and collected

59. HANDLING OF EVIDENCES Flat object like wood or glass the edges should be handled Tumbler, bottle or phial only the rim or bottom should be touched or using a single finger at top and bottom. Dragger or knife , bottom and tip should be handled with only index fingers. Fire arms can be handled using tips of the fingers to the bottom of the barrel or butt.

60. Fired projectile should be lifted only with a rubber tipped forceps Paper, hair, fibers, small piece of glass or any small solid pieces should be handled only using forceps. Dust or other powdered objects should be collected using brush or vacuum cleaner.

61. Explosives and bombs should not be handled or touched unless one is sure that there will be no explosion by simple handling. Blood, semen, liquids, chemicals, vomit and excreta should be collected with the help of spoon.

62. TIPS FOR PROPER HANDLING Avoid picking up evidences immediately on arrival to crime scene. Use gloves while handling every articles Handle article as little as possible so that no clue is lost or damage. Prevent careless destruction of evidences Maintain integrity of the evidence Ensure the chain of custody of evidence is collected.

63. PACKING OF EVIDENCES Fingerprints: object should be packed with two perforated cardboard. Footprints: cast of the footprint should be made using Plaster of Paris in 2:1 ratio and send to FSL. Weapons and tools: knives, guns, tools and other weapons should be secured to a board by means of string.

64. Hairs and fibers: should be picked up carefully using forceps and placed in a cellophane tape & folded, then pack it in a tight container. Dust, wood, glass fragments, paint chips, etc.: it should be enclosed or wrapped in a piece of cellophane or filter paper and then placed in a suitable container. Soil: it can be collected using spoon in a air tight container.

65. Blood & blood stains: In case on clothes, objects full cloth or object should be collected. If blood is of large quantity, wipe blood with cotton swab and control sample should be send separately. In case found in soil, it should be scooped deep enough and packed in a container.

66. Semen or saliva: the object should be dried at room temperature and send to laboratory. Tool marks: send whole tool after protecting its clades with cotton. Liquids & volatile materials: it should be collected in a air tight container and should be sealed to prevent loss during storage.

67. After the successful collection of the evidence, it should be packed in a box and should be sealed with Panchnama wax, then sealed as SR (secret). Then the box top of the box should be divided into four and the labeling should be done with the following mentioned below. Details of the cases that the evidence belongs to Direction of the crime scene The evidence send by (From) details of the officer The evidence send to (To) details of the laboratory

68. Then the covering letter should be attached to the evidence regarding what the investigator is about to know, which should be mentioned clearly in the covering letter. So that the forensic expert will focus on the question of the investigation officer which results in saving of time and faster generation of report.

69. CRIME SCENE RECONSTRUCTION Crime scene reconstruction is a brief note reporting the circumstances and facts. In simple words, crime scene reconstruction is a story narration of the crime scene on the basis of evidences found which states the fact of what happened. Crime scene photography & sketching plays a major role in recreating the crime scene.

70. CHAIN OF CUSTODY the logical sequence that records the sequence of custody, control, transfer, analysis and disposition of physical or electronic evidence in legal cases. It is the document says details about each person who handled the evidence, date & time it was collected, or transferred and the purpose of the transfer.

71. THANK YOU